DOCSLIB.ORG

Trading with Moscow: the Law, the Politics and the Economics by Iana Dreyer and Nicu Popescu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trading with Moscow: the Law, the Politics and the Economics by Iana Dreyer and Nicu Popescu 31 2014 Alexei Druzhinin/AP/SIPA Alexei Trading with Moscow: the law, the politics and the economics by Iana Dreyer and Nicu Popescu On 12 September, a purportedly technical meet- concrete trade issues – the official rationale for the ing between Ukrainian, EU and Russian trade of- move – were quickly dashed. As soon as the agree- ficials produced an outcome which took many by ment on the postponement of DCFTA was reached, surprise: a delay in the application of the free trade Russia pressed further, demanding a wholesale re- provisions of the Association Agreement until 1 negotiation of DCFTA provisions, and then the post- January 2016. ponement of the entire Association Agreement. In the run-up to the meeting, organised to address President Putin sent a letter to then European Russian commercial concerns over the Deep and Commission President Barroso on 17 September Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between 2014 asking for ‘systemic adjustments of the the EU and Ukraine, Russia’s demands were leaked. Association Agreement, which take into account Moscow was demanding that around 2300 tariff the full range of risks to Russian-Ukrainian eco- lines in the DCFTA be exempted from customs duty nomic ties and to the entire Russian economy aris- elimination. These lines covered a wide range of ing from implementation of the agreement’. goods, but the main focus was on agricultural and industrial products, textiles, and machine tools. The Russian president also hinted that the pro- visions of the DCFTA stipulating that Ukraine Russia also sought to ensure that the DCFTA’s stip- would introduce EU technical and sanitary stand- ulation that Soviet-era technical standards (GOST) ards is in breach of Russia’s own free trade agree- be phased out would not be implemented and that ment (FTA) with the country. A week later, Putin both EU and GOST standards would coexist in warned Ukraine’s President Petro Poroshenko that Ukraine. Finally, Moscow insisted Ukrainian insti- Kiev was expected not to apply lower tariffs for EU tutions do not become members of EU standardisa- goods and not to implement any EU legislation as tion bodies, and that Ukraine abandon the plan to foreseen by the Association Agreement. Failure to align its sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) comply would have led Russia to suspend its trade to those of the EU. preferences with Ukraine. But hopes that the decision taken on 12 September Yet, while many in Europe bought the Russian would appease Russia and leave time to discuss argument that it has legitimate concerns over the European Union Institute for Security Studies November 2014 1 deal, the figures do not substantiate the claim that Ukrainian industry from continuing to produce for DCFTA would have a significant impact on Russia’s the Russian market according to Russian (and partly economic interests. GOST) standards – nor would the implementation of EU standards by Ukraine prevent it from im- porting the relevant industrial inputs from Russia. Deconstructing the arguments This point is important as Russia and Ukraine – at least until the recent trade spats – have maintained Since the onset of the current crisis, Russia has re- integrated industrial supply chains in the aircraft, peatedly suggested that the EU-Ukraine Association armaments and railway sectors. Similar arguments Agreement will negatively affect its economy. It ar- can be made about the DCFTA requirement that gued that, as a result of the association, European Ukraine incrementally apply the EU’s SPS. goods could be relabelled as Ukrainian and then re- exported to the Russian market under the FTA of Will Russia suffer a major hit if Ukraine adopts EU the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). standards? Not likely. While Ukraine is not an in- significant market for Russia – absorbing around This argument does not hold up under scrutiny. 5% of its total exports – there is an important twist. All FTAs, including those of the CIS, include so- Russia’s entire exports to Ukraine in 2013 amount- called ‘rules of origin’. These aim to avoid precisely ed to $23 billion, two-thirds of which were energy what Moscow fears, namely trade deflection, or re- resources (among them, gas worth $10.8 billion, export. They also fix a minimum share of national petroleum oils worth $1.9 billion, and coal worth production for a product to qualify for duty-free $1.3 billion) and nuclear equipment ($604 mil- treatment under an FTA, and exporters from a sig- lion). All these goods are largely unaffected by the natory country must prove the origin of the prod- DCFTA, as the EU-Ukraine agreement contains no uct at customs. barriers related to the importing