Tajikistan UNDP Water Governance Programme – Adaptive Water Governance

Country Sector Assessments UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Volume 2 Tajikistan UNDP Water Governance Programme – Adaptive Water Governance

UNDP’s Water Governance Programme (UNDP-WGP) works in over 150 countries, providing policy support, capacity building and advisory services in three major strategic areas: • Water Supply and Sanitation ($170 m, 34%) • Integrated Water Resources Management ($111 m, 22%) • Regional and Global Cooperation ($216 m, 44%)

The Water Governance Programme also integrates four ‘cross cutting’ areas into its broader thematic work: • Climate Change Adaptation and Water • Human Rights Based Approaches (HRBA) • Mainstreaming Gender into Water • Capacity Development and Knowledge Management

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission.

ISBN 978-0-615-38676-8

Printing: Litografia Alfaprint, Stockholm, Sweden Cover and Layout Design: Rizco Design, New Jersey, USA Maps and Graphics: UN Technical Editing, Layout and Production Management: Rizco Design, New Jersey, USA Editors: Piers Cross, Jane Fulton, Andrew Hudson and Alastair Morrison Photography: Djibouti — Global Water Partnership; El Salvador — Walter Sotomayer; Mongolia — Alastair Morrison; Nepal — Biju Joshi, Kai Wegerich; Tajikistan — Nargizakhon Usmanova

Any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing will be listed on our website: www.undp.org/water The Global Water and Sanitation Crisis Globally, almost 1bn people lack clean drinking water. 2.4bn people have no access to hygienic sanitation facilities; 1.2bn lack any sanitation facilities at all. Each day, an average of 5,000 children die due to preventable water and sanitation related diseases. In 2000, through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the international community committed to halving the proportion of people without access to clean water and basic sanitation by 2015. Overall, the world is on track to meet the water supply MDG, but there are major gaps in many regions and countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. On current trends, the world will miss the sanitation target by a staggering 1bn people.

Meeting the MDG water and sanitation targets is more than a health and dignity issue. The evidence is compelling that achieving the water and sanitation goals would trigger a major leap forward in human development:

• Water and sanitation are essential to achieving all of the MDGs. • Investment in water supply yields an average economic return of $4.4 to $1. • Investment in sanitation yields an average economic return of $9.1 to $1. • Human development is more closely linked to access to water and sanitation than any other development driver, including spending on health or education, and access to energy services.

The crisis in water and sanitation overwhelmingly affects the poor. Availability of water is certainly a concern for some countries. But the global water and sanitation crisis is mainly rooted in poverty, power and inequality, not in physical availability. It is, first and foremost, a crisis of governance and thus governance reform must be a key pillar of any strategic approach to addressing the crisis.

UNDP’s Response UNDP promotes and facilitates equitable access to water and sanitation services as a fundamental contribution to enhancing human development. UNDP works together with government, civil society, private sector and other development partners to bring about the necessary improvements in water governance to scale-up water and sanitation services for the poor.

UNDP Supports: • Coordination of country assistance by UN and other development partners. • Incorporation of water and sanitation into national development planning. • Governance and policy reform for enhanced water supply and sanitation access. • Capacity building of institutions and practitioners. • Special attention to fragile states, where water and sanitation challenges are greatest.

The GoAL WaSH Programme GoAL WaSH is an innovative new UNDP programme that aims to accelerate achievement of the water and sanitation MDGs through strategically targeted interventions that strengthen governance of the water and sanitation sectors at appropriate levels. Specifically, GoAL WaSH focuses on:

• Countries with low water and sanitation coverage projected not to achieve the water, sanitation or both MDGs. • Identifying gaps, needs, constraints and opportunities in national water and sanitation plans, strategies and capacities. • Governance reform, leadership and policy advocacy. • Incorporation of water and sanitation into national MDG and related poverty reduction strategies. • Close coordination with governments and key development partners active in water and sanitation at country level.

This volume is the second in a series of national assessments of governance in the water and sanitation sectors in target MDG GoAL WaSH countries. These sector assessments are in turn informing the design and implementation of a series of UNDP capacity building and technical assistance projects to strengthen water governance and advance national progress on the water supply and sanitation MDGs (see inside back cover).

Sincerely,

Andrew Hudson Cluster Leader Water Governance Programme Environment and Energy Group Bureau for Development Policy www.undp.org/water

Country Sector Assessments: Volume 2 UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme Governance, Advocacy and Leadership for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Tajikistan

National Sector Assessment

MDG Outlook Sector Preparedness Annexes Overview

• Is Tajikistan on the Right • National Strategies • International Aid Track to Reach Water and • Aid Coordination Water Projects and Sanitation MDGs? • Institutional Arrangements Programmes in Tajikistan • The ‘Right to Water’ • Sector Financing • Progress of the Programme to Increase the Number • Main Issues to be Addressed • Sector Monitoring and of Persons with Access to • Distinctive Achievements Evaluation Potable Water • Sector Capacity Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 4 is not a reality for a large part of the rural population. Tajikistan has immense reserves of fresh water, access to safe drinking water achievement of MDG7 is proving to be extremely difficult. Despite the fact that drinking water and safe sanitation by the year 2015. However in practice, the MDG7, namely to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to clean capita of about US$450. In theory, the country appears to be on track to meet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with annual income per (Pamir range) where there are no roads. Tajikistan is one of the poorest of the environment. Roughly a quarter of the country is an unpopulated mountain zone practically no formal drinking water supply management system serving these people. these serving system management supply water drinking formal no practically is There hygiene. and sanitation of terms in inadequate are that channels) ditches, irrigation pumps, manual with wells (springs, sources ‘unimproved’ from water drinking their take they and services, piped or supply water central no have that households rural small many are there result a As ownerless. remain generally (DCDEDW)) Exploitation and Design Construction, on Department State main of area former of systems sewage and supply water small today, the But facilities. supply water including property, communal all manage to authorities) local to funds their transferred 522 No Order Presidential 1996 In active had areas rural the times Soviet In citizens. rural of 40% only with compared citizens urban of 83% reach supplies water Piped T and Sanitation MDGs? Is Tajikistan ontheRightTrack toReach Water MDG Outlook (more than 5 m.) live in rural areas characterized by a fragile and vulnerable ajikistan has a rapidly growing population of over 7 m. people of which 74% Rayselkomhozs kolhozs (collective farms) and and farms) (collective (regional agriculture communal economies). economies). communal agriculture (regional 28 ofthesehaveaseweragesystem. have apipedwatersupplysystembutonly million) liveinvillages.52ofthe62towns without safeaccesstowater, nearlyall(1.96 than 49%.Ofthe2.07millionpeople while inremoteruralareasitisnohigher rayons (regionalcentres)coverageis93%, In themajorcities,urbansettlementsand coverage hastoincreasefrom61%72.5%. extra 1,5%needaccess)andinruralareas areas 94%ofthepopulationareserved(an level from70%todayupto79%).Inurban water sourceby2015(raisingthecoverage needs toreceiveaccessanimproved supply, anextra9%ofthepopulation To achievetheMDG7targetonwater Khukumats sovhozs (local administrative administrative (local (beyond the coverage coverage the (beyond

water, andaninadequate seweragesystem,areresultingintheriseofacute intestinaldiseases. systems, inadequatetreatment, awatersupplysysteminpoorcondition,limitedaccess tosafedrinking access tocleandrinkingwaterandoperationalsewerage systems.Theamalgamationofbaddrainage intestinal infectionsinTajikistan arewaterborne(61%in villagesand39%incities),attributabletolimited to 5andTable 1illustratefurtherdimensionsofthesituation). Assuch,itisnosurprisethat45-50%of by pipedsewers,ofwhichonly5%areintheruralareas where74%ofthepopulationreside.(Figures 1 The situationwithregardtosewerageandsanitationis even worse.Only23%ofthepopulationisserved chambers, ditches,andreadilypermeableground,atagreat risktotheirhealth. or evenings.Undersuchcircumstances,ruralcitizensare forcedtopumpdirtywaterfromfloodedwell constraints meanthatthewatersupplyisconstantlyinterrupted, orscheduledforeitheronlymornings often operateinamannerthatseriouslyviolatestheregulations,andfrequentpoweroutagesother rural areasandurbansettlementswiththepoorestwater supplyconditions.Inruralareas,watersuppliers 40–50% oftreatmentiseffective. Asaconsequence,waterborneinfectiousdiseasesareprevalentinthe of coagulantsforwaterdisinfectionfurthercontributetothepoordrinkingquality. Moreover, only the seweragesystem.Inadequatetreatmentsystems,alackofequipmentandresources,shortage but alsorisktheinfiltrationofpollutedgroundwater. Worn-out pipesalsocausecorrosionandleakagesin Serious leakagesinthepublicwatersupply(50–60%onaverage)notonlydecreaselevelofcoverage a significantdeteriorationindrinkingwaterquality, withaconsequenthealththreattothepopulation. With some70%ofallinfrastructurerequiringseriousrehabilitation andreconstruction,therehasbeen sewerage enterprises. of newlyavailableresources;andageneralculturepopularhostilitytowardsthewatersupply investments andinadequatetariffs hasledto:lowlevelsofservice;poordecision-makingintheallocation by townsandrayons(regions).Thiscombinationofpatronage,inappropriateskills,politicallyguided operational costs.Salariesofadministrativeandtechnicalpersonnelreflectthelowlevelsaffordable In turn,vodokanalsareobligedtosettariffs, commonlyatanartificiallylowlevelthatdonotreflectactual water serviceproviders)andbydirectingthedistributionofsubsidies,capitalotherinvestments. efficiency. Localauthoritiesexertcontrolbydeterminingwhoshouldbethedirectorsofvodokanals(local authority, ratherthanasectorthatshouldberunaccordingtotechnicallysoundrulesandthenormsof Water supplyandseweragesystemsareoften consideredanextensionofthepoliticalcapacityalocal technological, andfinancialindicatorsonwhichtobasetheiranalyses. for regulatingwatersupplyandseweragesystemshavenosystematicdatawithrelevanttechnical, keeping purposes)fordatanecessarytoassessandmaintainthesystem.Consequently, bodiesresponsible led toanumberofotherdifficulties. Thereis nostandardreportingrequirement(exceptfortaxandbook institutional andeconomictransformationhasnotonlycreatedseverefinancialshortfalls,butalso decentralization hasalsohadanegativeeffect onrectifyingproblemsinthesystem.Uncoordinated by acollapseintheadministrationofessentialsectors,andtheircontroloperations.Thetrendtowards At managementlevel,theadministrativebreakdownofMinistryCommunalServiceswasfollowed the situationworse,providingnomoneytocovermaintenancecosts. they areunabletomaintaintheirrespectivefacilities.Thelackoftimelywaterfeepaymentsisonlymaking infrastructure isdeteriorating.Thecurrentwatersupplyandsewerageenterpriseshaveshownthatalone state. Overthepast10–15yearsthesesystemshavereceivednomaintenance,andassuch,mostof between 1960and1980withanoperationallifeof30–50years,meaningtheyarenowinaterminal in managingandoperatingitswatersanitationnetworks.Mostsupplysystemswereconstructed This stateofaffairs mustbeunderstoodagainst thebackgroundofmajorproblemsTajikistan hashad

