Final Report of UGC Minor Research Project

Ethnobotanical Studies, at Sengaon

District in

By Dr. Manik Sakharam Khandare

(M.Sc., B.Ed., M. Phil, Ph.D.) Assistant professor in Botany Dept. of Botany Dny anopasak College Jintur, Dist. Parbhani-431509

2013-2015

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Certificate

This is to certify that Dr. M. S. Khandare has completed his Minor Research project entitled Ethnobotanical Studies, at Sengaon Dist. Hingoli in Maharashtra. Vide UGC F – 47-068/12 (WRO) dated 25/02/2013. In the department of Botany, Dnyanopasak College, Jintur – 431509, accordance with terms and conditions laid down by University Grant Commission.

Principal

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I express profound sense of gratitude to President Adv. Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar., Dr. Shandhytai Dudhgaonkar for giving encouragement to complete this project. I am grateful to Dr. S.L. Sdawarte Principal for allowing me to conduct project work in this reputed institute. I specially thank to vice Principal Dr. S. M. Kadam and Head of Botany Dept. Dr. A. S. Kadam; for being very helpful suggestive and supportive thought the entire period project. I thank to Dr. B. M. Kareepa, Dr. Wakle, Dr. Dinesh, Dr. Pramod Chavan and other family members for constant moral support during this period. I thanks to the teaching staff and library staff for reference work, last but not least thank to all tribes for their help and co- operation during this investigation. I am also thankful to DTP operator and photographer for their help.

Dr. Manik Sakharam Khandare

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CONTENT

Topic Page no

Introduction 05

Material and method 07

Discussion 08

Conclusion 24

References 26

Questionnaire 36

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Introduction:-

Ethnobotany means the relationship of plants with human being. Ancient human beings cure their sickness and injuries by application of plant/ parts. The use of plants as a source of medicine date back to about 4000 to 5000 B.C. Medicinal importance of plants had been described by Aristotle and Theophrastus in about 77 B.C. Plants were the main source of folk medicine, practiced by the ancient man folk medicine that gives rise to traditional system of medicine. The folk medicine and medicinal plants were also adapted in to modern system of medicine. Traditional herbal medicine is becoming popular in word for the treatment of several diseases and disorders as the herbal medicine is safer than the allopathic one. Normally 2000 plants are used as medicinal plants in . Many plants nearby our locality are used as grandmothers remedy for several diseases. India has a rich flora, fauna and other natural resources viz. is good source for bio industrial development. The Ayurveda and folk medicine of India have started gaining high appreciation and acceptance in the world. Many herbal remedies individually or in combination with formulation such as leaf powder, pastes, decoction, etc. have been recommended for various medical treatises for different diseases. Ethnobotany includes study of all plants i.e., (useful, harmful and of economic importance). The ethanobiologist all over the world today have the moral responsibility to uncover those “miracle herb” with the help of the ethnic people to save the human life from deadly diseases .They also have the moral obligation to protect the interest of ethnic people and rewarded for the conservation of biodiversity and for their traditional knowledge is useful for human health protection. Ethnobotanical study means the interrelationships between plant and human being (Jain 2001). Ethnobotanical study is very important in the area of forest because biodiversity is preserved in forest. Tribal’s learn medicinal properties of plant from their ancestors, socioreligious ceremonies and continue to further generation. Plants and tribal’s relationship is very close from ancient time. The oral tradition play very important role to pass the traditional knowledge from generation to generation, so that present generation obtain much information through this system. Due to lack of communication to urban area, the tribal’s are fully depending on herbal remedies. Ethnobotany is a part of ethno ecology that deals with knowledge of ethnic people of all kinds of plants.