of fossil fuels, nor are nuclear equipment standards specified in the The risk of potential deal. re-export of EU goods ‘...Russian complaints that the DCFTA to Russia via Ukraine A further Russian claim should normally be po- would damage Russian-Ukrainian is that the CIS FTA and liced according to inter- the DCFTA are legally national trade norms. economic relations ignores the fact that incompatible. This is Currently, Belarus – a bilateral trade has been in free fall since simply false. FTAs leave country with which the contracting parties the EU has no Association well before Autumn 2013, when the freedom to shape trade Agreement – is believed EU-Ukraine Association Agreement was relations with their oth- to re-export European er partners as they see goods to Russia. supposed to be signed...’ fit, given that ‘rules of However, this is only origin’ for imports are possible because Russia tolerates it, not because notably designed to avoid trade deflection. This is anyone thinks Norwegian salmon or Belgian mus- why many – if not most – countries in the world sels are really ‘made in Belarus’. have multiple FTAs. Russia also claims that if Ukraine implements EU There are no legal provisions in the CIS FTA that standards in accordance with the DCFTA, Russian prevent Ukraine from creating other free trade ar- goods would face new barriers when being ex- eas, including one with the EU. Article 18 §1 of ported to Ukraine. This argument has some merit, the 2011 CIS FTA explicitly states that ‘the cur- but needs to be analysed in greater detail. The EU’s rent treaty does not preclude participating states DCFTA stipulates that Ukraine is to progressively from taking part in customs unions, free trade or introduce EU technical regulations and to phase arrangements for frontier traffic that correspond to out the uncompetitive GOST standards, although it WTO rules’. only specifies 27 EU product directives which need to be integrated into Ukrainian law within a fixed For its part, Article 39 of the EU-Ukraine Association timeframe of three to five years. Agreement stipulates that ‘this agreement shall not preclude the maintenance or establishment of cus- Over time, presumably, Russian industrial products toms unions, free trade areas or arrangements for could not be sold on the Ukrainian domestic mar- frontier traffic except insofar as they conflict with ket if they fail to comply with the new EU-inspired trade arrangements provided for in this agree- standards. Nothing, however, would forbid ment.’ European Union Institute for Security Studies November 2014 2 Russian imports/exports to Ukraine ($ billion) 60 50 40 30 imports exports 20 10 0 2011 2012 2013 Source: Statistical department of the Eurasian Economic Commission What is incompatible with other national trade factors like the economic growth cycle (which was arrangements, however, is the Eurasian Customs positive that year). Union. Membership in a customs union – which is what Russia originally demanded from Ukraine – In the summer of 2013, Russia orchestrated a full- makes it technically impossible for any one of its blown trade blockade on Ukrainian exports – a members to enter into autonomous trade deals clear violation of CIS FTA rules and of international with third countries. But Ukraine is not a member norms of behaviour related to international trade – of the Eurasian Customs Union, and even under in a move aimed at deterring Kiev from signing the pro-Russian President Yanukovich it systematically association deal with the EU. refused invitations to join the grouping. This year, Russia introduced import bans on Ukrainian dairy products and potatoes, and then Who’s to blame? began restricting imports of Ukrainian railway equipment. Russia has also reneged on an inter- Last but not least, Russian complaints that the national treaty ensuring free transit of goods, the DCFTA would damage Russian-Ukrainian econom- so-called TIR convention, despite the fact that this ic relations ignores the fact that bilateral trade has constitutes a key principle of the CIS FTA it signed been in free fall since well before Autumn 2013, with Ukraine. when the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement was supposed to be signed. This drop in trade was Moscow’s actions have had a clear negative impact mostly due to Moscow’s own policy choices and the on trade across the long border between the coun- bleak economic outlooks for both countries. tries. The numbers are clear: Russian trade volumes with Ukraine have fallen from $50 billion to $38 Since 2011, the entering into force of the Eurasian billion in just two years (2011-2013) – and 2014 is Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and likely to witness an even more dramatic fall. Kazakhstan has meant tighter customs controls with neighbouring CIS countries that did not sign up. In 2012, data from Russia’s statistical agency From Association postponement… (Rosstat) shows that Russian imports from Ukraine decreased by 10.7%, a reduction that is clearly The problem with a one-year postponement of the attributable to these restrictions and not to other Association Agreement does not lie with the delay European Union Institute for Security Studies November 2014 3 as such.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Overview of the Medical Device Regulations in the Russian Federation
