DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter I HISTORICAL NOTB the Thesis Aims at the Presentation Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter I HISTORICAL NOTB the Thesis Aims at the Presentation Of Chapter I HISTORICAL NOTB The thesis aims at the presentation of the data re­ garding the material culture of the ancient places in the Deccan, more especially the western part of the region covered by the present districts of Ahmednagar, Dhulia, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Nasik, Poona, Satara,Sangli and Sholapur, The period covered by the study is roughly 500 A.D. to 1300 A.D., that is, eight hundred years. In order to make this picture intelligible a brief chronological outline of the cultural and political history of the region is given in the following few paragraphs. During the last ten years the history of this region has been taken back by some one hundred fifty thousand years. In 1949 the Department of Archaeology in India and 6 the Deccan College, Poona, organised an expedition for developing research in prehistory and the geochronology of India, more especially of Peninsular India. From then on­ wards the large scale explorations and excavations carried out by Prof. Sankalia and his associates throughout the Deccan have yielded valuable information about the pre- 1 historic and early historic cultures of the Deccan. Explo­ rations and excavations by other agencies have confirmed the findings of these researches. The cradle of these early cultures was mainly the Pravara-Godavari basin while other river valleys like those of Bhima (the ancient Bhimarathi) and its tributaries like the Kula-lV^.utha also served as abodes of early man. The nature of the material culture of this man as revealed by these studies is briefly narrated below. The earliest human remains belong to the Middle Pleiestocene period. Various stone tools like cleavers, hand-axes, flakes, choppers, hammer-stones, and cores mostly of Dolerite occur. At Nevasa particularly, where the stratigraphic record is as complete as could be hoped for, the earliest layers formed of cemented gravel contained cleavers and flakes in association with a fragmented jaw 2 of Bos namadicus. ’ a typical Middle Pleijsrstocene fossil’ . 1 See Bibliography. 2 Sankalia, Deo and others. From Pre-history History at Nevasa. 67* Similar stone implements have been discovered at Bel Pandhri and at Gangapur near Nasik on the Godavari and at Poona. The next period called the Middle PalJ^olithic by Prof. Sankalia and dated to around twentyfive thousand years, is fairly widespread in the region. The entire Godavari and Pravara valleys yield various types of tools like scrapers, points, borers, etc. made of stones like Jasper, Chalcedony, Bloodstone, etc. Of the various places yield­ ing these implements at Kalegaon was discovered a complete skull of Bos namadicus Falc embedded in the gravels in association with a number of tools. "The same tooltypes are repeated in the industry occuring in this gravel. Thus there is no doubt about the contemporaneity of the skull 3 and the industry.” The data regarding the next period, technically called the Chalcolithic period, opens a vista of a highly developed human culture. The gap between the Middle Pai^eolithic and the Chalcolithic periods is considerable. The exact observations and recordings of stratigraphic evidence, the use of geochronological dating and that of the latest methods of dating like the Carbon 14 have given an exacti­ tude to the chronological sequence at Nevasa. The first side which incidentally is the type-site of the particular kind of pottery was Jorwe on the Pravara. Here excavations carried out by the Deccan College, exposed the cultures 3 Ibid.. 102. f. wherein man used small stone tools or microliths along with a limited number of copper tools and objects and a pottery which is remarkable for the evenness of the wall- thickness, the fine and tough texture,the high metallic ring. The pottery is covered with a reddish orange slip. Application of coloured decoration is fairly widely applied, the colour used being black (red in some cases as noted at Sawalda) and although at Jorwe "animal - including human designs are conspicuous by their absence,” Nevasa has yielded several potsherds with animal designs. Along with this fine wheelmade pottery, several types of handmade— ware like huge storage jars and other terracotta objects like lamps, figurines, etc. occur. A characteristic feature of this Chalcolithic culture is the Urn