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Recently ethnobotany is an important part of natural sciences (plant science). Ethnobotany developed rapidly because awareness of traditional knowledge, their culture and environmental distraction due to urbanization. Tribal’s knowledge is not documented properly, recently ethnobotanist started documentation of tribal peoples knowledge viz. very significant to all people. Some time it is very difficult to know medicinal uses of plant, from tribal’s even on paid basis. Tribals preserve their traditional through worship right from birth to death, uses of plant material in worship are routine practice and they collect plant material from nearby forest. Medicinal uses:- Plants are an important source of medicine from ancient time. Tribal’s used some plant to treat the huge number of diseases, the number of plants grows widely and some are cultivated. In this investigation some plants were focused which grows widely in the Sengaon taluka in of Maharashtra. People of Sengaon conserve the plant and maintain the biodiversity. Some commonly used medicinal plant by tribes are locally known as Butea, Ocimum, Zinger, Onion, Garlic, Ricinus, Chitrak, Serpaghandha, Ashwaghandha, Kallavi, Karanj, Dikimali, Teminalia,Bel, Bilayati, Utrand, Lajalu, Jatashanker, Takalan, Jambhul, Askand, Meharak, Pimpal, Gorakhmundi, Pathari, kawat, Gulyel, Ruchki, Bartondi, Lokhandi, Ghaneri, Agebond, Bhoeumber, Dhotara, Ritha, Sag, Sawandari, Dhawanda, Ultarand, Korpad, Amba, Pal, Kamuni, Pisula, Kartula, Chinch, Sitaphal, Kadulimb, Dati, Pandharivasu, Dorale, Bueringani, Chillahari, Uchkatyar, Gokarn, Kavilyel and Karal, etc. Marathwada region is one of the parts of Maharashtra state of India. It consist of eight districts viz. Aurangabad, Beed, Jalna, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, and Hingoli. The Marathwada region is situated at an average height of about 300- 650M, above mean of sea level. In Marathwada the Godavari, Penganga, Sina and Tapi are the four major river and other small rivers are , Dhudhana, Manjara, Penganga, Tavaraj, Terna, Kayadhu, Tamasa etc. All this river s and other some damp, lakes, ponds are the principal source of water. Sengaon taluka is the tehsil in the Hingoli division in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located on the bank of Kayodhu River which continues in purna and then . In Sengaon taluka, Amlibaras, Bhulabai, Pongal, Panchimi, Ganpati, Shivratri and yatra of snt. Namdev and Khandoba are celebrated. Sengaon taluka consist 108 panchyat and 131 villages. It is situated about 463 M. elevation

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(altitude), average annual temperature range 25-43 0c. In this region Marathi is a local language but some people speak in Hindi also.

Objective:- Tribal’s of Sengaon taluka in Hingoli district have been with rich knowledge of medicinal plants, hence Sengaon taluka has been selected for the minor research project work with following objective:-  Documentation of the ethnobotanical knowledge of Sengaon taluka.  To study the medicinal aspect of important plants.  To aware about wield medicinal plants use by tribes.  To conserve the important medicinal plants.  To prepare photograph/ herbaria of medicinal plant by collection of different plant/ parts.  Identification of wield medicinal plants.  Recommendation of the plants/ parts on the basis of experiences of tribes.

Materials and methods :- The etnobotanical information in present project was obtained through direct method such as field studies, personal interview; literature etc. The collection of data in the study area was through interview with the respective tribes for the documentation a good questionnaire is prepared. The present research work is based on field studies viz. followed by laboratory studies. The plants used by tribal’s were collected from various localities by carrying out several fields’ survey in different season. The collected plants herbarium and photographs was maintained in the department of Botany. All information of plants along with medicinal properties was documented on the spot. Information regarding wield medicinal plants were collected from tribals such as vaidyas, Hakims, Ayurveda practioner. The wield plants used by tribls like Pardhi, Lamani, Mahar, Kumbhar, Dohar, Vaidue, Gosawi, Bhill, Banjara etc., for proper information and correct identification of plants several field trips were arranged along with tribals. They used the wield plant growing their locality to cure several diseases for e.g. fever, acidity, stomach- ache, intestinal worm, scabies, skin diseases, mouth diseases, headache, T. B., syphilis, leprosy, constipation, fever, diabetic, asthma, wounds, nikalge, nakhurde,

