Vers L'abandon De L'excision

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Mémoire de fin d’études présenté par Sabine Panet DESS Développement, Coopération Internationale et Action Humanitaire UFR 11 Science Politique Université Paris 1 - Panthéon - Sorbonne Octobre 2005 Vers l’abandon de l’excision ? Empowerment communautaire au Sénégal L’organisation non gouvernementale TOSTAN et les Déclarations Publiques pour l’abandon de l’excision Sous la direction de : Monsieur Philippe Ryfman Madame Susan Perry Avocat au Barreau de Paris Docteur en Sciences Sociales de l’EHESS Professeur associé à l’Université Paris 1 Professeur associé à l’Université Américaine de Paris Enseignant à l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques Directeur d’études - département des Sciences Politiques Auparavant, une fille qui n’était pas excisée, on ne mangeait pas son repas, on ne buvait pas son eau, et même ce qu’elle faisait à manger, on n’y touchait pas. On ne considérait pas une fille excisée comme une fille saine. Les gens ne l’impliquaient pas dans les activités quotidiennes de la vie du village. On la considérait comme une personne qui n’avait pas de religion. Mais aujourd’hui, aucun problème ne peut arriver à une fille non excisée. Les gens n’ont plus le droit de l’insulter, de lui faire du mal. Ni à elle, ni à personne d’autre. Aucune civilisation, aucune religion ne le permet. Maintenant, les gens connaissent leurs droits. Demba Diawarra, imam de Keur Simbara, sensibilisateur de Tostan dans les villages. To depict men’s consciousness as autonomous and coherent and women’s as dominated and fragmented overstates the case, and unwittingly replicates Western construct as it does. If women are not free agents, neither are they powerless or blindly submissive. Janice Boddy, Violence Embodied? Female Circumcision, Gender Politics, and Cultural Aesthetics. 2 Guide de lecture Le présent document constitue le mémoire de fin d'études du DESS Développement, Coopération Internationale et Action Humanitaire de l'Université PARIS I Panthéon - Sorbonne, rédigé par Sabine Panet et soumis fin Octobre 2005. Il a été réalisé à l'issue de plusieurs séjours en Afrique de l'Ouest, effectués dans le cadre des activités de TOSTAN, organisation non gouvernementale et dont les activités d'aide au développement s'exercent essentiellement au Sénégal à travers et des programmes d’éducation de base non formelle originaux et reconnus. Une introduction rappelle les enjeux et retrace les événements les plus marquants depuis la fondation de TOSTAN en 1991. La première partie montre ensuite comment TOSTAN, dans le contexte sénégalais, met en œuvre ses programmes en tissant des liens étroits avec les autorités étatiques et traditionnelles (imams, chefs de village, …), ainsi qu’en s’appuyant sur la promotion des droits humains ; comment cette approche de l’empowerment basé sur les droits humains permet aux participants, s’ils le souhaitent, d’abandonner l’excision collectivement, de manière coordonnée, à l’occasion des Déclarations Publiques. Dans une deuxième partie, on revient plus en détail sur le cœur de l’approche du développement par les Capacités, suivant en cela les travaux de Martha Nussbaum et de Amartya Sen; tous deux envisagent ces capabilités comme le ressort des individus avant tout, le bien-être étant donc la liberté de choix rationnel pour l'individu et pour la communauté dans laquelle l’individu évolue. Dans les programmes ou au sein des organisations de lutte contre l’excision, l’individu est omniprésent, il est la cible à convaincre, à choquer, à punir. Tostan est proche de ces thèmes, mais se démarque nettement en jouant sur les structures déjà existantes des communautés où le programme se déploie : là où l’individu se fond dans le collectif, là où l’idée du "tous" est supérieure à celle de "chacun plus chacun", là où les seules décisions qui comptent sont celles qui engagent l’entière communauté. Dans une troisième partie, deux études de cas appuient cette réflexion ; le cas de la Déclaration Publique de Diabougou, la première Déclaration Publique pour l’abandon de l’excision, tenue du 14 au 15 février 1998 ; le cas, ensuite, de la Déclaration Publique de Marakissa, en Casamance, la dernière Déclaration en date tenue le 15 mai 2005. 