    International Medical Device Consultants Since 1997 AN OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL DEVICE REGULATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Russia has a population of 149 million and is a potentially lucrative market for medical device companies. In 2007, the Russian market for medical devices and related supplies totalled US$1.8 billion. This puts the market among the top 20 in the world, although per capita spending remains very low compared to the European or US markets. The registration of medical devices and medical equipment in Russia is, however, challenging. Russia has made efforts to improve the process in the last few years but there are still many areas of ambiguity. In 2006, the government initiated a Priority National Programme in Public Health Service, which aims to improve Russian healthcare standards and a regulatory process that was bureaucratic and lacked clarity and transparency. Since the project’s implementation, numerous medical facilities have been upgraded. This plan is benefiting equipment manufacturers as around 80% of the market is supplied by imports. Germany, the USA and Japan were the leading suppliers in 2007, accounting for more than half of all imports. Perhaps most problematic for foreign manufacturers seeking device registration is that Russia still relies on a system of product testing as a tool for determining product safety and efficacy. As Russia has its own national standards, such testing is also required for products that already possess CE marking, US Food and Drug Administration 510(k) clearance or other national approvals. Even products that have been for sale on the US and European markets for many years require product testing to Russian standards as well.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT “AZERROADSERVICE” OJC Azerbaijan Highway Project II-Additional Financing IBRD Loan No. 7516 AZ Public Disclosure Authorized Upgrading of Baku-Shamakhi Road Section of Baku-Shamakhi- Yevlakh Road, preparation of Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized November 2013 Studi e Azerbaijan Republic – Ministry of Transport Pianificazione del Territorio “AZERROADSERVICE” OJC Table of contents 0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 4 0.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS STUDIES ....................................................................................... 4 0.2 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT REPORT ............................................................................................................. 4 0.3 REPORT STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................. 5 0.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................... 5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 PROJECT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Twinning Project Fiche
    Strengthening of Standardisation, Metrology, Conformity Assessment and Accreditation in SASMP – Standards Agency Azerbaijan TWINNING PROJECT FICHE “Support to Azerbaijan in the field of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment” 1. Basic Information 1.1. Programme: TACIS National Action Programme for Azerbaijan 2006 1.2. Twinning Number: AZ07/PCA/TR03 1.3. Title: Strengthening of Standardisation, Metrology, Conformity Assessment and Accreditation in SASMP – Standards Agency Azerbaijan. 1.4. Sector: Trade and Industry 1.5. Beneficiary country: Azerbaijan – SASMP (State Agency of Standardization, Metrology and Patents) 2. Objectives 2.1. Overall Objective(s): This Twinning supports the adoption and effective implementation of the European Union-Azerbaijan ENP Action Plan of 14 November 2006 as regards approximation of Azerbaijani legislation on standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment to those of EU and in line with WTO requirements. 2.2. Project purpose: • The first purpose of the Project is the creation of a horizontal framework legislation for quality infrastructure in Azerbaijan which is conforming with EU’s internal market and also fulfils the requirements of the rules of the World Trade Organisation related to free movement of goods. This will help in accelerating the trade exchange of goods between Azerbaijan and the EU by reducing the need for re-testing, re-inspection or re-certification by enhancing the acceptance of Azerbaijani and EU conformity assessment results issued in Azerbaijan or EU. • In order to have the legislative framework implemented and operating effectively, the second purpose of the Project is the improvement and strengthening of the infrastructure capacity in SASMP for the implementation of the EU technical legislation principles (mainly the Global Approach) and in line with WTO-TBT requirements for transparent access to regulations related to free movement of goods.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of the Republic of Tajikistan
