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Cuneus and Fusiform Cortices Thickness Is Reduced in Trigeminal
Parise et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2014, 15:17 http://www.thejournalofheadacheandpain.com/content/15/1/17 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Cuneus and fusiform cortices thickness is reduced in trigeminal neuralgia Maud Parise1,2*, Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo1, Thomas Martin Doring1, Gustavo Tukamoto1, Maurice Vincent1,3 and Emerson Leandro Gasparetto1 Abstract Background: Chronic pain disorders are presumed to induce changes in brain grey and white matters. Few studies have focused CNS alterations in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods: The aim of this study was to explore changes in white matter microstructure in TN subjects using diffusion tensor images (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS); and cortical thickness changes with surface based morphometry. Twenty-four patients with classical TN (37-67 y-o) and 24 healthy controls, matched for age and sex, were included in the study. Results: Comparing patients with controls, no diffusivity abnormalities of brain white matter were detected. However, a significant reduction in cortical thickness was observed at the left cuneus and left fusiform cortex in the patients group. The thickness of the fusiform cortex correlated negatively with the carbamazepine dose (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Since the cuneus and the fusiform gyrus have been related to the multisensory integration area and cognitive processing, as well as the retrieval of shock perception conveyed by Aδ fibers, our results support the role of these areas in TN pathogenesis. Whether such changes occurs as an epiphenomenon secondary to daily stimulation or represent a structural predisposition to TN in the light of peripheral vascular compression is a matter of future studies. -
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 V I E E W R S First published online as a Review in Advance on March 17, 2005 I E N C N A D V A Structure and Function of Visual Area MT Richard T. Born1 and David C. Bradley2 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5701; email: [email protected] 2Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Neurosci. Key Words 2005. 28:157–89 extrastriate, motion perception, center-surround antagonism, doi: 10.1146/ magnocellular, structure-from-motion, aperture problem by HARVARD COLLEGE on 04/14/05. For personal use only. annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 Copyright c 2005 by Abstract Annual Reviews. All rights reserved The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in 0147-006X/05/0721- our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been 0157$20.00 historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 0.0:${article.fPage}-${article.lPage}. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fer- tile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying com- putations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship be- tween neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? www.annualreviews.org · Structure and Function of Area MT 157 AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 pathway. -
Neuroanatomy Crash Course
Neuroanatomy Crash Course Jens Vikse ∙ Bendik Myhre ∙ Danielle Mellis Nilsson ∙ Karoline Hanevik Illustrated by: Peder Olai Skjeflo Holman Second edition October 2015 The autonomic nervous system ● Division of the autonomic nervous system …………....……………………………..………….…………... 2 ● Effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation…………………………...……...……………….. 2 ● Parasympathetic ganglia ……………………………………………………………...…………....………….. 4 Cranial nerves ● Cranial nerve reflexes ………………………………………………………………….…………..…………... 7 ● Olfactory nerve (CN I) ………………………………………………………………….…………..…………... 7 ● Optic nerve (CN II) ……………………………………………………………………..…………...………….. 7 ● Pupillary light reflex …………………………………………………………………….…………...………….. 7 ● Visual field defects ……………………………………………...................................…………..………….. 8 ● Eye dynamics …………………………………………………………………………...…………...………….. 8 ● Oculomotor nerve (CN III) ……………………………………………………………...…………..………….. 9 ● Trochlear nerve (CN IV) ………………………………………………………………..…………..………….. 9 ● Trigeminal nerve (CN V) ……………………………………………………................…………..………….. 9 ● Abducens nerve (CN VI) ………………………………………………………………..…………..………….. 9 ● Facial nerve (CN VII) …………………………………………………………………...…………..………….. 10 ● Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) …………………………………………………….…………...…………. 10 ● Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) …………………………………………….……….…………...………….. 10 ● Vagus nerve (CN X) …………………………………………………………..………..…………...………….. 10 ● Accessory nerve (CN XI) ……………………………………………………...………..…………..………….. 11 ● Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) …………………………………………………..………..…………...…………. -