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 5 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 (2003) Statistics on Committee State Source: 2002 in (%) water drinking fresh to access with population of Share 2: Figure (2006) UNEP Asia, Central in problems environmental on reports Assessment Source: (%) water drinking to access with population of TableShare 1: Development Sustainable on Report National Source: (2002) sanitation and water drinking piped to access of Levels 1: Figure 0 Year Tajikistan Population (%) 100 80 20 40 60 1991 0 1992 1995 52.0 1993 1996 48.5 Wa 1994 51 (%) ter Pipe 1997 43.8 1995 1998 43.8 1996 1999 43.7 1997 2000 44.3 Sanita 23 (%) 2001 47.1 1998 tion 2002 47.3 1999 2004 46.9 2000 2005 47.4 2001 2008 59.0 2002 100 (2004) Health of Ministry Tajikistan Source: (%) supply water of sources centralized the from water drinking to access with population of Provision 4: Figure (2002) Nairobi UNEP, Water Graphics, Vital Source: Sector by Water Use 3: Figure 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1600 2400 3200 800 0 km 1900 Ag 3 ricultur 1991 1925 F Assessment e Waste Consumption Withdr 1950 awl T otal incountry 1975 2000 or ecas 1995 2025 t Global wa 1990 Domestic 1925 F Assessment ter useby sector Consumption Withdr Waste 1950 1998 City awl 1975 2000 or ecas s 2025 t 2002 1900 Industrial V illa 1925 F Assessment ge (r Consumption Withdr Waste 1950 ur al awl ) 1975 2000 2008 or ecas 2025 t

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 7 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 8 available per capita per available 2 1 • m 13,000 with world the in states wealthy water most the of one is Tajikistan that fact the manner.Despite satisfactory a in rights-holders to obligations delivery service water their fulfilling from duty-bearers impeding are infrastructure degrading and governance water weak extremely Tajikistan, In household. the to proximity close in or within, located uses, domestic and personal for water sufficient providing supply water affordable an means water’ to ‘right Rather,a countries. other in resources water to or connection household a to everyone entitle water, nor of use unlimited for allow water,or free mean not does water’ to ‘right water. The potable affordable and clean to access reliable to right a comprise Rights-holders arrangements). Institutional and 5 Figure (see sector water the with dealing levels in Tajikistan, duty-bearers include water supplierssector and a plethorawater ofthe government In bodiesthem. at all administrativebetween relationship the analyses and obligations their and duty-bearers and A Human RightsBasedApproach (HRBA)todevelopmentidentifiesrights-holdersandtheirentitlements, ‘The RighttoWater’ 2000) (MIKI, survey cluster multi-indicator UNICEF’s and (2000), government Tajikistan the from data of basis on Estimated Source: population) total of (% Tajikistan of regions by water drinking of sources to Access 5: Figure problem is one of governance, not availability. not governance, of one is problem

UN (2005),‘MDGNeedsAssessment ofTajikistan’s Water Supply andSanitationSector’ p.2 Republic ofTajikistan (2007),‘NationalDevelopment Strategy’ p.50 Percentage (%) Rural Areas Deprived of Access to Safe Water and Sanitation: of infectious diseases which do not meet established public health and hygiene requirements, in turn contributing to the spread water from alternative sources, including springs, wells, irrigation ditches, canals, and rainwater collection, today. As these systems have become increasingly abandoned, rural communities are forced to draw its throughout the country’s long civil war (1992–1997), very few rural water supply systems are functioning the break-up of the Soviet Union and these farms, and the lack of maintenance and damage sustained villages had functioning piped water supply systems operated by their collective farm operators. But with access to improved water sources, 2.8 m. are believed to be in rural areas. During Soviet times, most rural population have access to improved water sources. Of the estimated 2.9 m. in Tajikistan living without marginalised groups in rural areas. Compared with 93% access in urban areas, only 47% of the rural 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 every individual in the country whatever their gender, age, race and ethnicity; each person has has person each ethnicity; and race gender,age, their whatever country the in individual GB 1 AO , only 59% of the population has access to centralised water supply systems. The The systems. supply water centralised to access has population the of 59% only , 2 . Moreover, these figures of access mask the fact that untreated water often flows Sugd Re gion Khalton Re gion The situation is worse for vulnerable and Re pub Districts Under lican Subor din Dushanbe 3 of water water of Not Saf Saf e

6 5 4 3 • •

Republic ofTajikistan (2007),‘Tajikistan Poverty Reduction Strategypaperfor2007-2009’p.11 UN (2005),‘MDGNeedsAssessment ofTajikistan’s Water Supply andSanitation Sector’ p.2 UN (2005),‘MDGNeedsAssessment ofTajikistan’s Water Supply andSanitation Sector’ p.5 Consumers Unionof Tajikistan (2009) p.2 of theirrespectiveprojects). including Oxfam,SDC,UNDP,UNICEF,USAIDandthe World Bankinteralia(seeAnnex1fordetails and hasreceivedoveradecadeofsupportfromvarious international organisationsanddonors, free, toamarketeconomywheredifferent rulesapply. Tajikistan’s watersectorisheavilyaiddependent non-payment ofservicesandthechallengesarisingfrom transitionfromtheSovieterawhenwaterwas tackle themanyproblemsinwatersector. Theseincludeweakgovernance,degradinginfrastructure, These newappointmentsareastepintherightdirection, foranewapproachisevidentlyneededto to environment,encompassinginteraliatheHRBAwater. of recruitingarepresentativeincountrytoworksolelyontheHuman RightsBasedApproach (HRBA) account. Inaddition,Office ofthe High Commissionerfor Human Rights(OHCHR)isintheprocess additional routeviaatrustedintermediaryforcitizenstoclaimtheirrights,andholdduty-bearers water supplysystems.TheappointmentofanOmbudsmaniscurrentlyunderway, whichwilloffer an urban areas.Theyarguethatitisdifficult toworkinruralareasbecausethereisnoownershipofthe organisation directlyworkingtoprotectconsumerrights,buttheiractivitiesareatpresentrestricted generally operatingwithscarceandlimitedresources.TheConsumersUnionofTajikistan istheonly sector ofcivilsocietythatpermitcitizenstovoicetheirproblemsandconcerns,buttheseare Weak Human RightsSupport Structures:Public grassrootsorganisationsarethemostimportant file claimsanddemandcompensationwhenappropriate develop confidencetodemandproperserviceandsafewaterfromsuppliersskills grave needforconsumerstobeawareofwhenthewatersupplyingcompaniesareviolatinglaw, to typically unawareoftheredressmechanismsavailabletothemwhentheiraccessisdenied.Therea population areunawaretheyhavearighttoaffordable, safepotablewater. Thefewthatareaware poses anobstacletoimprovingthesituation;acommunicationcapacitygap.Thevastmajorityof rights andtheprocessthroughwhichtheycanclaimtheirholdduty-bearerstoaccount Lack ofKnowledgeandPublic Awareness: Alackofcivilsocietyawarenessregardingtheirwater more than 50% of schools (1,976 of 3,694) do not have access to piped, safe drinking water drinking safe piped, to access have not do 3,694) of (1,976 schools of 50% than more that fact the to attributable partly is situation water. This contaminated by caused infections intestinal and gastric of victims frequent most the are They quality. water poor from suffering population the of group vulnerable most the arguably are Children met. being not are rights whose areas rural in household to source from water carrying with tasked children, and women is it Overwhelmingly, from Official Development Assistance (ODA) targeted at urban areas. the population uses water from public utilities that is of poor quality into the water pipes, and consequently as much as 40% of water consumed is not potable and 41% of most important objective for the country’ sanitation services could be said to be deteriorating in rural areas. Improving these services should be ‘the majority of medical institutions in country also lack access to proper sanitation and safe water. safe and sanitation proper to access lack also country in institutions medical of majority weak toaddresstheproblemwithouthelpofinternationalorganisations. Water ResourcesandLandReclamationDushanbeVodokanal, butinstitutionalcapacitiesaretoo coined anauthoritycapacitygap).Awareness isstrongeramongduty-bearers,suchastheMinistryof are thepooranduneducatedinruralareaswhohavelittlemeansorcouragetoclaimtheirrights(often 4 , however at present most financing for the water sector comes 6 . However, mostoftherights-holdersaffected 3 . In many cases water supply and 5 . The The .