    Government of the Republic of Tajikistan RESOLUTION On the Approval of the Regulations “On the Peculiarities of Licensing Certain Types of Activities” (Redrafted) (As in force based on the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan No. 518 from October 1, 2007) Pursuant to the Article 43 of the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Normative Legal Acts”, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan resolves: The attached Regulations “On the Peculiarities of Licensing Certain Types of Activities” (redrafted). E. Rahmonov Chairman of the Government Republic of Tajikistan No. 172 April 3, 2007 1 GENERAL PART SECTION I. GENERAL PROVISION CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. These Regulations on the peculiarities of licensing certain types of activities (hereinafter – the Regulations) have been drafted pursuant to the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities”. 2. These Regulations shall govern relations pertaining to the implementation of activities (actions) subject to licensing by relevant licensing agencies. 3. Licenses can be issued by central or territorial structures of the licensing bodies envisaged in the special part of these Regulations. 4. Licenses shall be signed by the head of the licensing body or his/her deputy and sealed. When licenses are issued by the structural departments of the licensing bodies or their territorial structures, they shall be signed by the head of the structural department or the territorial structure and sealed. 5. Legal entities, regardless of the form of incorporation and ownership, and individuals willing to engage in certain types of activities subject to licensing, shall be obliged to obtain a license based on the procedure established by these Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia: Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards Country
    Required Report: Required - Public Distribution Date: June 28, 2021 Report Number: RS2021-0022 Report Name: Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards Country Report Country: Russian Federation Post: Moscow Report Category: FAIRS Annual Country Report Prepared By: Approved By: Stanley Phillips Report Highlights: This report is an overview of general legal and technical requirements imposed by the Russian Federation for food and agricultural imports. The following sections of this report have been considerably updated from the 2020 FAIRS report: Section II: Labeling Requirements, Section III: Packaging and Container Regulations, and Section VII: Other Specific Standards. 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 3 Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................ 4 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 4 Section I: Food Laws ............................................................................................................... 5 Russian Legislation and Principal Regulatory Documents on Foodstuff Imports ................. 6 Russia’s Federal Regulatory Bodies for Imported Foodstuffs ............................................. 11 Eurasian Economic Union ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SLEEPING CARS Azerbaijan Railways (ADY), Azerbaijan
    SLEEPING CARS Azerbaijan Railways (ADY), Azerbaijan In June 2014, Azerbaijan Railways (ADY, Azerbaycan Demir Yollari) ordered 30 sleepers from Stadler. They are intended for inter- national operation on the line from Baku (Azerbaijan) via Tbilisi (Georgia) to Kars (Turkey) and on to Istanbul (Turkey), and designed for an service speed of 160 km/h. The route not only crosses international borders, it also involves break-of-gauge. In order for the trains to be able to travel both on the Russian broad gauge used in Azerbaijan and Georgia, and on standard gauge used in Turkey, the bogies developed by Stadler are fitted with variable gauge wheelsets. The 30 sleepers are split into five different carriage types. There are 18 second class sleepers with 32 beds in four-berth compartments, 3 first class cars with 16 beds in two-berth compartments, 3 first and second class carriages with 20 beds in two-berth compartments, and 3 second class carriages with a compartment for people with restricted mobility. This amounts to a total of 18 beds and a dining car with 28 seats. Each car has an emergency power unit that enables it to stay in operation up to 24 hours when the train line is not being fed by the locomotive. www.stadlerrail.com Stadler Rail Group Stadler Altenrhein AG Ernst-Stadler-Strasse 1 Industrie- und Gewerbepark CH-9565 Bussnang CH-9423 Altenrhein Phone +41 (0)71 626 21 20 Phone +41 (0)58 595 50 00 [email protected] [email protected] Technical features Vehicle data Technology – Car body made of extruded aluminium