7 pandhara and lal prader ( white and red dishrag), bone fracture, ghanorrhea, urinary troubles, cough, diarrhoea, ring worm, male sterility, dysentery, pregnancy problem, piles, ulcer, hernia, jaundice, animal diseases, lice killing, poison, fistula, tonsil, ardhsis (migraine), teeth diseases, ear diseases, kidney stone etc. The audio, video recording of the medicinal plants information is also done during field visit it is very helpful for documentation. Ethnobotanical aspect was studied with the help of the literature of Prajapati et.,al (2007). Jain (1997). Jaynnarayan et.,al (2012). Naik (1998). Rastogi et.,al (1990). Sharma et., al(1986,).The wield medicinal plants were collected from forest in and around the trivals locality with the help of yielder and young known persons. The yielder people have valuable ethnobotanical knowledge than Youngers. Ethnobotinical survey was conducted during study period, and collected data was documented monthly. Wield medicinal plants were identified with the help of taxonomic manual, key, flora and book, Naik (1998). The collected data from tribal’s was cross checked by interviewing different tribes of the same and various localities. Presentations of data collected from tribal’s are arranged separately and the list (enumeration) of wield medicinal plants are enclosed in the present project. The plants were arranged in the alpha beat order with their botanical name, family, and local name. Traditional folk and conventional remedies have been studied during the survey. The literature study was carried out simultaneously. The literature like periodicals, compendium and journals has also been followed for medicinal uses. In addition to this most of the literature studies were carried out in well known libraries of college, universities and Ayurvedic institution. The information collected during field visit has been complained during concluding year.

Discussion : Sengaon taluka of Hingoli district has rich vegetation and wild medicinal plants were present abundantly in this area. The tribe’s of this area used wield medicinal plants commonally to cure the all types of diseases of human and domesticated animal. Tribes are used wield medicinal plant, from past to till date. Tribals pass their knowledge orally from one generation to next one. In the Sengaion taluka, there are several wild medicinal plants and they are not documented yet

8 properly. Tribes of this area solely depend on wild medicinal plants and they do not contact to any doctors or any health care centre for the treatment of diseases. In this project, traditional folklorie, and wild medicinal plants are discussed. Ethnobotanical studies are very essential because presently, opportunity exists to combine the best of past practises with conventional medicinal knowledge for mutual gain. Medicinal plants contain several chemicals that apply on several diseases; medicinal plant also improves all system of human being. Some of other researchers are shows allied result to the present project for e.g. Banso (2009) reported that Accacia nilotica having four active principal that exhibited antimicrobial activity against all microorganism. Kamble et.al., (1980) revealed that Acacia nilotica L., contain potent antimicrobial property against microbes. Priyanka et al., (2013) suggested that the inclusion of pod powder in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduced risk factor associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Sharma et al., (1986). reported that Achyranthes aspera Indian herbs root were screened for antifertility in female albino rat. Bhavan et al., (2011) proved that Cocculus hirsutus is used traditionally as alternative laxative, demulcent, prurigo, eczema, dyspepsia tonic, and diuretic, antiperiodic in fever, malaria, joint pain and skin diseases. Pankaj et al., (2011) investigated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cordia dichotima Forst. Badri et al., (2011) concluded that Cynodon dactylon (l.) Pers., traditional medicines to treats various ailment such, cancer, cough, cramps, diarrhoea, dropsy, dysentery, epilepsy, headache, haemorrhage, warts, and wounds. The present study finding is also shows same observations as cited references. Tewari (1994). Demonstrated that seed of Diplocyclos palmatus possesses significant anti- diabetic activity. The results suggested that Diplocyclus palmatus has anti-diabetic activity, thereby justifying its traditional uses. It is used in present day system of medicine as an anti- diabetic drug. Abubakar Kabiru (2013) reviews that Elephantopus (Asteraceae) is used in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of nephritis, oedema, pain of the chest, fever, scabies, cough, pneumonia, asthma, anti- diabetic. The allied uses of the Elephantopus observed during the present work. Poonam and Shradha (2012) reported that Ferula asafoetida used in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough. Gum of Ferula used as carminative, expectorant. Some traditional uses of this plant also observed during present study. Ahmed and Urooj (2010) stated that Ficus racemosa traditionally used to cure various