Visual Cortex in Humans 251
Author's personal copy Visual Cortex in Humans 251 Visual Cortex in Humans B A Wandell, S O Dumoulin, and A A Brewer, using fMRI, and we discuss the main features of the Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA V1 map. We then summarize the positions and proper- ties of ten additional visual field maps. This represents ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. our current understanding of human visual field maps, although this remains an active field of investigation, with more maps likely to be discovered. Finally, we Human visua l cortex comprises 4–6 billion neurons that are organ ized into more than a dozen distinct describe theories about the functional purpose and functional areas. These areas include the gray matter organizing principles of these maps. in the occi pital lobe and extend into the temporal and parietal lobes . The locations of these areas in the The Size and Location of Human Visual intact human cortex can be identified by measuring Cortex visual field maps. The neurons within these areas have a variety of different stimulus response proper- The entirety of human cortex occupies a surface area 2 ties. We descr ibe how to measure these visual field on the order of 1000 cm and ranges between 2 and maps, their locations, and their overall organization. 4 mm in thickness. Each cubic millimeter of cortex contains approximately 50 000 neurons so that neo- We then consider how information about patterns, objects, color s, and motion is analyzed and repre- cortex in the two hemispheres contain on the order of sented in these maps. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: a Study with 3T MR Imaging
Glaucoma Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Study with 3T MR Imaging Wei W. Chen,1–3 Ningli Wang,1,3 Suping Cai,3,4 Zhijia Fang,5 Man Yu,2 Qizhu Wu,5 Li Tang,2 Bo Guo,2 Yuliang Feng,2 Jost B. Jonas,6 Xiaoming Chen,2 Xuyang Liu,3,4 and Qiyong Gong5 PURPOSE. We examined changes of the central nervous system CONCLUSIONS. In patients with POAG, three-dimensional MRI in patients with advanced primary open-angle glaucoma revealed widespread abnormalities in the central nervous (POAG). system beyond the visual cortex. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:545–554) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-9893 METHODS. The clinical observational study included 15 patients with bilateral advanced POAG and 15 healthy normal control subjects, matched for age and sex with the study group. Retinal rimary open angle glaucoma (POAG) has been defined nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured by optical formerly by intraocular morphologic changes, such as coherence tomography (OCT). Using a 3-dimensional magne- P progressive retinal ganglion cell loss and defects in the retinal tization-prepared rapid gradient-echo sequence (3D–MP-RAGE) nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and by corresponding psychophysical of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optimized voxel- abnormalities, such as visual field loss.1 Recent studies by based morphometry (VBM), we measured the cross-sectional various researchers, however, have suggested that the entire area of the optic nerve and optic chiasm, and the gray matter visual pathway may be involved in glaucoma.2–23 Findings from volume of the brain. -
Network Centrality in Patients with Acute Unilateral Open Globe Injury: a Voxel‑Wise Degree Centrality Study
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 16: 8295-8300, 2017 Network centrality in patients with acute unilateral open globe injury: A voxel‑wise degree centrality study HUA WANG1, TING CHEN1, LEI YE2, QI-CHEN YANG3, RONG WEI2, YING ZHANG2, NAN JIANG2 and YI SHAO1,2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008; 2Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute and Oculopathy Research Centre, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006; 3Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China Received January 12, 2017; Accepted August 1, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7635 Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate functional Introduction networks underlying brain-activity alterations in patients with acute unilateral open globe injury (OGI) and associations with Open globe injury (OGI) is a severe eye disease that frequently their clinical features using the voxel-wise degree centrality causes unilateral visual loss. Ocular trauma is a public health (DC) method. In total, 18 patients with acute OGI (16 males and problem in developing countries (1,2). A previous study indicated 2 females), and 18 healthy subjects (16 males and 2 females), that the annual prevalence of ocular trauma was 4.9 per 100,000 closely matched in age, sex and education, participated in the in the Western Sicily Mediterranean area, which investigated a present study. Each subject underwent a resting-state functional 5 year period from January 2001 to December 2005 (3). In addi- magnetic resonance imaging scan. The DC method was used tion, the incidence of OGI is increased in men compared with to assess local features of spontaneous brain activity. -