    [Show full text]
  • ORGANIC AGRICULTURE in AZERBAIJAN Current Status and Potentials for Future Development
    ORGANIC AGRICULTURE ISBN 978-92-5-130100-5 IN AZERBAIJAN 978 9251 301005 Current status and potentials XXXX/1/12.17 for future development ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN AZERBAIJAN Current status and potentials for future development Uygun AKSOY, İsmet BOZ, Hezi EYNALOV, Yagub GULIYEV Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations Аnkara, 2017 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-13100-5 © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this infor- mation product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, down- loaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Standards and Norms in Kyrgyz Republic
    The Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia A. Jailoobaev, T. Neronova, A. Nikolayenko, I. Mirkhashimov European United Nations The Regional Union Economic Commission Environmental Center for Europe for Central Asia The Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia A. Jailoobayev, T. Neronova, A. Nikolayenko, I. Mirkhashimov WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND NORMS IN KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Almaty, 2009 1 ÁÁÊ 26.326 ÓÄÊ 628 Ñ 77 A. Jailoobayev, T. Neronova, A. Nikolayenko, I. Mirkhashimov Water quality standards and norms in Kyrgyz Republic. — Almaty: ÎÎ «OST-XXI âåê», 2009. — 48 p. ISBN 9965-659-88-5 This Report has been prepared by a group of national experts within the EU Project "Harmonization and Approximation of Water Quality Standards and Norms in Central Asia" and UNECE Project «Water Quality in Central Asia». The problems of contemporary surface waters quality management and the draft Report have been reviewed at the regional and national workshops held in Bishkek, Almaty, Dushanbe and Ashgabat in the period from 2008-2009 attended by the related governmental agencies, representatives of scientific, production and non-governmental organizations. The main goal of this Report is to review the existing situation in relation to water resources conditions, water use and water quality management, the regulatory and legal base to support the governmental agencies authorized for said activities, and to review the procedure, methods and techniques of water quality control and monitoring of quality parameters. The Report comprises Introduction, the body containing four sections and conclusions and recommendations. The main sections provide the review of the country's hydrographic features; present the qualitative and quantitative parameters of water resources and preliminary assessments of the climate change impact of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of water resources.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 6, Issue 11, 2019 | ISSN (Online): 2321-0613
    IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 6, Issue 11, 2019 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Extensible & Executable Lexicon Meta Model for Non-English-Like Programming Languages Prof. Osée Muhindo MASIVI Associate Professor Department of Computer and Management Information System School of Business, Rusangu University, Zambia Abstract— Modern computer programming languages are This paper advocates that real user friendly supposed to be user friendly for every common man including languages should allow programmers whose native languages non-English speakers. Unfortunately, this goal has not been is not in English to code in their local languages. It proposes reached because more than 80% of programming languages an Extensible and Executable Metamodel called XMLPro for are built on English keywords and therefore, are only friendly non-English-like programming language. The main objective to English speakers. Hence, programming quality as well as behind this metamodel is to easily generate any local- productivity are compromised for non-English native language-like programming language lexicon. Furthermore, programmers. To address this problem, this paper proposes the metamodel permits Extensibility: new concepts may be an extensible Meta model for programming languages added that enable new functionality patterns in the language (XMLPro) using local language lexicons and syntaxes. It is or code to be expressed more succinctly, while unused an executable Meta model proposing a real environment for elements of the language can eventually be driven out. The setting up programming languages using any local languages. generated programming language focuses on very basic XML Pro allows its users to create a personalized lexicon and components of programming language such as input and design a syntax aligned to their local languages grammar.