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 9 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 10 Tajikistan hassignedorratifiedthefollowingconventions andagreementsrelatedtotransboundarywater: 1982 SovietStandardGOST2874-82remainsthevalid drinking waterlegalreference. recently beendevelopedandiscurrentlyunderthegovernment’s consideration.Inthe absenceofit,the in Article18thatstates,“Every personhastherighttolife”. Adraft nationallawondrinkingwaterhas and sanitation.Moreover, theConstitutionformallyrecognizes‘righttowater’, butonlyindirectly Association Law(2008).However, theWater Codedoesnotsufficiently dealwiththeissuesofwatersupply Water (2000),theTajik Water Code(2002)andthecountry’s recently signedandfirstever Water User In addition,nationallegislationtoaddresswatermanagementandaccessissuesincludetheLawon • • • • • • • • • • instruments relevantfortheHRBAtoimprovingwatergovernance: Tajikistan hassignedorratifiedthefollowinginternationalhumanrightsconventionsandregional Legislative Framework •

Continental Shelf(1988). Protocol fortheSuppression ofUnlawfulActs againsttheSafetyofFixed PlatformsLocatedonthe Convention fortheSuppression ofUnlawfulActs againsttheSafetyofMaritime Navigation(1988); Convention ontheLawofNon-NavigationalUsesInternational Watercourses (1997); Kiev ProtocolonPollutant ReleaseandTransfer Registers(2003)(ratified 17th July 2001). Access toJustice inEnvironmentalMatters (1998)(accession17thJuly 2001); UNECE AarhusConventiononAccess toInformation,Public Participation inDecision-makingand February 1995); International ConventionontheEliminationofallformsRacialDiscrimination(1965)(ratified10th (ratified 10th February 1995); Convention AgainstTorture andotherCruel, InhumanorDegradingTreatment orPunishment (1984) November 1993); Convention ontheEliminationofallformsdiscriminationagainstwomen(1979)(ratified25th Convention ontheRightsofChild(1989)(ratified25thNovember1993); International CovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(1966)(ratified4th April 1999); impact ontheground. UNDP complementsexistingworkandcooperateswithotheractorsinthesectortoachievegreatest human dignityandasapreconditionfortherealisationofotherrights.Itisparamountthat President Rahmonemphasisedthatthe‘righttowater’ needstoberealisedasvitalformaintaining governance ofwaterontheground.Indeed,inaspeechathigh-leveleventNewYork in2008, in Tajikistan asanew, innovativeandpromising approachforimprovingthesituationofaccessand commonly citedreasonsforthelackofimprovement.UNDP’sHRBAisbroadlyandactivelywelcomed neglect buildingthecommunitybuy-inandoperatorcapacityneededtosustainimprovementsaretwo water sector, togetherwithefforts thataretoofocusedonphysicalinfrastructureimprovementsand water supplysystems.Theon-goinglackofclearpoliciesandconfusedgovernancesurroundingthe in fulfillingtherighttowaterforeveryindividual.Thesituationremainsdire,especiallyregardingrural However, despitesuchabreadthofactivities, therehasbeenlittletangibleimprovementontheground rehabilitation, hygieneeducationandawarenesstraining,thesetupofWater UserAssociations. Little Tangible ImprovementontheGround: Previousprojectshavefocusedonphysicalinfrastructure better harmonizedwithinternationallaw extent, butneedsimproving.Aspecificwatersupplylawisneeded,andthecountry’s legislationshouldbe As such,thelegislationtodealwithwaterandsanitationrightsresponsibilitiesissufficient toan major challengeatthemoment. legislation mustbeproperimplementedandenforcedtoprotecthumanrights;thisisprovinga decent waterqualityandthereductionofwater-related diseases.Moreover, existingandnewlyestablished 7 • • • • Main IssuestobeAddressed • • • • • But isneitherasignatorynorpartyto:

National Development Strategy(2007)p.7 inter-agency coordination.Sectormonitoringsystemsneed totakeintoaccountlevelsofaccess the monitoringsystemisindeclineanddatacollected byvariousagenciesindependentlywithout Gaining aclear picture ofthesituationinwatersectoratanytimeisvirtuallyimpossible,because bodies israrelycomparable,dataweakandunreliable, anddatabasesareincompleteinconsistent. Outdated SectorAssessmentandWeak MonitoringSystem:Sectorinformationprovidedbydifferent responsibilities havenotbeenimplemented. The reformofurbanagenciesisgainingpaceslowly, butstrategiesonthedelegationofrightsand The privatesectorhasonlyalimitedinvolvementandmany NGOshavedeficientcapacitythemselves. and efficient serviceprovisionatthelocallevelareseriousimpedimentsintowns,rayonsandvillages. Insufficient Capacity ofLocalExecutiveBodies:Insufficient capacityandresourcesfordevelopment of localexecutivebodies. centralized budgetfinancingcomesfromthecentraldepartment)thusfurtherweakeningcapacity own localsupplymechanisms.Sectorfinancingflowsmainlydirectlytowaterservicesuppliers(or weak tariff collectionsystemlimittheflowofrevenue,whilsthouseholdsmakebiginvestmentsintheir meet theMDGsandrehabilitateoldpoorlyfunctioninginfrastructure.Poverty, lowtariffs anda beginning toincreasegradually. But thereisstillalargeshortfallintheresourcesneededorderto of thecivilwar(1992–1997)andcollapseSovietUnion.At presentfinancialresourcesare Financial Difficulties: Financing forTajikistan’s watersectorhasbeensignificantlyreduced because respective stakeholderresponsibilitiesduringprojectimplementation. is aneedtoimprovestakeholderdialogue,bydevelopingsector-wide approaches(SWAp), clarifying responsibilities. CoordinationbetweenstakeholdersinTajikistan’s watersectorisalsoinadequate.There a diversityofsectororganizationsandagencies,somewhichoperateinparallelwithoverlapping framework. Thesearebroadlyappropriate,butWSSinTajikistan continuestobecharacterizedby the Poverty ReductionStrategyPaper (PRSP)(2007)setoutspecificsector priorities andaninstitutional Institutional disintegrationandlimitedcoordination:Theofficially publishedandadoptedstrategiesof Council ofEuropeFramework ConventionfortheProtectionofNationalMinorities(1995). or Council ofEuropeConventionfortheProtectionHuman RightsandFundamental Freedoms (1970); UNECE ProtocolonWater andHealth (1992); Convention ontheTransboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992); UNECE ConventionoftheProtectionandUseTransboundary Waters andInternationalLakes(1992); 7 . Drinkingwaterstandardsalsoneedtobeestablishedensure

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 11 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 12 They estimatethecostoffullrestorationwaterutilities tobeUS$380 even preliminary, reconstructionoftheinfrastructuretocreateopportunitiesforbetterserviceprovision. The StateUnitaryEnterprise(SUE)believeswatersector reformwillbeunsuccessfulwithoutaparallel,or projects underimplementation orintheprocessofpreparation(seebelowandAnnex 1). the implementationoftheseplanshasyettobesetsolidly inmotion.Therearealsoanumberofmajor flawed andinadequatephysicalhumaninfrastructure forthewatersector(seenextsection).However The singlemajorachievementhasbeenacknowledgement atthelevelofnationalplanningdeeply Distinctive Achievements • • •