9 diseases and disorder including diabetes, liver disorder and diarrhoea. Pankaj (2011). and Deepak et al., (2006). reported that Gloriosa superba L. is useful in ulcer, leprosy, piles, pain and also used as medicine right from the ancient time. Chatterjee et al., (2001). provided information about 58 ethnomedicinal plants used in Trinidad and Tobago for skin diseases, stomach problem, pain and internal parasites. Indranil Bhattacharjeee et al., (2006). tested the pathogenicity of Argemone mexicana against bacteria and concluded that extract of said plant inhibit the growth of bacteria. Jalapure et al., (2011). demonstrated diuretic action of B. cebia fruit extract and support its folklore uses in various urinary aliment. Chandra Prakash Kala (2009) reported on ethnobotanical study on Surjat district of Chhanttigarh state through questionnaire and personal interviews and found that out 73 ethnobotanical species are used by tribal and nontribal communities. Same result found in present project. Faiaz Ahmed et al., (2012) reported that Butea monosperma has significant impact on chronic diabetes and this plant is (palash) widely used in treatment of various diseases and disorders. Singh et al., (2000) reviewed that Butea monosperma a traditional medicinal plant is highly used by rural and tribal people in curing disorder such as eye diseases, chronic fever, epilepsy, leprosy, etc. Plants parts are used in the form of extract, juice, infusion, powder and gum. Aswar Prashant B et al., (2011) proved that Caselpinia bonduc used by tribals to cure type 2 diabetes. Nayan et al., (2011) tested antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula and found many strains of bacteria and fungi were controlled by secondary metabolite of Cassia fistula . Deshpande (2011) reported that Cissus qudriangularies was ancient medicinal plant used by tribal to cure various diseases. It act as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal activities and also used for bone facture. Rakesh Prajapati et al., (2010) reported that the Lagenaria sicerania used as traditional medicinal plant from ancient period. This plant used to cure jaundice, skin diseases, piles, ulcer, etc. This plant found similar medicinal properties during present project work. Al Muqarrabun et al., (2013) found that Pongamia pinnata was used by tribal to cure piles, wounds and skin diseases. Jain (1989) stated that Mimosa pudica used against piles, urinary infection, leprosy, blood presser, asthma, constipation, acidity, diabetic diarrhoea etc. Jeeva (2007) reported 22 plants those are used to cure various diseases and some plants mentioned in the literature also recorded in the present project for e.g Argemone, Cyledon, Madhuca, Ponagamia, Terminalia.

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Badri Prakas et al., (2011) absorved that Cynodon dyctylon used in the traditional medicine to cure cancer, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. same uses of this plant recorded in the present investigation. Abubkar Kabiru (2013). Studied the Elephantopus species, a traditional medicinal plant used to cure constipation fever, scabies, cough, asthamaetc. Poonam et al., (2012) proved the Ferula asafoetida plant used by tribal to cure asthma, whooping cough, diabetes etc. Ahmed et al., (2010) stated that popular medicinal pant Ficus racemosa traditionally used for diabetes, liver disorder, diarrhoea, urinary diseases. Additional literature were taken in to consideration during this and mentioned in the references at the end of this report of investigation. The detailed observations of the studied plains are as follows.

Enumeration:- Botanical name – Acacia nilotica L. Family- Mimosaceae Local name- Babul/ Indian gum Arabic tree Description : Plant is a medium tree, trunk are deeply cracked and short. Leaves are bipinnate with spiny stipule. Flowers are crowded in long peduncle globes head. Fruit is pod and flattened. Medicinal uses : the plant used by rural people to control jaundice and swelling. It is also used for acidity, temperature diarrhoea; toothache and payria. Plant used for eye diseases, mouth diseases, and urinary trouble. It used in rakta prader, sweat pradar (white, and lal dishrag). It is communally use in male sterility for induced in semen. It is also used for treatment of wounds and ulcer. (Plate- I)

Botanical name – Achyranthes aspera L.Family – Amaranthaceae Local name – Aghada/ Prickly chaff flower Description : Plant is herbaceous, having branched tap root, stem is erect pubescent swollen at the nodes, branched are hairy, green, violet or pink at node. Leaves are opposite short-petiolate, undulate margin, cauline or ramel. Flower numerous terminal spikes with spiny or hairy bract; complete actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous, pentamerous, seeds are oblong to - ovoid. Medicinal uses : Plants commonly used by tribals in uterine disorder, rheumatism. It is also used in eye diseases, stomach ach, Plant is use to cure Stone

11 bladder and cancer. It is commonly used in piles, ear diseases. It is used on acidity, cough, and asthma. The plant used by tribals to cure teeth ach, the pest of plant used as teeth past and appetizer. Tribes used this plant for cure the skin diseases, (Plate - I).