burials. The burials exposed at Nevasa were in almost all cases those of children. Generally two urns of grey fabric with rounded bottom and a flaring mouth were placed face to face at a level not much below the floor level. In the case of grown up children a series of pots have been used with the bottoms of the central urns removed. Small bowls and spouted pots were often placed in these burials along with the skeletal remains. These funerary objects some­ times consisted of beads of faience and carnelian. Generally the urns have a north-south orientation. The evidence re­ garding the habitations of the Chalcolithic people was much more complete at Nevasa than at other places. Here also it is evident that the first settlers came and made their 0 houses on the black soil. "There were a number of suc­ cessive habitations after that, each of which could be demarcated with the clusters of burials associated with each habitational level. The practice of these people was 4 to bury their dead below the occupational floor.” There is some evidence to believe that these people might have known silk or silk fibre. The dates assigned to the Chalcolithic period on the basis of the C-14 dating are roughly 1500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. Sites like Prakasha, Bahurupa and Sawalda (Dhuliaj, Diamabad and Bahai in the Jalgaon district have revealed 5 similar Chalcolithic cultures. In the survey of the various places carried out by the author he was able to locate two Chalcolithic sites. One is near Balgavade in the Sangli district. Here, just outside the present inhabitation is a mound that has yielded some potsherds and a number of Chalcedony flakes. On a comparison with material from Nevasa in the Ahmednagar district, these finds could also be assigned to the same period as at that place. At Ite on the Bhima river in the Sholapur district similar potsherds were discovered from a large habitation mound. However, no flakes or blades as in the Chalcolithic phase at Nevasa were found. The excavated sites in the Deccan yield no evidence 4 Ibid. , 17-lS. 5 Indian Archaeology, a Review. 1956-59, 15-16 and 1959-60, 29-30. 10 about the period between the end of the Chalcolithic phase (1000 B.C.) and the beginning of the Satavahana Empire. And probably as indicated by Kevasa there was a gap between the two. During this period of nearly a thousand years when great strides in the religious, cultural, and poli­ tical fields were taken in Northern India, there seems to be a comparative dearth of evidence regarding tne inhabit­ ants of the Deccan, their political and cultural achieve­ ments, with the advent of the i3atavahanas and a century or so prior to that event, this darkness fades away and all sorts of data presents themselves to the student. This period is marked, as is noticed in the section on Monuments, by the excavations of the rock-cut temples at Bhaja, Bedsa, Pitalkhora, etc. This in its turn testifies to the great advance Buddhism had made in this region. In the first century E.G. the oatavahanas became pre­ dominant in the upper Deccan. The kings of the Satavahanas were styled 'Lord of Dakshinapatha^ . ’’The name Dakshina- path, however, was not always used in the same geographical sense, sometimes it indicated the whole of the trans- Vindhyan India, but often only the present Maratha country with the adjoining eastern and western regions. ...The aforesaid title at least in regard to the early Satavahanas appears to point to their hold of Dakshinapath in the 6 narrow sense." Pratisthan, that is, modern Paithan in the 6 Majumdar and Pusalkar, History and Culture of the Indian People (H.C.I.P.), Vol. 2, 191* l i Aurangabad district was the headquarters of the Satavahanas. The latest available evidence indicates that the Satavahana dynasty was found^somewhere aroundthe third quarter of the first century, before Christ. Upto the end of the first century B.C. various kings of this dynasty amongst whom Satakarni I was the most illustrious, ruled over this country. Spigraphic data speaks of the varying limits of the kingdom. From the end of the first century B.C. to the beginning of the second century A.D. a large part of the Satavahana kingdom especially most of the northern Maharashtra was under the rule of the ^akas. The last of these is the most famous, viz. Nahapana Kshatrapa. By the end of the first quarter of the second century of the Christian era Gautamiputra Satakarni overthrew the ^aka rulers and re-established Satavahana rule. ’'The direct rule of this king, therefore, seems to have extended over the whole land from Krishna in the south to Malwa and Kathiawar in the north and from Berar in the east to the 7 Konkan in the west.” Epigraphic, literary, and numismatic data have made our knowledge of the political history of this period tolerably complete. The sites so far excavaied in the Deccan have given a very good idea of the day to day life of the people of this period. People seem to have lived in well built houses of burnt bricks. Soak pits lined with wedge shaped bricks or 7 Ibid. , 201. 