benefits thatwouldensue. 2005, needstobepromoted.Governmentshouldratifytheconventionandprotocolinlightof Use ofTransboundary Watercourses andInternationalLakes(1992), whichenteredintoforceinAugust sanitation, theProtocolonWater andHealth (1999)totheUNECEConventionofProtectionand in relateddecisionmaking.To furtherensureeveryindividualhasaccesstosafepotablewaterand improving civilsociety’s accesstorelevantinformationandbetterfacilitatingtheirparticipation The proceduralrightsoftransparencyandparticipationalsoneedtobebetterrealisedbyinteralia, be prioritizedinHRBAdevelopmentprojectsaimingtoincreaseaccesssafewaterandsanitation. to water. To ensureeachindividual’s righttowaterismet,womenandchildreninruralareasneed public institutionsdealingwithhumanrightsneedsstrengthening,specificallyregardstheright practices andtheirwaterrightsresponsibilitiesislowneedstoberaised.Thecapacityof Ensuring EachIndividual’s RighttoWater: Public awarenessaboutproperwateruseandsanitation The 20%ofwastewatertreatmentplantsthatareoperationalgenerallysub-standard. treatment plantsarealsooutofoperationbecauseineffective managementandphysicaldeterioration. outages anddonotensureregularsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwater. 80%ofwastewater half donotmeetsanitaryrequirements,whilethosethatareoperationaltypicallyexperienceregular increased considerablyasaresult.Approximately 25%ofwatersupplysystemsarenotfunctioning,and maintenance, andthenumberofaccidentsinwatersupplywastewatercollectionnetworkshas the waterdistributionnetworkisinapoor(anddeteriorating)conditionresultingfromlackofregular 1997) inparticular, hasimposedaheavytollonthewatersupplyandsewerageinfrastructure.70%of Disintegrating Infrastructure:Thepost-Sovieteconomictransitioningeneral,andthecivilwar(1992– infrastructure evenmoreurgent. further complicatethesituation,makingdevelopmentofanappropriatemanagementsystemand types ofusage,andTajikistan’s mountainoustopographyandfrequencyofearthquakesflooding treatment ofsewage.Water resourcemanagementisalsodifficult duetothemultiplicityofusersand rural andurbanareasiswellbelowthenationalGOSTstandard,usuallybecauseofinadequate knowledge ofwaterresourcemanagementinthecontextandsanitation.Water qualityinboth climate changes.Thewatersectorneedsinvestmentininfrastructure,institutionalcapacityand water-rich countryintheworld,butisalsoextremelyvulnerabletoflooding,naturaldisastersand Inadequate Attention toWater ResourcesManagement andWater Quality: Tajikistan isthe5thmost the regional(rayon)andnationallevels. prioritized, giventhisinformationisimportantindecision-makingbutcurrentlyunavailableatboth and qualityofwater, andlinkserviceswithfunds. Datacollectionforfinancialflowsshouldalsobe m. period upuntil2015.Thestrategyfocusesonfivemain buildingblocks: More specifictothewatersector, theNational Water Sector DevelopmentStrategy(2005)coversaten-year The mainprioritiesforthewatersectorinNDSare as follows: that watersupplyandsanitationareessentialtoeconomicgrowthimprovementoflivingconditions. Tajikistan’s NationalDevelopment Strategy(NDS)(2007),thecountry’s principalstrategicdocumentnotes • • • • • • • • • • • • • sector upuntil2009areasfollows: However, littleprogresshasbeenmadeinthisdirectiontodate.Themainprioritiessetoutforthewater access towaterinfrastructure,policyshouldfocusonimprovingservicedeliveryinruralareas. areas andupto65%inruralbytheendof2009.Itnotesthatsinceurbanalreadyhavebroader population and51%ofruralresidents,increaseaccessto‘improved’ sanitationbyupto50%inurban The PRSPoverallaimstoprovidedrinkingwaterthatmeetsgovernmentstandardsfor96%oftheurban The PRSP(2007–2009)considerswaterandsanitationtobeoneofthemostcrucialmid-termstrategies. initiation of a National Programme for improving the supply of drinking water to the population. In particular, the NNHPAP in Tajikistan set out as a priority for the period 2000–2005 the development and Environment (Sophia, 1995), and the Review of WHO’s European Experience (WHO, Copenhagen, 1995). 2005, papers of the Consultative Meeting on the Development of National Action Plans for Hygiene and the (NNHPAP, 1999). The NNHPAP was based on the GoRT’s Strategy for Health Care of the Population up to Ministries of Health and Nature Protection developed a National Nature and Health Protection Action Plan Following Resolution No. 96 of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan (GoRT) of 12 February 1997, the National Strategies Sector PreparednessOverview capacity atbothmanagement andtechnicallevels. Improving managementof municipal activities of watersupplysystems,specificallyinruralareasthat are currentlyneglected. Increasing financing Make effective useofthesector’s existingpotential. Make thesector moreattractivetoinvestors;and the creationofnewownershipentities; Reform theexistingwatersupplyandseweragesystem through theimprovementofsectoralpolicyand Elaboration ofnormsandstandardsfordrinkingwaterquality. Supply”; and Development andadoptionoftheLawRepublicTajikistan “OnDrinkingWater andWater Rehabilitation ofpublicandindividualtoilets,collectionutilizationsoliddomesticwastes(SDW); through currentsystems; supply systems,internalwatersystemsofcondominiumsandguaranteedtoconsumers Rehabilitation ofexistingwatersupplysystemsinurbanandruralareas,includingagricultural Assessment ofexistingwaterresources; Establishment ofsanitationprotectionzonesandheadwaterintakefacilities; Improved qualityofwaterandtreatment(incompliancewiththeGOST); Construction ofwaterintakefacilitiesintheruralareas; — a bigpriorityofthegovernmentisincreasinginvestment fortherehabilitation — low wagesandmigrationhave reducedthepersonnel

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 13 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 14 international partnerstomeetresourceneedsfordevelopmentinthesector. ability totranslateitsstrategicvisionintospecific,well-implementedactions,andfor Tajikistan andits gaps remainbetweentherhetoricandreality. Ultimately, progresswilldependonthegovernment’s many componentsenvisagedbythenationalstrategicpapershavenotbeenimplemented.Considerable Generally, moststakeholdershaveformallyadoptedthesenationalstrategiesandpolicyframeworks,but 7.7 m.peoplewillhavesustainableaccesstopotablewater. activities, and70%frominvestments.Asaresultoftheprogrammeitishopedthatbyyear2020 be derivedfromthecentralbudget,10%localbudgets,5%fundssupportingrelatedeconomic access topotablewaterby2020,whichisexpectedcostTJS3.33bn.(US$966.52 More recently(2008)thegovernmenthasapprovedaprogrammetoincreasenumberofpersonswith This emphasizestheneedtominimizewasteandstrengthenconservationofnationalwaterresources. GoRT hasalsoapprovedthe2001NationalConceptonRationalUseandProtectionofWater Resources. • hygiene issuesandrationalwateruse(seeAnnex1). various donorsforpotablewaterprojects,especiallyinrural areas.Theseprojectsincludetrainingon irrigation systemstothemostvulnerablecommunities. UNDPhasalsocoordinatedcontributionsfrom UNDP’s CommunityWater Projectsareaimedatensuringsafepotablewaterandsewageservices may contributetowardstheachievementofMDGs. preparing anumberofotherimportantwatersupplyand sanitationprojects,asenvisagedinthePRSPthat the developmentofwatersectorstrategiesandpolicies. Together withtheWorld Bank(WB),theADBis infrastructure inthepoorestdistrictsofcountry. ADBalsoprovidesassistanceforcapacitybuilding and The AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)isfocusingonthe rehabilitationoftheirrigationandwater Alii KhamadoniDistrictProject,whichiscurrentlyunderimplementation. Japanese governmenthasalsoprovidedgrantfundingofUS$9.5 of Tajikistan (Vahdat, Garm, Dangara,Vose, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tjube, Istaravshan,andКаnibadam). The water supply, canalizationandutilizationofsolidurbanwastes)isunderimplementationfor8cities Bank’s supportgrantofUS$15 Municipal InfrastructureDevelopmentProject;andLakeSarezRiskMitigationProject.UndertheWorld organizations. TheWorld Bankhasfinancedthreebigprojects: Water Supply andSewageProject; DFID, SECO,ADB,WB,andEBRD.Severalotheragenciessupporttheactivitiesofthesemainpartner including UNDP,USAID,JAICA,UNICEF,theEuropeanUnion,German Agroaction,OXFAM, Tajikistan’s watersector isheavilydependentonaidandcooperationfrominternationalorganisations Aid Coordination • •

Achieving cost-recovery system performance. Implementing legalandregulatoryreforms incentives forconsumerstoreducetheirexcessiveconsumptionareneeded. Rationalising waterconsumption currently amajorproblem. supply control,definitionoffeesforwaterusersandasystemcollectionfromconsumersthatis — requires modernizationoftechnicalandadministrativeresourcesforwater m. theMunicipal InfrastructureDevelopmentProject(rehabilitationof — in additiontoreducinglossesfromleakagesandphysicaloutflows, — aimed atincreasingtheefficiency ofoverall water m. fortheWater Supply totheMirSaid m.). Ofthis,15%will

assessment areSughd andKhatlonregions. land andwaterresources,promoteIWRMrationaluse.Priorityregionsforthefurther priority insouthernTajikistan. Possible projectsmightincludecomponents toprotectandconserve developing watersupplyandsanitationprojectsintheTajikistan partofFerghana valley, andasasecond for theirparticipationwillbeanalyzedandtheappropriateprojectsagreedfocusingfirston SECO hasalsoagreedtodevelopnewwatersupplyandsanitationprojectsinTajikistan. Possible options belonging toSUE“KMK”. districts of1.2 the ruralwaterpipenetwork andforirrigationfloodcontrolofgrazingland.The DCDEDWcovers24 Ministry istheStateDepartmentonConstruction,Design andExploitation(DCDEDW),responsiblefor responsible fortheprovisionofpotablewatertorural population;whereneedsaregreatest.Underthe activities ingeneral.AnimportantstakeholderistheMinistry ofWater ResourcesandLandReclamation, of Agricultureistaskedwithpreventingcontamination of waterfrominsecticidesandagricultural agencies, theMinistryofHealth isresponsibleforqualitycontrolofdrinkingwater, andtheMinistry city authorities/khukumats.TheMinistryofFinance allocatespublicfinancetotheappropriatesectoral operational responsibilitiesforwaterdeliverytomunicipal andcommercialsectorswerepassedtolocal in watersector. TheMWRLRmanagestheirrigationnetworksandruralsystemsofwatersupply, but The MinistryofWater ResourcesandLandReclamationisresponsiblefornationalpolicyplanning sanitation, andthegovernmenthasoverallresponsibility forensuringnationaldrinkingwatersupply. responsible foradoptingarelevantlegislativeframeworktoensureaccesssafedrinkingwaterand to watersupplyandsanitationserviceprovision.At thestatelevel,parliamentofTajikistan is In theRepublicofTajikistan, variousagenciesandgovernmentbodieshaveobligationswithregard Institutional Arrangements • Key Measures toImproveAidCoordination • • At present,theSDCisfinancingimplementationoftwosmallwatersupplyandsanitationprojects: service thebulkofpopulation. these projectsisatpresentinsufficient toprovide asustainablealternativetotheDCDEDWsystemswhich technology thatshouldensureamoresustainableandbetterqualitywatersupply. However, thenumberof requests byenvironmentalprotectionbodies,humanitarianorganizationsareshifting todeepwell the endofrainyseason,andchangesinirrigationregime)often causewellstodryout.Following wells isverypoor, andseasonalchangesingroundwater levels(causedforexamplebyclearingopendrains, some 8,000havebeenconstructedtodate.Unfortunately, inmostplacesthequalityofwatershallow and rehabilitationofshallowwellswithhand-operatedpumps,aswellunlinedhand-dugwells,which covered bycentralizedwatersupplies.Stepstakenmostoftheseorganizationsincludetheconstruction A numberofhumanitarianorganizationsalsoprovideservicestoruralcommunities,includingthose