Eye Fields in the Frontal Lobes of Primates
Brain Research Reviews 32Ž. 2000 413±448 www.elsevier.comrlocaterbres Full-length review Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates Edward J. Tehovnik ), Marc A. Sommer, I-Han Chou, Warren M. Slocum, Peter H. Schiller Department of Brain and CognitiÕe Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E25-634, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Accepted 19 October 1999 Abstract Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortexŽ. DMFC ; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to as the frontal eye fieldŽ. FEF . This review documents the similarities and differences between these eye fields. Although the DMFC and FEF are both active during the execution of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, the FEF is more dedicated to these functions. Lesions of DMFC minimally affect the production of most types of saccadic eye movements and have no effect on the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. In contrast, lesions of the FEF produce deficits in generating saccades to briefly presented targets, in the production of saccades to two or more sequentially presented targets, in the selection of simultaneously presented targets, and in the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. For the most part, these deficits are prevalent in both monkeys and humans. Single-unit recording experiments have shown that the DMFC contains neurons that mediate both limb and eye movements, whereas the FEF seems to be involved in the execution of eye movements only. -
Central Serous Choroidopathy
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.66.4.240 on 1 April 1982. Downloaded from British Journal ofOphthalmology, 1982, 66, 240-241 Visual disturbances during pregnancy caused by central serous choroidopathy J. R. M. CRUYSBERG AND A. F. DEUTMAN From the Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands SUMMARY Three patients had during pregnancy visual disturbances caused by central serous choroidopathy. One of them had a central scotoma in her first and second pregnancy. The 2 other patients had a central scotoma in their first pregnancy. Symptoms disappeared spontaneously after delivery. Except for the ocular abnormalities the pregnancies were without complications. The complaints can be misinterpreted as pregnancy-related optic neuritis or compressive optic neuropathy, but careful biomicroscopy of the ocular fundus should avoid superfluous diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Central serous choroidopathy (previously called lamp biomicroscopy of the fundus with a Goldmann central serous retinopathy) is a spontaneous serous contact lens showed a serous detachment of the detachment of the sensory retina due to focal leakage neurosensory retina in the macular region of the from the choriocapillaris, causing serous fluid affected left eye. Fluorescein angiography was not accumulation between the retina and pigment performed because of pregnancy. In her first epithelium. This benign disorder occurs in healthy pregnancy the patient had consulted an ophthal- adults between 20 and 45 years of age, who present mologist on 13 June 1977 for exactly the same with symptoms of diminished visual acuity, relative symptoms, which had disappeared spontaneously http://bjo.bmj.com/ central scotoma, metamorphopsia, and micropsia. after delivery. -
Asymmetries of Dark and Bright Negative Afterimages Are Paralleled by Subcortical on and OFF Poststimulus Responses