1 3 with terra-cotta rings were often dug for the maintenance of proper sanitation. Iron implements like chisels, nails, pick-axes, etc. have been discovered from these layers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shiva's Waterfront Temples
    Shiva’s Waterfront Temples: Reimagining the Sacred Architecture of India’s Deccan Region Subhashini Kaligotla Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 © 2015 Subhashini Kaligotla All rights reserved ABSTRACT Shiva’s Waterfront Temples: Reimagining the Sacred Architecture of India’s Deccan Region Subhashini Kaligotla This dissertation examines Deccan India’s earliest surviving stone constructions, which were founded during the 6th through the 8th centuries and are known for their unparalleled formal eclecticism. Whereas past scholarship explains their heterogeneous formal character as an organic outcome of the Deccan’s “borderland” location between north India and south India, my study challenges the very conceptualization of the Deccan temple within a binary taxonomy that recognizes only northern and southern temple types. Rejecting the passivity implied by the borderland metaphor, I emphasize the role of human agents—particularly architects and makers—in establishing a dialectic between the north Indian and the south Indian architectural systems in the Deccan’s built worlds and built spaces. Secondly, by adopting the Deccan temple cluster as an analytical category in its own right, the present work contributes to the still developing field of landscape studies of the premodern Deccan. I read traditional art-historical evidence—the built environment, sculpture, and stone and copperplate inscriptions—alongside discursive treatments of landscape cultures and phenomenological and experiential perspectives. As a result, I am able to present hitherto unexamined aspects of the cluster’s spatial arrangement: the interrelationships between structures and the ways those relationships influence ritual and processional movements, as well as the symbolic, locative, and organizing role played by water bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Introduction
    Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Introduction After the death of Ashoka, his successors were not able to keep the vast Mauryan Empire intact. The provinces started declaring their independence. The northwest India slipped out of the control of the Mauryas and a series of foreign invasions affected this region. Kalinga declared its independence and in the further south the Satavahanas established their independent rule. As a result, the Mauryan rule was confined to the Gangetic valley and it was soon replaced by the Sunga dynasty. Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Shunga Dynasty Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Shunga Dynasty The founder of the Shunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Shunga, who was the commander- in-chief under the Mauryas. He assassinated the last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha and usurped the throne. The most important challenge to the Shunga rule was to protect North India against the invasions of the Bactrian Greeks from the northwest. The Greeks advanced up to Pataliputra and occupied it for sometime. However, Pushyamitra succeeded in regaining the lost territory. He also fought a campaign against Kharavela of Kalinga who invaded north India. Chapter 7: POST MAURYAN EMPIRE Shunga Dynasty The founder of the Shunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Shunga, who was the commander- in-chief under the Mauryas. He assassinated the last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha and usurped the throne. The most important challenge to the Shunga rule was to protect North India against the invasions of the Bactrian Greeks from the northwest. The Greeks advanced up to Pataliputra and occupied it for sometime. However, Pushyamitra succeeded in regaining the lost territory.