in Tajikistan. access tosafedrinkingwaterandsanitation,helpachievetheMDGsoverallpovertyreduction Wider coordinationandcooperationwithinternationalorganizations anddonorswillsupportincreased Osh areaofKyrgyzstan). Ferghana Valley bytheInternationalWater Secretariat(Canada) (Ferghana areaofUzbekistanand Co-financing (withАМРК)fortheWatershed CommunityManagement Projectimplementedin implemented bytheRRDP/UNOPS; Rural SocialinfrastructurerehabilitationProjectComponent(districtsofКistakuzandАndarak), m. people,providespotable water tofarmlivestock,andalsooperatesaseparate canal

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 15 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 16 Resolution No.14.dated30August 2001. an obligatoryReportingForm «1-waterpipe»and«1-sewage»,approvedbythe StateStatisticalCommittees’ is responsibleforcollecting,filinganddeliveringdata on drinkingwatersupplyandsanitation,based drinking waterstandardsforquality(insteadofformer GOST),andtheStateStatisticalCommittee standards andrules,regulatesprojectconstruction activities.“ТajikGosstandart” establishes policy adviceforwatersupplyandsewagesystems,including constructionanddesignstandards,contract (licenses) forspecialwaterusage.TheArchitectureand Construction Committeeprovidestechnical Environment ProtectionCommitteeregulatestheuseandprotectionofwatersissuancepermits Tajikistan’s Geology Departmentissuesconfirmationonavailabilityofundergroundwaters and the GBAO, exceptfortheregionalcenter, nodistrictshaveanysewagesystems. Khatlon region,Ganchi, ShakhristanandMaschoh inSogdregion,Rasht,andShahrinavRRP.In centers thereisnosewagedisposal.ThisincludesKabadiyan,Pyanj,Khamadoni,Vose, Muminabad in and canalizationsub-departmentsbasedonthecontractswithSUE“KMK”.In18smallcitiesregional the abovecitiesanddistricts).Othervillages(smallcities,districtcenters)areservicedbywatersupply (Vodocanals), whicharedeemedtobestructuralsub-departmentsoflocaladministrations(Khukumats (Varzob andSpitamen)areprovidedwithservicesfromthewatersupply andcanalizationagencies Seven cities(Dushanbe,Khujand,Chkalovsk,Rogun,Kairakkum,Nurek, Sarband)andtwodistricts for the whole population by the year 2020, the functions of this body should be resuscitated. policy and in particular the adoption of the National Program with its commitment to ensure drinking water It has now collapsed. Based on the experience of the past 10 years, and taking into account Government supervision of Tajik controlling Vodocanals. the MCFHS.InpracticeworkofSUEhashardlychangedsincedayswhenitwasaMinistry reveals thattheinterdependencehaschangedlittlesincetimeswhenVodocanals werecontrolledby charges flowingtoSUE,andtheresponsibilityofVodocanals tosubmitreportsSUEforapproval.This cover theservicesprovidedtoVodocanals aswellotherelementsofinterdependence,suchfixed centralized watersupply(6.1%populationofRT).SUEatpresentsignscontractswithVodocanals. These in 15citiesand40districtcenters,ofwhich403,000usesewageservices430,000systems Ministry ofCommunityFacilities andHousingServices(MCFHS).Itservicesmorethan830,000people canalization after theDCDEDW. ItreportstotheGoRTandisasuccessoragencyofnowtransformed The StateUnitaryEnterprise(SUE“KMK”)isthenextbiggestplayerinpotablewatersupplyand system, and as a result some 80% of the rural population have no access to clean potable water. and irrigation canals. For this part of population there is practically no drinking water supply management no water supply or canalization services from the central system. Drinking water is taken from rivers, springs (beyond the area of DCDEDW) generally remain ownerless. There are many small rural households that have The non-centralized water supply and sewage systems of former Khukumats In Soviet times the rural areas had active Vodocanal (local administrative authorities), being communal property (Presidential Order No. 522 1996). Vodocanals is an agency that in the past operated under the MCFHS and undertook the systematic at city and district level, as well as providing management with material resources. Rayselkomhozs , the main funds of which were transferred to local kolhozs (collective farms) and sovhozs

• • Key Measures toImprove InstitutionalArrangements The divisionofresponsibilitiesbetweentheGoRTandlocalexecutivebranchbodiesisasfollows: (2007-2009) PRSP the on based organizations sector water of functions TableMain 2:

«TajikSelhozVodoprovodstroy»: rehabilitation, reconstruction and construction of water supply systems personnel andpropagandacampaigns. plus procurementofcarsandcommunicationequipment,water-lifting pumpsandtrainingfor SUE «Khujandvodocanal»:rehabilitation,reconstructionandconstructionofwatersupplysystems, rehabilitation offilteringstationsanddailyrunoff ponds(DRP). and assemblingofwatermeters;replacementinternalsupplysystemsinthehouses; SUE «DushanbeVodocanal»: rehabilitation,reconstructionandconstructionofwatersupplysystems systems, sanitation(SUW) SUE KhojagiiManziliju Kommunali:Rehabilitation,reconstructionandconstructionofwatersupply A bodyprovidingoversightandmanagementsupportto allVodakanals shouldbeputinplace. process needstobesystematicallyfollowedthrough. The PRSPsetsoutanappropriateframeworkforimprovement. Thepost-Sovietinstitutionalreform Local ExecutiveBranchBodies: • • • • • • • • • • • Government oftheRepublicTajikistan:

Recording andassessingwaterqualityorganizingevents tomaintainandimprovewatersources. Deciding onthelocationof,andbringingintoservice,new watersupplyfacilities;and consumers withinthecompetencesdeterminedbylegislation ofTajikistan; Protection anddevelopmentofcentralized/decentralized waterdistributionsystemstothe drinking watersupply; Regulation andcontrolofdrinkingwaterusageotherissuesenvisagedbylegislationtoensure be authorizedtoundertakewatersupplymanagement. Implementing anyothernecessarymeasures,includingdecisionsastowhichorganizationsshould permits forcertainwaterusages;and Establishing specialregimesforwateruseinemergencyareasandmakingorderstheissuance Ensuring statecontrolandmonitoringprovidingpublicinformation; public investmentpolicy; Establishment andregulationoftariffs topayforwatersupply, andimplementationofonecommon water supplysystems; Preparation, adoptionandimplementationofpurposivestateprogramsfordevelopmentpotable agencies andorganizationsholdingexecutivefunctionsinthewatersector; Overall responsibility for ensuring the national drinking water supply, and coordination of ministries, Restructuring ownershipandmanagement,establishingnormslimitsforwater-use;

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 17 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 18 • • • • • • • • appropriate technicalandeconomicalassessments/feasibilitystudies. rehabilitation, reconstructionandconstructionofdrinkingwatersupplysystems,supportedby Development ofusenewprogressivetechnologiesforpurifyingdrinkingwatercoupledwith Ministry ofMelioration andWater ResourcesManagement withparticipationofdistrictKhukumats. Establishing databaseandstrengtheninginformationalsystemofdrinkingwatersupplyunderthe including ruralareas;preparationandspreadingofcommonformsforintakewatersupplyservices. on thecurrentnormsfordesignsandestimates;establishmentofjointrecordingreportingsystem, Improvement inthequalityofpreparationprojects;furtherdevelopmentdocumentation departmental control. and strengtheningoflaboratoriesforSanitaryEpidemiologicalSupervision, andenhancing operating personnel,increasingpublicawarenessofwaterrightsandresponsibilities,establishing monitoring systems,increasinglocallevelsofresponsibility, publishingnormativedocuments,training Ensuring waterqualityinaccordancewiththecurrentstatestandardsthroughstrengthening efficient energy-savingtechnologies;useofreservetransmissionlinesandalternativeenergysources. Increase intheprioritystatusofalldrinkingwatersupplyresourcesthatconsumeelectricity; useof control ofDCDEDWandKMKSUE. management typicalstructureandlegalizationofpowers.Thisespeciallyconcernsareasoutsidethe Legalization ofthelocationpropertyforwatersupplysystemsvillagesalongwithapproval schools, andeducationalprograms. rehabilitation atstateandregionallevelofdepartmentaltrainingcenters,industrialtechnical Establishment atdistrictleveloftrainingcentersandprogrammesforthetrainers; saving drinkingwater. household toincreaseinterestandwateruseculture,optimizingconsumingnorms,usingtechnologies rational useofdrinkingwaterthroughassemblingmeters,introducingcontractsystemwithevery requirement fortherehabilitation,maintenanceandprotectionoftheseresources;ensuring on acommonmethodologyfordefiningandidentifying ‘ownerless’ assets,andestablishingthefunding frontier areas;carryingoutanationalinventoryofdrinkingwatersupplyandsanitationresourcesbased personnel; developagreementsforensuringappropriatewaterqualitystandardsofsourceslocatedin matters, withpowerstoestablishWater andSanitationCommitteesinruraldistrictstraintechnical Establish aJointRepublicanSpecialGroup ofhighlyqualifiedspecialistsinwatersupplyandsanitation Source: Water Sector Development Strategy (2006) Strategy Development Water Sector Source: 2006-2015 sector sanitation and water the in sources TableFunding 4: Source: Water Sector Development Strategy (2006) Strategy Development Water Sector Source: 2006-2015 sector sanitation and water the for costs TableEstimated 3: in urbanareasand445,500peopleruralareas. implementation ofthesesetobjectiveswillprovidesustainableaccesstodrinkingwaterfor653,500people include allowancesforinflation).Theplannedexpensesupuntil2015totalUS$998,237 The financialcostofimprovingthewaterandsanitationsectorispresentedin Tables 3and4(which Forward CostEstimates Sector Financing – Funding deficitpercent – Funding deficit – Rural Total: – Internationaldonors – Externalinvestments – Urbanhouseholds – Urban Sanitation (canalization): – Rural – Urban – GovernmentoftheRT – Ruralhouseholds Total inUS$thousand Funding Sources Water Supply: (thousand US$) 2,786.00 74,424 74,424 43,605 36,618 30,819 36,810 27,519 31.6 23,119 7,700 6,795 2006 2006 3,300 4,121 80 % (thousand US$) 2006 2006 248,967 248,967 159,084 134,484 24,600 14,2183 87,624 89,724 78,931 10,915 57.1 7,700 2,100 8,582 656 – – 2008 2008 % (thousand US$) 2006 2006 297,699 349,956 510,032 510,032 157,656 352,376 121,580 68.6 155,156 16,702 54,677 11,802 2,292 7,700 2,500 – – 2010 2010 % m. Theeffective (thousand US$) 2006 2006 35,832.00 607,264 636,309 998,273 998,273 324,464 361,964 125,000 232,185 511,309 84,700 60.8 37,500 31,028 7,264 – – 2015 2015 %

