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Cold War Era: a Comparative Study of South Korea and Turkey

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Cold War Era: a Comparative Study of South Korea and Turkey HYEWON KWON B BASE POLITICS DURING THE POST - COLD WAR ERA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOUTH KOREA AND TURKEY A Master’s Thesis DURI ASE POLITICS by HYEWON KWON NG THE POST - COLD WAR COLD ERA UniversBilkent Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara ity 201 June, 2018 8 To my Father BASE POLITICS DURING THE POST - COLD WAR ERA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOUTH KOREA AND TURKEY The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by HYEWON KWON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June, 2018 ABSTRACT BASE POLITICS DURING THE POST - COLD WAR ERA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOUTH KOREA AND TURKEY Kwon, Hyewon M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Berk Esen June 2018 U.S. military bases are distributed across over forty countries with approximately eight hundreds installations. Yet, base politics has received rather limited attention from IR scholars to date. South Korea and Turkey have hosted American troops for more than six decades. After the end of the Cold War, the issue of U.S. military presence in both countries became questioned and contentious ever now. With a comparative approach, this thesis aims to examine how host nations’ domestic politics influences in base politics. Focusing on base politics during the post-Cold War era, this thesis demonstrates that while high severity of threats to host nations stabilizes the U.S. military presence in host nations, high anti-American sentiment restricts U.S. military operations from bases in host nations. In particular, this research examines base politics under each leadership of the two countries in an effort to analyze influence of two independent variables – severity of threats and anti-Americanism – on base politics which is a dependent variable. When the national security of South Korea and Turkey is threatened, both countries are likely to count on the protection from a more powerful military ally which is the United States. Nonetheless, high anti-Americanism which was increasingly observed after 2002 in both countries has strained alliance relationships in regard to U.S. military bases. Keywords: Base Politics, South Korea, The Post-Cold War Era, Turkey, U.S. Military Bases v ÖZET SOĞUK SAVAŞI SONRASI DÖNEMDE ASKERİ ÜS POLİTİKALARI: GÜNEY KORE VE TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA Kwon, Hyewon Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi. Berk Esen Haziran 2018 Amerika’ya ait askeri üsler yaklaşık olarak sekiz bin tesis ile kırktan fazla ülkede varlığını sürdürmektedir. Fakat üs politikaları üzerine Uluslararası İlişkiler alanında çok fazla çalışmanın olmadığını, bu konuya çok fazla dikkat edilmediğini söyleyebiliriz. Güney Kore ve Türkiye, Amerika’nın askeri birliklerini altmış yıldan fazla bir zaman diliminde ağırlamıştır. Soğuk Savaş’tan sonra Amerika’nın askeri varlığı iki ülkede de sorgulanırken günümüzde bu konuya dair tartışmalar daha artmıştır. Bu tezin amacı karşılaştırmalı olarak, konuk ülkenin yerli politikalarının askeri üs’e olan etkisinin ne şekilde olduğunun ölçülmesine/sorgulamasına dairdir. Bu tez, Soğuk Savaş sonrası üs politikalarına odaklanarak, yüksek tehdit zamanlarında ev sahibi ülkelerin Amerikan askeri varlığını dengede tutmayı çalıştığını ve yüksek Amerikan karşıtlığının/anti- Amerikan duyarlılığının olduğu zamanlarda da ev sahibi ülkelerde Amerika’nın askeri operasyonlarını sınırladığını gösterir. Özellikle bu çalışma iki ülkenin liderlerinin belirlediği politikalar çerçevesinde iki farklı bağımsız değişkenin yani tehdidin düzeyi ve Amerikan karşıtlığının, bağımlı değişken olan üs politikalarına etkisini ölçecektir. Bütün bunlarla birlikte dikkate değer bir diğer husus Güney Kore ve Türkiye’nin ulusal güvenliğinin tehdit altında olduğu zamanlarda iki ülke de askeri olarak daha güçlü olan müttefik ülke Amerika’dan destek almayı gözünde bulundurmaya eğilimlidir. Fakat, iki ülkede de 2002’den beri Amerikan askeri üste ilişkin giderek arttığı gözlemlenen Amerikan karşıtlığının, ikili birlik ilişkilerini gerginleştirdiği de elde edilen veriler arasındadır. vi Anahtar Kelimeler: Amerikan Askeri Üsler, Güney Kore, Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönem, Türkiye, Üs Politikaları vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My first thanks must go to my supervisor, Dr. Berk Esen since he provided me with helpful comments, advice, and suggestions. I was fortunate to receive guidance from Dr. Berk Esen who was extremely patient with me for two years. Also, I would like to thank committee members, Dr. Haluk Karadağ and Dr. Tudor A. Onea for providing crucial comments and advice. I wish to thank all the faculty and staff at the Department of International Relations, Bilkent University for educational experience and support as well. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Bilkent University, TUBITAK, and YTB (Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı) during my study in Turkey. Last but not least, I must thank my family and friends who have encouraged me under any circumstances. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... v ÖZET...................................................................................................................................... vi ACKOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Significance of the study, case selection, and research question ............................ 1 1.2 Literature review ........................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Theoretical framework ............................................................................................. 19 1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 24 1.5 Alternative explanations .......................................................................................... 25 1.6 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER II: BASE POLITICS IN SOUTH KOREA .................................................... 29 2.1 U.S. military presence in South Korea until the Cold War era ............................. 31 2.2 Roh Tae Woo’s presidency (1988-1993) after the collapse of USSR .................. 35 2.3 Kim Young Sam administration (1993-1998) ........................................................ 37 2.4 Kim Dae Jung administration (1998-2003) .............................................................. 41 2.5 Roh Moo Hyun administration (2003-2008) .......................................................... 47 2.6 Lee Myung Bak administration (2008-2013) ......................................................... 54 CHAPTER III: BASE POLITICS IN TURKEY ............................................................... 61 3.1 Military relations after World War II until the end of the Soviet Union ................ 63 3.2 Rise of political Islam .............................................................................................. 65 3.3 U.S. military bases in Turkey .................................................................................. 68 3.4 The Gulf War and Turgut Ozal (1990-1991) ............................................................ 71 ix 3.5 Suleyman Demirel (1991-1993) ................................................................................ 76 3.6 Tansu Ciller (1993-1996) ........................................................................................... 79 3.7 Necmettin Erbakan (1996-1997) ............................................................................... 82 3.8 Mesut Yilmaz (1997-1999) ...................................................................................... 85 3.9 Bulent Ecevit (1999-2002)......................................................................................... 87 3.10 Recep Tayyip Erdogan (2003-2014) ....................................................................... 90 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 102 4.1 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 102 4.2 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 112 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 114 x LIST OF TABLES 1. Base politics in South Korea by president .......................................................... 30 2. Base politics of
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