1984 • The Journal of Neuroscience, February 22, 2017 • 37(8):1984–1996 Systems/Circuits Asymmetries of Dark and Bright Negative Afterimages Are Paralleled by Subcortical ON and OFF Poststimulus Responses X Hui Li,1,2 X Xu Liu,1,2 X Ian M. Andolina,1 Xiaohong Li,1 Yiliang Lu,1 Lothar Spillmann,3 and Wei Wang1 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, and 3Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany Humans are more sensitive to luminance decrements than increments, as evidenced by lower thresholds and shorter latencies for dark stimuli. This asymmetry is consistent with results of neurophysiological recordings in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and primary visual cortex (V1) of cat and monkey. Specifically, V1 population responses demonstrate that darks elicit higher levels of activation than brights, and the latency of OFF responses in dLGN and V1 is shorter than that of ON responses. The removal of a dark or bright disc often generates the perception of a negative afterimage, and here we ask whether there also exist asymmetries for negative afterimages elicited by dark and bright discs. If so, do the poststimulus responses of subcortical ON and OFF cells parallel such afterimage asymmetries? To test these hypotheses, we performed psychophysical experiments in humans and single-cell/S-potential recordings in cat dLGN. Psychophysically, we found that bright afterimages elicited by luminance decrements are stronger and last longer than dark afterimages elicited by luminance increments of equal sizes. -
Study of Extra-Visual Resting-State Networks in Pituitary Adenoma Patients with Vision Restoration
Study of Extra-visual Resting-state Networks in Pituitary Adenoma Patients With Vision Restoration Fuyu Wang ( [email protected] ) Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000- 0003-2232-5423 Peng Wang PLAGH: Chinese PLA General Hospital Ze Li PLAGH: Chinese PLA General Hospital Tao Zhou Chinese PLA General Hospital Xianghui Meng Chinese PLA General Hospital Jinli Jiang Chinese PLA General Hospital Research article Keywords: cross-modal plasticity, default mode network, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, salience network, visual improvement Posted Date: December 29th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-133978/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/23 Abstract Background: Pituitary adenoma(PA) may compress the optic apparatus and cause impaired vision. Some patients can get improved vision rapidly after surgery. During the early time after surgery, however, the change of neurofunction in extra-visual cortex and higher cognitive cortex is still yet to be explored so far. Objective: Our study is focused on the changes in the extra-visual resting-state networks in PA patients after vision restoration. Methods:We recruited 14 PA patients with visual improvement after surgery. The functional connectivity (FC) of 6 seeds (auditory cortex (A1), Broca's area, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)for default mode network (DMN), right caudal anterior cingulate cortex for salience network(SN) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for excecutive control network (ECN)) were evaluated. A paired t-test was conducted to identify the differences between two groups. -
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway
CHAPTER 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway Joseph F. Rizzo III RETINA Physiology Embryology of the Eye and Retina Blood Supply Basic Anatomy and Physiology POSTGENICULATE VISUAL SENSORY PATHWAYS Overview of Retinal Outflow: Parallel Pathways Embryology OPTIC NERVE Anatomy of the Optic Radiations Embryology Blood Supply General Anatomy CORTICAL VISUAL AREAS Optic Nerve Blood Supply Cortical Area V1 Optic Nerve Sheaths Cortical Area V2 Optic Nerve Axons Cortical Areas V3 and V3A OPTIC CHIASM Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams Embryology Cortical Area V5 Gross Anatomy of the Chiasm and Perichiasmal Region Cortical Area V4 Organization of Nerve Fibers within the Optic Chiasm Area TE Blood Supply Cortical Area V6 OPTIC TRACT OTHER CEREBRAL AREASCONTRIBUTING TO VISUAL LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUSPERCEPTION Anatomic and Functional Organization The brain devotes more cells and connections to vision lular, magnocellular, and koniocellular pathways—each of than any other sense or motor function. This chapter presents which contributes to visual processing at the primary visual an overview of the development, anatomy, and physiology cortex. Beyond the primary visual cortex, two streams of of this extremely complex but fascinating system. Of neces- information flow develop: the dorsal stream, primarily for sity, the subject matter is greatly abridged, although special detection of where objects are and for motion perception, attention is given to principles that relate to clinical neuro- and the ventral stream, primarily for detection of what ophthalmology. objects are (including their color, depth, and form). At Light initiates a cascade of cellular responses in the retina every level of the visual system, however, information that begins as a slow, graded response of the photoreceptors among these ‘‘parallel’’ pathways is shared by intercellular, and transforms into a volley of coordinated action potentials thalamic-cortical, and intercortical connections.