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Fire, People and Reindeer in the Boreal Forest: the Role of Fire in The Fire, people and reindeer in the boreal forest : the role of fire in the historical and contemporary interactions between Sami reindeer herding and forest management in northern Sweden Sarah Cogos To cite this version: Sarah Cogos. Fire, people and reindeer in the boreal forest : the role of fire in the historical and contemporary interactions between Sami reindeer herding and forest management in northern Sweden. Ecology, environment. Université Paris-Saclay; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2020. English. NNT : 2020UPASB031. tel-03130524 HAL Id: tel-03130524 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03130524 Submitted on 3 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Fire, people and reindeer in the boreal forest: The role of fire in the historical and contemporary interactions between Sami reindeer herding and forest management in northern Sweden Thèse de Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences et de l'université Paris-Saclay École doctorale n° 581 : agriculture, alimentation, biologie, environnement et santé (ABIES) Spécialité de doctorat: sciences de l’environnement Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France Référent : Faculté des sciences d’Orsay Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris-Saclay, le 11 décembre 2020, par Sarah COGOS Composition du Jury Christian KULL Président & Rapporteur Professeur, Université de Lausanne Hugo ASSELIN Professeur, Université du Québec en Abitibi- Rapporteur & Examinateur Témiscamingue Alexandra LAVRILLIER Examinatrice Maîtresse de conférences, Université Paris-Saclay Zsolt MOLNÁR Examinateur Professeur, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Camilla WIDMARK Examinatrice Chercheure, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Nathalie FRASCARIA-LACOSTE Directrice de thèse Professeure, AgroParisTech Lars ÖSTLUND Co-Directeur de thèse Professeur, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Samuel ROTURIER : : 2020UPASB031 Co-Encadrant & examinateur Maître de conférences, AgroParisTech NNT Thèse de doctorat de Thèse Fire, people and reindeer in the boreal forest The role of fire in the historical and contemporary interac- tions between Sami reindeer herding and forest manage- ment in northern Sweden Sarah Cogos Faculty of Forest Sciences Department of Forest Ecology and Management Umeå, Sweden & Laboratory Ecology, Systematics, Evolution Orsay, France 3 4 Abstract In the boreal forest of northern Sweden, fire was used from around 1920 to 1970 as a forest regener- ation measure, and then abandoned for some decades. Since the 1990s, fire restoration has been car- ried out through regeneration and conservation burning in commercial and protected forests. The same forest is also used as reindeer pasturelands by indigenous Sami herders. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the human dimensions of fire regimes in the Swedish boreal forest, with a focus on interactions between fire, Sami reindeer husbandry and forest management during the 20th century and up to the present. This goal was addressed through an interdisciplinary approach com- bining historical ecology and environmental anthropology. The results show that while forest man- agers conceive fire as a natural perturbation, Sami herders have conflicting feelings about fire, as they have had to endure the effects of imposed burning strategies on their livelihood. While burning can promote summer pasture and maintain the long-term availability of winter pasture, it destroys lichen pasture temporarily and Sami ecological knowledge shows that burning also affects the behavio ur and movement patterns of the reindeer. These pitfalls already affected reindeer herding during the first half of the 20th century, and even triggered an early form of consultation with the forestry sector. Today, while generally opposed to all external measures that affect reindeer grazing grounds, Sami herders increasingly see in burning a way to restore winter pasturelands. They use the consultation process with forest owners to negotiate for burning that serves their interests. The fire regime thus reflects a combination of technical constraints, forest management and nature conservation objec- tives, and conditions posed by Sami herders. However, in order for Sami herders to actually assert their interests, true fire co-management would have to be implemented. Keywords: fire regimes, Sami reindeer herding, forest management, interdisciplinarity, Swedish bo- real forest