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 19 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 20 increases upto40diramsper1m the increasedDCDEDWsystemtariffs in2008 amountedto3.331.5diramsper1m SUE “KhojagiiManziliju Kommunali” andDCDEDW’ssystemshavealsobeenincreased,somuchthat No. As ofthe19thMay 2008,tariffs (inTajik Somoni)inDushanbehaveincreasedaccordancewithOrder come) isthemainreasonforfinancialcrisisinwatersector. However, wheretraditionallymostfundinghas thelowlevelofpaymentbygovernment agencies(from reduce individualwaterconsumptionfromapproximately800–1000l/dayto250–300orevenless. obtain alicensetoproducemetersinsidethecountry. Itisestimatedthatinstallingsuchwatermetreswill every home,withthehelpofUSAID.SUEsarecurrentlyinnegotiationsRussianFederation to improve thesituation,Vodokanals/water utilitiesofSUEundertookacampaigntohavemetersinstalledin component Funding flowsforthesector(Figure 6)reveal thatitisacomplexsystemwithonemajormissing Tariffs andFees amount by DCDEDW (2–10 diram/1-3 cents per m the same regardless of how much they use. However, the payment rate is typically only 15% of the required volume of water, which is divided proportionally among population in each system, so that everybody pays and sanitation is not funded in full. Payment for water in rural areas is based on measurements of the total Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Tajikistan. On the whole, water Tariff rates for drinking water and sanitation are developed by interested organizations and agreed with the water isanaturalresourceprovidedbyGodforwhichtheydonothavetopay. where paymentisrequiredanddifferent rulesapply. Thereremainsaperceptionamongthepublicthat behaviour fromtheoldSovietsysteminwhichtheydidnothavetopayforwater, tothemarketeconomy service providers,andpeoplerefusetopayhightariffs. Moreover, itisprovingachallengetochangecitizen water qualityinDushanbehasoccasionallyleadtomisunderstandingsbetweencustomersand supply and sewage tariff ratesareapprovedbytheMinistryofEconomicDevelopmentandTrade. Thepoor and cleaning, as well as payment for obtaining permits for special water use is also being planned.responsible useWater and discourage wasteful practices. Payment for services such as water storage, transportation A structure of fees has been approved for the use of water resources within established limits to encourage operating costs are fixed, and do not depend on the duration of water delivery. commonly asked to reduce their water supply to a couple of hours a day. This is despite the fact many of the a mere 25% of estimated requirements. Moreover, due to their inability to pay, some rural communities are amount of all money collected. Consequently, the amount of funds available for maintenance of the system is 16/1 oftheMinistryEconomicDevelopmentandTrade, largelyformechanicalirrigation.Tariffs in — user tariffs. At present,veryfewhouseholdskeeprecordsoftheirwaterconsumption.To 3 arebeingplanned. 3 ), and government subsidies are approximately half of the 3 . However, tariff Vodokanal Further proposalsforthereformoffinancingcommunitywatersupplies,arisingfromSDCreport restoration ofwaterutilitiestobeUS$380 of theinfrastructuretocreateopportunitiesforbetterserviceprovision.SUEestimatescostfull SUE believesthatthereformwillbeunsuccessfulwithoutaparallel,orevenpreliminary, reconstruction 8 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • counterpart, DCDEDW, arefunded.Thebasicprinciplesofthesereformsasfollows: It hasbeenproposedthatradicalchangesneedtobemadeinthewaywhichSUEanditsrural Proposed ReformsforSUEandDCDEDW include thefollowing: sustainability andeffectiveness inruraldrinking watersupply”. February, 2009. Project title: “Development of cooperation between the government institutions, donors and organizations to increase the responsibility, Swiss Agencyfordevelopment andCooperation(SDC) UNDP Report“Problemsandrecommendations oncommunitylevelfordrinking watersupply”, departmental andlocalbudgets. relevant proceduresinlegislationrelatingtotheformulation andimplementationofcentralized, The Governmentshouldprioritizefinancingthewater supply programme(2008–2020)byintroducing Conduct aregularinventoryandinstallwatercolumns metersinhouseholds. carrying outtrainingsessionsanddevelopingalegalsystem ofresponsibility. Create apositiveattitudetowardsdrinkingwatersupplythroughadvocacywith Jamoats andthemedia, development ofwatersupplyplans. Organise aplanningsystematJamoat levelwithbroadpublicparticipationfordiscussionand addition, thepublicshouldbeinformedaboutpricing,timingofpaymentsandpenalties. sanctions andrestricting,limitingstoppingwaterdeliverytodebtorsuntiltheyactuallypay. In agreements witheveryentity; implementingrelevantarrangementsrelatedtocashcalculation;applying Strengthen drinkingwaterpaymentdisciplinebyintroducingatrackingsystemandconcluding banking system. Code (2001),andcreateopportunitiesfortransferringmoneyaccordingtorealtariffs throughthe environment forinvestors;implementeconomicandfinancialbenefitsthatwereforeseenbythe Water Strengthen mechanismsforattractinginvestmentsandpublicfundsbycreatingafavourable protection forthepoor, includingdrinkingwatersupplyriskinsurance. Adopt realtariffs fordrinkingwateraccordingtomarketconditions,anddevelopasystemofsocial social statusofconsumers,anduniformrulespayment. Develop amethodologyfordeterminingdifferential feesfordrinkingwateraccordingtouseand Provision ofsocialsafetynetsforthepoor. financing ofservices; Revision oftheexistingcross-subsidieswithaviewenhancingparticipationhouseholdsin Regulate tariffs onthebasisofreasonablecosts forworkrequiredtoprovideandimproveservices; Tendering andcontractingfortheprovisionofservicesonacompetitivebasis; Widespread introductionofwatermeters; Attract long-termloanstosupportinfrastructureupgrades; Make gradualtransitiontonewtariffs; Ensure essentialGovernmentsupport; Shift toself-financing; m. 8 ,

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 21 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 22 the Government provided only 15.8% of the prescribed amount for the year. Local 37.2%, central budget 27.4%, and the remaining 21.9% came from economic activity. For rural water supply, required for that year were raised. The smallest contribution came from local budgets (3.2%), investments An analysis of the first year of implementation of the programme (2008) reveals that only a third of the funds Figure 6: Funding flows under water-supply and sanitation and water-supply under flows Funding 6: Figure • • • • Somoni. Theamountistobefinancedbythefollowingsources: accessing cleandrinkingwater, theGoRTapproved aprogrammefor2008–2020costing3.3bn.Tajik amount to1.5–2%oftotalexpenses.Inorderresolvetheobstaclespreventingmorepeoplefrom According toastudyconductedbytheStateStatisticsCommitteein2005,costsforwatersupplyservices The NeedforFurther Investment of smallprojectsinlocalcommunities. systems. Projectsvaryinnatureandsizefromseveralmajorprojectswithsignificantbudgetstoaplethora investment projectsforreconstructionanddevelopmentofirrigationinfrastructurewatersewage USAID andWB.Overthepastdecade,internationalorganizationshaveprovidedoverUS$150 Government ofJapan, GTZ,Mercy Corps,MERLIN,OSCE,OXFAM(UK),SECO,UNDP,UNICEF, international investment.To date,themostimportantpartnersinTajikistan includeADB,EBRD,EU, It isthereforeclearthatimplementationofactivitiestoachievetheMDGswillnotbepossiblewithout anything but sent more funds to district centres.