    [Show full text]
  • An Estimate of Dhruva – the Rastrakuta Emperor (780-793 A.D.)
    www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 3 March 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882 An Estimate of Dhruva – The Rastrakuta Emperor (780-793 A.D.) Sampath Kumar B.E. Assistant professor of History. Department of History Vijaya College, Mulki,India Abstract: Dhruva is one of the greatest monarchs of the Rashtrakuta dynasty and was principally responsible for giving a new trend to the imperial policy of the Rashtrakutas. During his time, there was no power in India to challenge the supremacy of the Rashtrakutas. Index Terms - Dhruva, Rashtrakuta, Southern conquests, Northern expeditions, Great military figure. I. INTRODUCTION Dhruva is one of the most illustrious monorcs of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. His accession to the throne marks a turning point. His reign witnessed certain epoch-making events which raised the dynasty, whose fortunes had sunk low in the previous regime, to the status of a great imperial power, so much so that every contemporary royal house in India was struck with a sense of fear and anxiety. Though his period of rule was not very long, yet it is significant from several points of view. He moved like a whirlwind and conducted lightning campaigns against the Gangas of Talkadu, Pallavas of Kanchi, Chalukyas of Vengi, the Gurjara Pratiharas and the Palas, the last two being the great powers of the north. All these powers were compelled to acknowledge the supremacy of Dhruva and forced to pay tribute to him. Not merely in the domain of military activity, but also in administration and in education he made substantial contribution. It has to be confessed that historical material on the reign of Dhruva is meagre, which makes the task of a historian all the more difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 10 Emergence of Rashtrakutas*
    History of India from C. 300 C.E. to 1206 UNIT 10 EMERGENCE OF RASHTRAKUTAS* Structure 10.0 Objectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical Backgrounds of the Empire 10.3 The Rashtrakuta Empire 10.4 Disintegration of the Empire 10.5 Administration 10.6 Polity, Society, Religion, Literature 10.7 Summary 10.8 Key Words 10.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 10.10 Suggested Readings 10.0 OBJECTIVES In this Unit, we will discuss about the origin and emergence of the Rashtrakutas and the formation of Rashtrakuta empire. Later, we will also explore the organization and nature of Rashtrakuta state with social, religious, educational, cultural achievements during the Rashtrakutas. After studying the Unit, you will be able to learn about: major and minor kingdoms that were ruling over different territories of south India between 8th and 11th centuries; emergence of the Rashtrakutas as a dominant power in Deccan; the process of the formation of Rashtrakuta empire and contributions of different kings; the nature of early medieval polity and administration in the Deccan; significant components of the feudal political structure such as ideological bases, bureaucracy, military, control mechanism, villages etc.; and social, religious, educational, architectural and cultural developments within the Rashtrakuta empire. 10.1 INTRODUCTION India witnessed three powerful kingdoms between c. 750 and 1000 CE: Pala empire, Pratihara empire and Rashtrakuta empire in south India. These kingdoms fought each other to establish their respective hegemony which was the trend of early medieval India. Historian Noboru Karashima treats the empire as a new type of state, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Satavahana - Post Mauryan Period [Ancient Indian History Notes for UPSC]