3 L'analyse des motivations des participants permet notamment de mettre en évidence les mécanismes souterrains qui ont conduit à l’abandon de l’excision par ces groupes de villages. A la lumière de ces entretiens, on apporte entre autres un nouvel éclairage à l’explication de l’abandon, lié à la notion de l’aptitude au mariage des femmes, que la théorie des Conventions Sociales proposée par Gerry Mackie aide à saisir. On montre que les Déclarations Publiques pour l’abandon de l’excision sont en elles-mêmes, en tant que parties immergées d’une nouvelle convention sociale, des raisons nécessaires d’abandonner l’excision ; nécessaires, mais non suffisantes, l’arbitrage au niveau individuel se posant à chaque personne en des termes différents. Les réflexions posées et les entretiens menés dans le cadre de cette étude amènent donc sur le devant de la scène des enjeux qui concernent évidemment en premier lieu le monde du développement : le renforcement des capacités et des pouvoirs, les droits humains, le contexte du Sénégal, les relations entre une organisation non gouvernementale et les pouvoirs… Cependant, derrière l’exemple des Déclarations Publiques pour l’abandon de l’excision, d’autres questions font surface, qui font appel à l’humain de manière plus essentielle : la construction et l’évolution des systèmes de valeurs et des coutumes, les représentations et les relations de domination dans les échanges, dans les théories, dans les jugements de l’autre et de soi-même. Enfin, on trouvera en annexes : 1. La Déclaration Publique d’abandon de l’excision de Diabougou. 2. Listes des entretiens menés en 2004 et 2005. 3. Législations nationales interdisant la pratique de l’excision dans les pays africains. 4. Extraits de l’évaluation du programme Tostan par le Population Council. 5. Extraits d’une étude du Population Reference Bureau. 4 Table des matières Introduction ..............................................................................................................................8 1 Tostan dans la nébuleuse de l’empowerment................................................................15 1.1 Pouvoir(s) .................................................................................................................16 1.1.1 Les ambiguïtés de l’empowerment ...................................................................16 1.1.1.1 Origines et étendue .......................................................................................17 1.1.1.2 Contextes : empowerment et réduction de la pauvreté.................................19 1.1.2 Applications......................................................................................................22 1.1.2.1 Appliquer les principes de l’empowerment pour la réduction de la pauvreté22 1.1.2.2 En pratique : l’empowerment selon Tostan..................................................24 1.1.3 Tostan avec les pouvoirs familiaux, locaux, régionaux, nationaux, traditionnels ou étatiques.......................................................................................................................25 1.1.3.1 Au niveau individuel et familial ...................................................................26 1.1.3.2 Au niveau local.............................................................................................27 1.1.3.3 Au niveau régional et national......................................................................28 1.1.3.4 Pouvoir et connaissance................................................................................29 1.2 Droits ........................................................................................................................30 1.2.1 Les approches du développement centrées sur les droits humains...................31 1.2.1.1 L’influence de Sen........................................................................................32 1.2.1.2 Implications de la programmation de l’approche centrée sur les droits humains 33 1.2.2 Tostan : les droits humains par l’éducation......................................................33 1.3 Vers l’abandon de l’excision ? .................................................................................35 1.3.1 Les débats et les controverses...........................................................................35 1.3.1.1 Les faits........................................................................................................36 1.3.1.2 Nous et les autres : féministes et barbares....................................................37 1.3.2 Tostan et les Déclarations Publiques pour l’abandon de l’excision .................40 1.3.2.1 Education non formelle, droits humains et abandon de l’excision...............40 1.3.2.2 Des premières Déclarations Publiques .........................................................42 2 Deuxième partie ..............................................................................................................45 2.1 Individu et agency : clefs de l’approche du développement par les Capacités ........46 2.1.1 L’approche par les Capacités : éléments constituants ......................................46 2.1.1.1 Fonctionnements et Capabilités....................................................................47 2.1.1.2 Libertés et Capabilités : Sen et Nussbaum ...................................................48 5 2.1.2 Capabilités,
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