Ministry ofHealth —Sanitary- Investments: 2.327 Economic activity: 166.24 Local budgets:332.5 Republican budget:498.73 Intergovernmental Transfers and Local GovernmentRevenues Epidemiology Service SUE “KhojaqiiNanziliyu Development andTrade Ministry ofEconomy Kommunaly” Ministry ofFinance bn. Tajik Somoni(70%) m. Tajik Somoni(10%); m. Tajik Somoni(5%); m. Tajik Somoni(15%oftotalamount); Financing oftheWholeSector Forecast andPlanning of Project Management UnitsinMWRLM, SUE KMK,MinistryofHealth, andetc. Dushanbe Vodokanal Khujand Water Canal Local Authorities Department ofHealth Khukumats Sector Projects Off-Budget Projects Donors did not deliver NGO m. through 2. 1. 9 Water resources monitoringinTajikistan isconductedbysixdifferent agencies water quality. the extremelyhighmorbidityratesandnumberofwater-related diseasesdirectlyresultingfromverypoor standards theninforce.Indeed,virtuallyeveryreportwrittenbyaninternationalorganizationhighlights to thisdata,approximately30%ofsamplesnationwidedonotcomplywithnationalmicrobiological the stateSanitationEpidemiologicalSurveillance (SES),butonlyfortheperiod1996–2004.According and specialists.Such informationwasprovidedfortherepublicanandterritorialadministrativelevelsto with nationalwaterqualitystandardsisoften fragmentaryandincomplete,duetoalackoflaboratories In termsofassessingwaterquality, informationonthedegreeofcompliancelaboratorywatersamples not currentlydoneinanadequatemanner. sewerage systems.Since 2002,dataiscollectedonceayearaccordingto2-TP(vodkhoz)Forms, butthisis processing, thereisnosinglereliablesourceofinformationpertainingtothestatewatersupplyand information. Despitethewealthoforganisationsdirectlyorindirectlyinvolvedindatacollectionand mandatory publicreportingformsandsamplesurveys,subsequentlystoresdisseminatesthe Statistical Committee(Goskomstat)collectsinformationonwatersupplyandseweragesystemsusing Protection, MinistryofHealth, Tajik-glavgeology andSUEhousingcommunalservices.TheState Ministry ofLandReclamationandWater ResourcesManagement, theCommitteeonEnvironmental water supplyanddrainagesystemsintheRepublic.TheseincludeStateStatisticalCommittee, experienced ontheground.Statestatisticalbodiesandvariouspublicstructurescollectinformation appears tobeasignificantgapbetweenthepictureemergingfrommonitoringstatisticsandthatactually Tajikistan’s watersector hasstrongprojectmonitoringsystemsbutweaksector-wide monitoring.There Sector Monitoring • • • • • Key Measures toImproveSectorFinancing

Environmental Effectiveness Review,Tajikistan. UNECE,2004 Improve feecollectionfordrinkingwaterandsanitation. output basedaid); of publicsectorfinanceandimprovetargeting(suchassmartinvestments,localinvestmentfunds Tajikistan shouldexaminefiscaltransferandfinancingmechanismswhichencourage efficiency inuse needs, aswelldiligentcoordinationanduseofloans,grantsotherfunds; Ensuring properandefficient useofbudget resourcesallocatedforwatersupplyandseweragesystems that theMDGsaremetandtomeetcapitalshortfallsaddressoperationaleffectiveness; and provideasoundbasisfordevelopingsectorfinancialstrategiesatnationallocallevelstoensure A comprehensivesectorfinancestudyshouldbeundertakentobetterdeterminegapsandinefficiencies, should ensure that poor people’s access to water and sanitationStrengthen is not hampered mechanisms by unduly for cost high recovery tariffs); of potable water and sanitation services to consumers (the strategy if concentrationsexceedallowablelevels; under theGoRTareresponsibleformonitoringwaterpollution sourcesandadoptingpunitivesanctions The regional and district offices for Nature Conservation of the Committee on Environmental Protection manages theHydrologicalObservationNetworkandconducts waterqualityandquantitymonitoring; State agencyonHydrometeorologyoftheEnvironmental ProtectionCommitteeundertheGoRT 9 :

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 23 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 24 • • • • • • • Key Measures toImprove SectorMonitoring with accesstothecentralizedwatersupply, oraboutthenumberswhocollectwaterfrompumps. and financialdata.However, theformsdonotprovideinformationaboutpercentageofpopulation information onseweragesystems,suchasthenetworklengthandcapacity, detailsofannualoperations extent ofleakages),aswellfinancialinformationrelatingtowatersupplyservices. Form 1provides of waterthatpassedthroughthenetworkandsewagetreatmentplants,numberaccidents per streetandcapacityofconstructions),onwatersupplyservicesoverthepastyear(includingvolume reporting formscontaininformationonthewatersupplysystem(includingamountofintake current versionwasapprovedbyResolutionNo. Mandatory statereportingformssuchas‘1-watersupplysystem’ and‘1-seweragesystem’ areused,whose information onthedistancebetweenhouseholdsandwatersourcesisnotcollectedatpresent. for collectingwaterfromsourcessituated5km(ormore)awaytheirplaceofresidence.However, are numeroussettlements,predominantlyinruralareas,wherewomenandchildrenresponsible monitoring andnoregularcontrolofwaterseweragequalityinruralareasexists.Moreover, there organizations thatdeliveredwatertousersand/orreceivedseweragewaste.However, ruralareaslack Prior to1991,operationallaboratoriesassessingthewaterandseweragequalitywereattachedlarger information isneithercomprehensivenorfullyaccurate. of 1992–1997anddidnotcoverterritorieswherecombatoperationsweretakingplace.Assuch,available surveys areutilized.However, suchinformationwasextremelyhardtoobtainduringtheCivilWar years maps focusingondiseaseepidemiologyandresultsofphysicochemical,bacteriologicalvirological of waterinriverbasinsusedbypeopleasasupplysource.Various statisticalsources,surveillance In addition,theDepartmentofEpidemiologyMedical Universityhasbeenmonitoringthequality 6. 5. 4. 3.

Monitoring servicesshould be providedwithmodernmeansofcommunication; Old hydrologicalstationsshouldberestoredandnewones created; Training materialsandseminarswillneedtobeprepared oncalculatingthenewindicators; to theextentofwatersupplyandsanitationnetworksshould beincludedinthestatereportingform. Information onpopulationnumberswithaccesstothe centralized watersupplysystemandpertaining restructured accordingtotheprimarywaterconsumers The informationmanagementsystemrelatingtowater resources needstoberadicallyreformedand functionality ofservices; A large-scalesectoralmonitoringsystemsneedstobedeveloped forassessingtheaccessibilityand installations intheseareasare secure. Identify drainagezonesprone tofloodinganderosionensuredrinkingwaterintake stationsand Staff involvedshould receivethoroughtrainingonalltypesofwatermonitoring; However thisislargelynotdone,owingtomanpowerandlaboratoryshortages. Water utilitiesinurbanandruralareasarerequiredtoconductsurveysondrinkingwaterquality. and alsostatecadastreofgroundwaters; Tajikgeology carriesoutthemonitoringofqualityandquantitygroundwateratadepth15m, and othergazettedindicatorsonwaterqualityquantity. of reversalandconsequentwatersupply; dischargeofpollutants,losswaterduringtransportation, on thebasisofdataforwaterintakefromnaturalsources,usedifferent needs,volume The MinistryofLandReclamationandWater ResourcesManagement compilestheStatewatercadastre water bacteriologicalquality, andtakeadministrative measuresforcasesofcontamination; The SanitaryEpidemiologicalSurveillance laboratoriesundertheMinistryofHealth monitordrinking 14 oftheGoRTonAugust 30th2001.Thesestatistical — agricultural organizations; education nowliesintheprivatesectorTajikistan, aswellininternationalandlocalNGOs. 10 • • • Key Measures toImprove SectorSustainability • • • Key Measures toImproveSectorCapacity provision oflaboratoryequipmentandmeanscommunication be utilizedforthetrainingofspecialists,constructionandrehabilitationlaboratorybuildings, The SESestimatesthatUS$20 main problemsofthesector. doing theanalysisofwatersamples,andalackspecialistsabletoimplementrelevantworksare resources, besidesemployeesalaries,tobeableworkefficiently. Aninsufficient numberoflaboratories Health statedinitsrulingof2000thatsuchunitsneedtoberecreated.Thesedonothavefinancial hygiene departments.Whilstvariouspublichealthunitswereestablishedin1994,theMinistryof including environmentalsanitation(watersupply, sewerageandsanitation)childrenadolescent With regardtohygieneeducation,theSanitaryEpidemiologicalService(SES)hasabranchinevery derived fromsourcesotherthanthepipednetworkcomprisesapproximately50-120l/dayperperson. 2007 amountedto198.7l/day, withwaterabstraction at82.6l/dayperperson. In theruralareas,water installed. TheaveragelevelofdrinkingwaterconsumedbythecitiesanddistrictcentersTajikistan in keeping recordofwaterconsumptionisproblematic,sincemostthepopulationhasnometers organisations anddonorcountries,theylackthecapacitytorectifyorimprovesituation.Moreover, including ministries,areawareofthisfact,butwithoutfundingandtechnicalsupportfrominternational outflow ofprofessionals(“braindrain”). Weak watergovernanceisaseriousproblemin Tajikistan. Many, and forwell-knownreasons:thecollapseofoldSovietsystem,civilwar(1992–1997) development ofthesectornationwide.Thecapacitylocaldistrictgovernmentsisespeciallyweak, Improving watersectorcapacityatmunicipalityandregionlevelisakeymeasuretoenhancethe Sector Capacity