    UPSC Civil Services Examination UPSC Notes [GS-I] Topic: Satavahana - Post Mauryan Period [Ancient Indian History Notes for UPSC] The Sunga dynasty came to an end in around 73 BC when their ruler Devabhuti was killed by Vasudeva Kanva. The Kanva dynasty then ruled over Magadha for about 45 years. Around this time, another powerful dynasty, the Satavahanas came to power in the Deccan area. The term “Satvahana” originated from the Prakrit which means ” driven by seven” which is an implication of the Sun God’s chariot that is driven by seven horses as per the Hindu mythology. Origin & Development of Satvahana dynasty The first king of the Satvahana dynasty was Simuka. Before the emergence of the Satvahana dynasty, a brief history of the other dynasties are mentioned below: Kanvas (73 BC – 28 BC) As per the Puranas, there were four kings of the Kanva dynasty namely, Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susarman. The Kanvas were Brahmins. The Magadha Empire had diminished by this time considerably. Northwest region was under the Greeks and parts of the Gangetic plains were under different rulers. The last Kanva king Susarman was killed by the Satavahana (Andhra) king. Cheti Dynasty The Cheti or Chedi dynasty emerged in Kalinga in the 1st century BC. The Hathigumpha inscription situated near Bhubaneswar gives information about it. This inscription was engraved by king Kharavela who was the third Cheti king. Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. Other names of this dynasty are Cheta or Chetavamsa, and Mahameghavahana.[/su_box] Satavahanas The Satavahana rule is believed to have started around the third century BC, in 235 BC and lasted until the second century AD.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Component-I (A) – Personal Details
    Component-I (A) – Personal details: 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Outlines of Indian History Module Name/Title Major dynasties of south India (753 – 1300 ce) Module Id I C/ OIH/ 17 Pre requisites Knowledge in the political history of South India Objectives To study the history of major dynasties of South India and their contribution to Indian Culture Keywords Rashtrakutas / Chalukyas of Kalyani / Yadavas/ Kakatiya / Hoysala/ Pandya E-text (Quadrant-I) 1. Introduction The Political History of Deccan between 753 – 1300 CE was marked by the ascendency of the Rashtrakutas of Manyaketa, emergence of Chola power, the Chalukyas of Kalyani and their subordinates. One of the kingdoms that rose to power on the ruins of the Chaluykas of Badami was the Rashtrakutas. Later, the country south of Tungabhadra was united as one state for nearly two centuries under Cholas of Tanjore and Chalukyas of Kalyani. Towards the close of the twelfth century, the two major powers-the Cholas and Chalukyas of Kalyani had became thoroughly exhausted by their conflicts and were on their decline. Their subordinate powers were started to show their new vigor and were ready to take advantage of the weakening of their suzerains and proclaimed independence. The Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiyas of Warangal, the Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra and the Pandyas of Madurai constitute important political forces during 12th and 13th Centuries. 2. Topic I : Rashtrakutas (753 to 973 CE) Rashtrakutas were the important dynasty ruling over large parts of the Indian Subcontinent for 220 years from 753 to 973 CE with their capital from Manyakheta (Malkhed in Gulbarga district).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Satavahana's Or Shaliwahana's Dynasty Has Played an Important Role in the History of South India, When Fortunes
    Introduction Satavahana’s or Shaliwahana’s dynasty has played an important role in the history of South India, when fortunes of Indian culture were flourished. Satavahana dynasty has contributed a great deal for enriching Indian culture. Arun Bhattacharjee has rightly observed that “It was the Satavahanas who were the first to build up an empires and political unity in south India for three long centuries. They left behind a political and cultural legacy. It was they who having extirpated the foreign rules of the Sakas, Pahlavas and Yavanas, saved the purity of Indian cultures from the hands of foreign tormentors.” The role, relevance and efficiency of Satavahanas dynasty lies in their cultural contribution. The cultural contribution of Satavahanas is the focal point of this study. Further it has been observed that “The capital Pratisthan was the focal point of Indian culture and civilization. In Ptolemy’s geography and Gunadhya’s Brihatkatha are recorded the contribution of Pratisthan to the culture, religion, art and literature of India.” Pratisthan or Paithan has also revealed remains of Indian cultural heritage. Sātavāhana or Andhra Empire, was a royal Indian dynasty based from Dharanikota and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years, until around 220 CE. The Satavahanas are credited for establishing peace in the country, resisting the onslaught of foreigners after the decline of Mauryan Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study Onthe Rashtrakuta Dynasty