    [Show full text]
  • Nemko's Compliance & Market Access Seminar 2018
    Nemko’s compliance & market access seminar 2018 1 Technical Regulation in the Eurasian Economic Union and Belarus Konstantin Prokhorenko (International Certification) BELLIS Testing and Certification NEMKO, Oslo 11.06.2018 Contents ► EAEU Technical Regulation System overview ► New requirements in EAEU → New Technical Regulations (RoHS, Medical) ► Belarusian National Requirements (Resolution 849) → Energy Efficiency → Telecommunication equipment → High voltage cables ► Market surveillance ► Acceptance of EAEU Certificates by Russian Customs ► Criteria to Select the Strategic EAEU Certification Partner Contents EAEU overview Eurasian Economic Union from 01.01.2015 (former Custom Union 2010-2014) Unified Technical Regulation System: Technical Regulations (similar to EU Directives) 1 EAEU Certificate – access to 5 EAEU Member States The Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union are: Belarus EAEU Conformity Mark Kazakhstan Russia Armenia (since 2 January 2015) Kyrgyzstan (since 12 August 2015) Forms of Conformity Approval: CoC/DoC List of products subject to conformity approval EAEU TR 004/2011 Safety, TR 020/2011 EMC Products beyond LIST of products the List subject to conformity approval in the form of CERTIFICATION Declaration Procedure Declaration Procedure can be always replaced by Certification procedure Issuing a EAEU Declaration can only be done by a legal entity registered in a EAEU Member country (manufacturer's authorized company based on the contract with the manufacturer specifying rights to declare and relevant responsibility) Eurasian Economic Union Technical Regulations EAEU TR 004/2011 covers the low-voltage equipment with rated voltage from 50 up to 1000 V a.c. and from 75 up to 1500 V d.c. New List of standards of EAEU TR 004/2011 is mandatory from November 26, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Assessment of Food Laboratories in Tajikistan
    REPORT ON ASSESSMENT OF FOOD LABORATORIES IN TAJIKISTAN July 2015 1 Report on Assessment of Food Laboratories in Tajikistan Prepared for: The Agency for Standardization, Certification, Accreditation, Metrology and Trade Inspection under the Government of Tajikistan The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) Assessment and Report by: Dr. Gerhard Rimkus Senior Consultant Food Safety International Project Manager Intertek Food Services GmbH, Olof-Palme-Str. 8, 28719 Bremen, Germany Email:[email protected] www.intertek.de DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. 2 Table of Contents 1. Acronyms 4 2. Executive Summary 5 3. Introduction 7 4. Background information about food fortification in Tajikistan 7 5. Objectives of the Assessment 10 6. Organization of the Assessment 11 7. Food Laboratory Gap Assessment 12 Testing Center of Food and Agricultural Products of Tajikstandart Dushanbe (‘TJT Laboratory 7.1 12 Dushanbe’) Testing Center of Food and Agricultural Products of Tajikstandart Khujand (‘TJT Laboratory 7.2 17 Khujand’) Testing Center of Food and Agricultural Products of Tajikstandart Kurghan Tube (‘TJT 7.3 20 Laboratory Kurghan Tube’) 8. Summary of the visits to other Tajik laboratories 22 9. Recommendations for the performance improvement of the visited TJT food laboratories 23 9.1 General remarks 24 9.2 Analysis of fortified food 25 9.3 Analysis of relevant food safety parameters 29 10.
    [Show full text]
  • G/TBT/2/Add.75 6 August 2003 ORGANIZATION (03-4132)
    WORLD TRADE G/TBT/2/Add.75 6 August 2003 ORGANIZATION (03-4132) Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade Original: English IMPLEMENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE Communication from the Republic of Armenia Addendum The following statement under Article 15.2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade has been received from the Republic of Armenia. _______________ 1. The Republic of Armenia (hereinafter RA) has taken steps to establish and develop its national systems of standardization, metrology and conformity assessment. Relevant laws regulating those systems are the Law on Uniformity of Measurements adopted by the National Assembly on 30 April 1997, and the Law on Standardization and the Law on Conformity Assessment of Products and Services to the Normative Requirements (hereinafter Law on Conformity Assessment) both adopted on 9 November 1999. The three laws incorporate the core principles of the WTO TBT Agreement. 2. The Law on Uniformity of Measurements defines the legal basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements, regulates the relations of the bodies of State governance with enterprises, institutions and private entrepreneurs on issues relating to the production and issuance of measurement instruments, and the use and repairs thereof. It is directed at protecting the rights and rightful interests of consumers and the State from the negative impact of inaccurate results of measurements. 3. The Law on Standardization provides the legal basis in RA for the standardization as well as certification of products, services, labour (processes) and quality systems. This is applicable to the bodies of State governance, enterprises, institutions and private entrepreneurs, and defines the means for the protection of interests of consumers and the State through the elaboration and application of normative documents on standardization.
    [Show full text]