Author’s address: Sarah Cogos, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Umeå, Sweden and Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris- Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France 5 Feux, rennes et humains dans la forêt boréale: Le rôle du feu dans les interactions historiques et contemporaines entre l'élevage de rennes sami et la gestion forestière dans le Nord de la Suède Résumé Dans le nord de la Suède, le feu a été utilisé comme mesure de régénération forestière entre les années 1920 et 1970, puis abandonné pendant deux décennies. Depuis les années 1990, la restauration du feu a été mise en œuvre à travers des brûlages de régénération et de conservation dans les forêts commer- ciales et protégées. Ces mêmes forêts sont utilisées par les éleveurs autochtones samis comme pâtu- rages pour leurs rennes. L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’étudier les dimensions humaines des régimes de feux dans la forêt boréale suédoise, en se concentrant sur les interactions entre l’élevage de rennes sami et la gestion forestière pendant le 20ème siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une approche interdisciplinaire combinant histoire écologique et anthropologie environne- mentale a été utilisée. Les résultats montrent que les gestionnaires forestiers conçoivent le feu comme une perturbation naturelle à restaurer, alors que les éleveurs samis éprouvent des sentiments ambiva- lents à l’égard du feu, ayant subi les effets de stratégies de brûlage imposées par le secteur forestier sur leur mode de vie. Tandis que le brûlage favorise le pâturage d’été, et maintient la disponibilité du pâturage d’hiver sur le long terme, il détruit temporairement les pâturages de lichen. Les savoirs éco- logiques samis montrent que le brûlage affecte aussi le comportement et le patron de déplacement des rennes. Ces écueils affectaient déjà l’élevage durant la première moitié du 20ème siècle, et avaient même initié une première forme de consultation avec le secteur forestier. Aujourd’hui, bien que gé- néralement opposés à toute mesure extérieure qui affecte les pâturages des rennes, les éleveurs samis voient dans le brûlage un moyen de restaurer les pâturages d’hiver. Ils se servent du processus de consultation avec les propriétaires forestiers pour négocier une utilisation du brûlage qui serve leurs intérêts. Le régime de feux reflète ainsi une combinaison de contraintes techniques, d’objectifs de gestion forestière et de conservation de la nature, et de conditions posées par les éleveurs samis. Afin que les éleveurs samis puissent réellement faire valoir leurs intérêts, une véritable co-gestion du feu devrait cependant être mise en place. Mots-clés: régimes de feux, élevage de rennes sami, gestion forestière, interdisciplinarité, forêt bo- réale suédoise 6 Skogsbrand, människor och renar i den boreala skogen: skogsbrandens roll under historien och idag i relation till samisk renskötsel och skogsskötsel i norra Sverige Sammanfattning I norra Sverige användes hyggesbränning som en metod för skogsföryngring från 1920-talet till 1970- talet, för att sedan i stort överges under den sista delen av 1900-talet. Sedan 1990-talet har man återinfört skogsbranden både i form av hyggesbränning och naturvårdsbränning, det senare i såväl produktionsskogar som i skyddade skogar. Samma marker har också använts som renbetesmarker av samiska renskötare under mycket lång tid. Det övergripande målet med den här avhandlingen var att utforska de mänskliga dimensionerna av skogsbrand och skogsbrandsregimer i den boreala skogen, med fokus på interaktioner mellan skogsbranden, den samiska renskötseln och den moderna skogsskötseln under 1900-talet fram till idag. För att lyckas med detta har jag i denna avhandling anlagt en tvärvetenskaplig metodik som kombinerar metoder och teorier från historisk ekologi och miljöantropologi. Resultaten visar att medan skogsförvaltare uppfattar skogsbrand som en naturlig störning som måste återinföras, har samiska renskötare motstridiga känslor när det gäller bränning, eftersom de direkta effekterna av skogsbrännings påverkar deras möjligheter till utkomst. Medan bränning kan gynna sommarbete och vidmakthålla den långsiktiga tillgängligheten av vinterbete, så förstör det på kort sikt lavbetet på vinterbetesmarker. Samisk ekologisk kunskap visar att bränning (och nya brandfält) också påverkar renars beteende och deras rörelsemönster i landskapet. Dessa hinder påverkade renskötseln redan under den första hälften av 1900-talet och ledde till och med till en tidig form av samråd mellan renskötare
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