    International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews Vol (3) Issue (2) (2021) Page 297-299 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421 A Study on the Rashtrakuta Dynasty B. G. MATH Professor, Department of History, CMM arts, Science and Commerce College, Sindagi, India A B S T R A C T The Rashtrakuta Dynasty controlled pieces of South India from the eighth to the tenth century CE. At its peak, their realm remembered the advanced territory of Karnataka for its aggregate alongside parts of the current Indian provinces of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Their significance can be measured from the works of numerous Islamic explorers and researchers, particularly Al-Masudi and IbnKhordadbih (tenth century CE), who composed that the wide range of various rulers of India around then appealed to the Rashtrakutas as a higher force and prostrated themselves in respect before them, such was their impact and impression Keywords: Evaporator , Efficiency of system, Refrigerant used, COP of system. Performance of Evaporator. 1. Introduction The birthplace of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty has been a questionable subject and has been bantered absurd a very long time by students of history. The shifting perspectives fundamentally rotate around issues, for instance, the home of the most reliable antecedents of the archaic Rashtrakutas and the connection between the couple of Rashtrakuta lines that administered little realms in Northern and central India and the Deccan in the 6th century - seventh century. The beginning of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty has been a questionable subject and has been bantered ludicrous a long time by history specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • A. the Mauryas the Earliest Dynasty to Claim Western India As a Part of Its Empire Was That of the Mauryaus
    CHAPTER II Political Background Buddhism has had a history of over one thousand years in Maharashtra. During this long period of Buddhism, certain politi­ cal powers have played important role in the spread and prosperity of the religion in Western India. The political powers which are mentioned in the inscriptions will be dealt with one by one in a chronological order. A. The Mauryas The earliest dynasty to claim western India as a part of its empire was that of the Mauryaus. The first clear evidence of their rule over the Bombay and Konkan region comes only during the time of Asoka (c. 274-232) , the last ruler of the dynasty. A fragment of his eighth rock edict was found at sopara which may have been one of his district headquarters. Other than this, no Mauryan inscription has yet been found in the western Indian caves. But it is a well-known fact fro© his other edicts that Asoka was not only a royal patron but himself was a devout Buddhist, so, the religion found a very favourable condition for widening its terri­ tory. As a result, it got rapidly spread in Western India during Asoka's rule and continued to flourish in the same region for over a thousand years. B. The Satavahanas The Mauryan dynasty was succeeded by the satavahana dynasty in the Deccan. This dynasty is the first Known historical dynasty in Maharashtra. From the time the Satavahanas rose to power we begin to obtain political history, administrative system, the religious. 52 53 social and economic conditions of Maharshtra, its art and archi­ tecture, literature and coinage.
    [Show full text]
  • Epigraphia Indica