К. Nuraliev, М.Abdusamadov, R.Latipov“Problemsofwatersupplyandbankstrengthening inTajikistan”, Dushanbe,2008 of drinkingwatermeters. be arequirementthatallprojectsinthesectorshouldincludecomponentcoveringinstallation should It projects. water forthcoming in priority a made be to needs metres water of installation The of thesector. Training ofstakeholdersandstaff atalllevelsshouldbeundertakentobuildthecapacityandefficiency clearly definetheirrolesandresponsibilities. The watersectorneedsaclearstrategytoimprovemunicipalandlocalauthoritycapacities.Thisshould and achievefullcostrecovery. A strategyandlegislativeframeworkforurbanservices should becreatedsoastoattractbusinesses maintenance expenses,tohelpachievesystemcost-recovery. with clearpoliciesandarrangementsforresolvingfinancial gapsandreimbursingoperation Sector widestrategiesforfinancingandreimbursement shouldbedeveloped(improved)together sustainability andmanagementeffectiveness. Policies for sustainableagricultureandurbanwatersupplyshouldbereviewedintermsofsectoral m. isneededtocontrolthequalityofwaterforhouseholduse.Thiswould 10 . Much oftheexpertiseinpublichealth oblast,

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 25 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 26 has hadgreatsuccessinutilisingmobiletheatresattheJamoat level 2009, withthenextphasetobegininearly2010includeaHRBA/GoAL WaSH component.UNDP all levelsofdecision-making,thelatterhasbeenverysuccessful.TheprojectwascompletedinSeptember owners andmostrecentlyhasinvolvedtheSDCjointfunded“Water Collaborationproject”. Intouching infrastructure tohealth/hygienepractices,waterdiseasemorbiditymonitoring,capacitybuildingof the realizationthatrebuildinginfrastructurealonewasinsufficient, thefocusofprojectshasshifted from Resource Centres, topenetrateimportantmessagesintoruralareas 13 12 11 Livelihoods, RedistributingResponsibilitiesandOvercomingMountains implemented throughitsCommunitiesProgramme,whichfocusesonthreestrategicareas:Transforming focusing oncapacitydevelopment.Today, asignificantamountofUNDP’sworkinthewatersectoris Funds. However, thefundingendedin2007,andsincethenUNDPhastakenamore“soft” approach, during thecivilwar, throughwhichitreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanCommissionHuman Affairs UNDP Oblast rehabilitatingadefunctwatersystemandbuildingnewones. setting upaDistrictTrust Fund. SDC’sefforts includeanon-goingproject(startedin2008)ruralSughd organisations; andpilotingamodeltosustainablyexpandpipedwateraccessinruralareasthatincludes relevant ministries,withthegoalofleadingtosector-wide reforms;encouragingnetworkingofrelevant SDC sector inTajikistan. international humanitarianorganizationthathasmadeconsistentandhigh-qualitycontributionstothe on watersupplyandsanitation,advocatingforsectorpolicyreform.Oxfamiswidelyrecognizedasan Oxfam International Aid–Water ProjectsandProgrammesinTajikistan Annex 1. of itseducationprogramme. and itsfieldactivities(hygienepromotionlatrineconstruction inschools)formonlyasub-component the sectorandconductedevaluationsofsector. However, ithasnotplayedaparticularlykeyroleoflate, it hasperiodicallyconvenedgovernment,donorsandinternationalhumanitarianorganizationsworkingin UNICEF an OmbudsmaninTajikistan andcreateanadequatelegalframework. to Water’. Overthelast2years,incollaborationwithOHCHR,UNDP hasalsobeenworkingtoestablish and includedbroadhumanrightseducationinsecondaryschools,yetnotspecificallyrelatedtothe‘Right included theproject“EnhancingPeace andPromotingHuman RightsinTajikistan” whichendedin2008, See UNDP(2008) Tajikistan CommunitiesProgrammeAnnualProject Reportformoreinformation. See UNDPTajikistan andFinland joint-funded videoon‘MobileTheatresofKhatlon’ (2008). Local governancebody invillagesandsettlements. — — — has aleadrolesupportingthewatersupplysector. Activities includepromotingpolicydialoguewith — Oxfam’s workintheWASHsectorinvolvesinformationgathering,fieldworkKhatlonOblast In thepast,UNDPfocusedmainlyon“hard” infrastructureprojectsforruralWSSdamaged has ledtheWater, SanitationandHygieneSectorfornumerousyearsinTajikistan. Inthisrole, 11 13 12 . Since itsbeginningin2004,with . UNDP’sworkonHuman Rights , operatedbyUNDPsetupJamoat leak detection and repair), and institutional strengthening of the two primary components, physical improvements (pipeline replacement, furnishing vehicles and equipment, support a US$15 Besides its on-going grant support for improvements of the Dushanbe Vodokanal, the World Bank currently columns: ProgrammeandExecutiontotals. water (2008–2020),December25th2008.Percentages refertothefirsttwo‘Totals’ Progress oftheprogrammetoincreasenumberpersonswithaccesspotable Annex 2. World Bank modern leakdetectionequipmenttoidentifyleaksandfocusrepairsinvillagewatersystems. in bothcitiesandtowns.UrbanInstituteperformshydraulicmodellingofdistributionsystemsuses or less)basicwatersupplysystemsinruralareas.Theprojectalsohelpsimprovesolidwastemanagement this projectthatprovidestrainingandtechnicalassistance,funds(usingsmallgrantsofUS$20,000 the LocalGovernanceCommunityParticipation Programme(LGPC).TheUrbanInstituteisimplementing recent years.Currently, theprimaryprojectcontributing toincreasedaccessimprovedwatersupplyis USAID 2 1 No. Totals inTajikistan SUE “KMK” Tajikselhozvodoprovod Including: Name — has supportedmanywaterandsanitationactivitiesaspartofitshumanitarianassistancein

—

It is one of the main sponsors of efforts to improve water supply and sanitation in urban areas.

m. grant programme for 11 cities in the 20,000 to 50,000 population range. The project has Execution 59,928 16,088 1,242 Programme Republican Budget Source offinancing(inThousand Tajik Somoni;US$1=TJS23) (15.0 (15.0 (15.0 28,446 6,677 5,927 %) %) %) Execution (84.8 (13.0 (13.2 7,804 2,129 1,053 %) %) %) Programme Local Budget (10.0 (10.0 (10.0 18,964 4,451 3,951 %) %) %) Execution (0.0 (1.0 (3.4 vodokanals 610 550 %) %) %) 0 Investments Programme (70.0 (70.0 (70.0 132,749 27,660 31,159 in each city. %) %) %) Execution (75.9 (82.5 (11.7 49,428 12,214 145 %) %) %) Economic Activity Programme (5.0 (5.0 (5.0 9,482 2,225 1,975 %) %) %) Execution (4.8 (7.4 (3.5 2,085 1,194 %) %) %) 43

Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Tajikistan 27 Country Sector Assessments: UNDP GoAL WaSH Programme | Volume 2 | Acronyms 28 WSS WHO WB WASH vodokanals UNICEF UNECE UNDP SWAp SUE “KMK” SES SECO SDW SDC rayons PRSP OSCE OHCHR ODA NPC NNHPAP NGOs NDS MPPW MIKI MERLIN MDGs MCFHS LGPC kolhozs khukumats JMP HRBA GTZ GOST GoRT GoAL WaSH EU EBRD DRP DCDEDW CIS ADB Tajikistan Acronyms Water Supply andSanitationSector World Health Organisation World Bank Water, SanitationandHygiene Local waterserviceproviders United NationsChildren’s Fund United NationsEconomicCommissionforEurope United NationsDevelopmentProgramme Sector-wide approach State UnitaryEnterprisewithresponsibilityforWSS Sanitation EpidemiologicalSurveillance State SecretariatforEconomicAffairs Solid domesticwaste Swiss AgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation Regions Poverty ReductionStrategyPaper The OrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationinEurope Office ofthe High Commissionerfor Human Rights Official developmentassistance National PlanningCommission National NatureandHealth ProtectionAction Plan Non-Government Organisations National DevelopmentStrategy Ministry ofPhysicalPlanning&Works Multi-indicator clustersurvey Producer ofwaterpurificationsystems Millennium DevelopmentGoals Ministry ofCommunityFacilities andHousingServices Local GovernanceCommunityParticipation Programme Collective farms Local administrativeauthorities Joint MonitoringProgramme Human rightsbasedapproach The DeutscheGesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit Metrology andCertification Set oftechnicalstandardsmaintainedbytheEuro-AsianCouncilforStandardisation, Government oftheRepublicTajikistan Governance, Advocacy andLeadership forWater, SanitationandHygiene European Union European BankforReconstructionandDevelopment Daily Runoff Ponds State DepartmentonConstruction,DesignandExploitation Commonwealth ofIndependentStates Asian DevelopmentBank For more information on UNDP would like to thank the Swedish GoAL WaSH contact: International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) for its generous financial support to this Alastair Morrison publication and to GoAL WaSH. GoAL WaSH Coordinator UNDP Water Governance Facility at SIWI Stockholm International Water Institute

Email: [email protected] Tel: +46 8 522 139 99 Fax: +46 8 522 139 61

Piers Cross Senior GoAL WaSH Development Consultant Email: [email protected] Tel: +27 8 2796 0051 www.undp.org/water

UNDP GoAL WaSH Project Initiatives: United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Development Policy Environment and Energy Group 304 East 45th Street, 9th Floor New York, NY 10017 www.undp.org/water