    ARCI--IAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA EPIGRAPHIA INDICA Volume XLII 1977-78 Edited by Dr. K. V. RAMESH, M.A., Ph.D. DIRECT()R (EPIGRAPflY) , • • • • • PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA NEW DELHI-I 10 011. 1992 First I_,rintccl199:! © ARCHAE()L()GI(:AL SURVEY OF INDIA G()VERNJ\1ENT ()F INDIA P1icc : Rs. 220.00 • Printed at Bengal Offset Works, Karol Bagh, New Dclhi-11 O005 Tel.: 524200,510455 EDITORIAL The present volume is the arrear volume for 1977- 78, covering eight parts in all, which \VCrl'.to have been issued progressively in January, April, July and October of 1977 and 1978. It is hoped that the next volume (Vol. XLIII), covering • the period 1979-80, will be brought out in the near future. I record here n1y grateful thanks to my colleague Dr. M.D. Sampath, Superintending Epigraphist and my erstwhile colleague Dr. S.S. Ramachandramurthy, formerly Deputy Superintending Epigraphist and now Professor of Indian Culture, Sri V enkateswara University, Tirupati, who have been of imn1ense help to me in compiling the present volume and finalising it for the press. Besides, Dr. M.D. Sampath and Dr. S. Subramonia Iyer, Deputy Superintending Epigraphist, have helped me in proof correction and have also prepared the entire illustration material. Sri P. Natarajan, Stenographer, got the typescript ready for the press. To these gentlemen in particular and to those who have enriched this volume, through their leading contributions, I owe a deep debt of gratitude. I am beholden to Shri J.C. Gupta, Production Officer, Archaeological Survey of India, who has master-minded the scheme for clearing the arrears of epigraphical publications in reasonable time and rendered immense help in the speedy publi­ cation of this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • {Q>Ih$ 'Hmam鼢> {D猒nrr>, Nwuo
    CB {Q>iH$ ‘hmamï´> {dÚmnrR>, nwUo ^maVr¶{dÚm nma§JV (E_².E.), (gÌ nÕVr: {Z¶{‘V) narjm : Zmoìh|~a- 019 MVwW© gÌ {df¶:- àmMrZ ‘hmamï´>- g‘mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr (13.405) {XZm§H$ : 11/11/2019 JwU: 60 doi: Xþ. 2.00 Vo. Xþ. 4.30 gyMZm :- (1) gd© àíZ A{Zdm`© AmhoV. (2) COdrH$S>rb A§H$ ˶m àíZm§Mo JwU Xe©{dVmV. à.1. gdm©{YH$ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m. (06) 1) ------- hm ZmJ{ZHo$Mm nVr hmoVm. A)Jm¡V‘rnwÌ lrgmVH$Uu ~){gar gmVH$Uu H$)dm{gð>rnwÌ gmVH$Uu S>) Jm¡V‘rnwÌ ¶klr gmVH$Uu 2) à^mdVrJwámMm nVr ------ hmoVm. A)M§ÐJwá - 1bm ~)éÐgoZ - 1 bm H$)éÐgoZ -2 am S>) M§ÐJwá - 2 am 3) ‘hmamï´>mMm ^y^mJ ‘w»¶V… ------- ¶m IS>H$mMm Amho. A)J«°ZmBQ> ~)dmbwH$mí‘ H$)~gmëQ> S>)g§J‘ada 4) {Ì‘hmamï´> Agm C„oI ------- ¶mÀ¶m boImV ¶oVmo. A)AemoH$ ~)Jm¡V‘rnwÌ gmVH$Uu H$)Mmb³¶ amOm nwbHo$er2 S>)dm{gð>rnwÌ nwbw‘mdr 5) doéiÀ¶m XemdVma ¶m boʶmV ------ Mm {ebmboI AmT>iVmo. A)H¥$îU 1 ~)X§{VXþJ© H$) H¥$îU 2 S>)A‘moKdf© 6) ‘amR>r ^mfoM>m CX¶ ------ ¶m àmH¥$V ^mfoVyZ Ambm. A)em¡agoZr ~)‘mhmamîQ´>r H$)AY©‘mJYr S>)nmbr à.2. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$ Vo XmoZ dmŠ`mV {bhm. (H$moUVohr Mma) (08) 1) ‘moS>r {bnrMr ‘m{hVr {bhm. 2) ‘hmamï´>mVrb H$moU˶mhr 4 bmoH$ X¡dVm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Hinayana Buddhism and the Transition Figures at Kanheri
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Late Hinayana Buddhism and the Transition to Mahayana: A Study of the Early Buddhist Samgha and the Buddha Figures at Kanheri SURAJ A. PANDIT HE Kanheri caves, the more than one hundred caves situated in the vicinity Tof Mumbai, are one of the major monastic cave sites in western India. The site—with its architectural grace, epigraphical glory, and sculptural master­ pieces—tells the history of the Buddhism as existed there for more than a mil­ lennium. The history of Kanheri begins in the first century B.C.E. and is divided into three different phases based on the dynastic control there, as drawn from the epigraphical data from the site: Phase I: First century B.C.E. to fourth century C.E. Phase II: Fifth century to sixth century. Phase III: Seventh century to ninth century. During Phase One, the area was under the control of the Satavahana dynasty. Phase Two can be labeled the Traikutaka-Maurya period.1 During Phase 1 Owing to the discovery of a copperplate mentioning the Traikutaka rule, this phase can be labeled as the Traikutaka period; however, there is some debate about the era in which the copperplate was produced. This is the period (i.e., the late fifth century C.E. [after the decline of the Vakatakas in Vidarbha] and early sixth century C.E.) allotted to the Konkan Mauryas by some scholars. In light of this, the author has chosen to label this phase as the Traikutaka- Maurya to avoid any controversy.
    [Show full text]