Botanical name - Argemone mexicana L. Family- Papaveraceae Local name- Bilayati/ darudaba/ Mexican poppy Description : Plant is with strong branched, prickly, annual shrub, contains yellow latex. Leaves simple, sessile, spiny semi- amplexcaul, sinuate- pinnatified, variegated with white spinous vein are white. Flowers are large bright yellow, terminal on short leafy branches. Fruit prickly capsule with spine and open by 4-6 valves, seeds are numerous. Medicinal use : Plants juice used for skin diseases; it is used against leprosy and in inflammation. Rural people used this plant to cure malaria, fever, cough and ulcer. It is used in jaundice, asthma and vomiting. Plant is used in night blindness and eye diseases. It used to control ulcer wound and constipation. It is also used for control the napuskata (male sterility) and chest pain etc., commonly plant is recognize by rural people as daru daba. (Plate -I)

Botanical name - Bombax ceiba L. Family- Bombaceae. Local name - Kate sevari/ Ruidaba/Red silk Description: Plant is tall deciduous tree with straight buttressed trunk having Clearer bole of 24-30 m spreading branches, bark covered with hard, sharp, conical prickles. Leaves large spreading glabrous, digeted, leaflet lanceolate, flowers red numerous. Stamen many arranged in polyadelphous, fruit capsule dehiscing by developing woody valves. Seed black smooth and embedded in white wool. Medicinal uses : Root tips of the plant used against piles, fissures, dysentery, blood impurities and healing the wound. Thorn of plant and bark with butter apply on piles, fruit with butter apply on piles. Bark of plant also used against T.B. Flowers used for skin diseases and seed used in gonorrhoea.(Plate - I).

Botanical name - Boswellia serrata Roxber. Ex Colebr. Family- Burseraceae Local name- Salai/ Indian olibanum tree Description : plant is deciduous tree, with ash colour papery bark peeling off in thin flakes, young shoot pubescent. Leaves are alternate, imparipinnate, crowded at

12 apex, leaflets are opposite pubescent crenate- serrate. Flowers are white in axillaries racemes. Fruit is trigonous, three valves. Seeds are compressed pendulous. Medicinal uses : Bark of plant used as cooling, it is good for asthma and ulcer. It is use in skin diseases, cough and fever. It used in stomach ach, fever, dysentery, cough and arthritis. It is also used in asthma, dysentery, ulcer and skin diseases. Gum is sweet in taste and used as diuretic (Plate -II).

Botanical name –Buchanania latifolia Roxb . Family- Anacardiaceae Local name- Char/Cheronjee Description : plant is a medium sized tree with dark grey or black rough fissured bark and young branches clothed with silky hairs. Leaves are simple, broadly oblong, obtuse, base rounded, thickly coriaceous. Flower is small greenish white, terminal, axillaries panicle. Fruit is black, lenticular drupes. Medicinal uses : Plant used for cooling effect, it is used in constipation, pitta, kapha and skin diseases. It is also used in diarrhoea, cough, bronchitis and in seminal weakness. It is applies against leprosy and skin diseases. Plant also used in cough, bronchitis, nerve tonic, cardio tonic and diuretic. Plant specially used by rural people for seminal weakness and ulcer. ( Plate-II)

Botanical name - Butea monosperma L. Family – Papilionaceae/ Fabaceae Local name – Palas/ Flame of the forest Description : Plant is a medium sized deciduous tree, with grey bark and corked trunk. Leaves are three foliate, leaflet coriaceous, obtuse, glabrous above when old, finely silky and conspicuously reticulate veined beneath, flower bright orange red and fruits are pods. Medicinal uses : Plant used to cure diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal worms. It is also used in bone facture, ulcer, tumour, diabetes, pimples, leprosy and skin diseases, it is used against ringworm and round worm. Plant used in constipation, intestinal worm, ulcer, tumour, leprosy, and in hyperacidity. ( Plate-II)

Botanical name - Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Family- Casealpinaceae. Local name - Sagura/ Katekaranj/fever nut Description : Plant are large straggling thorny shrub. Branches armed with hook and straight hard yellow prickles. Leaves are bipinanate, large stipulate,

13 foliaceous, leaflet 3-8 pair with small recurred prickles on underside. Flowers are yellow, dense, long peduncle racemes. Fruits are inflated pods, with wiry prickles. Seed 1-2 per pod oblong or globular, hard grey with smooth and shiny surface. Medicinal uses : Bark of plant used to cure stomachic, fever cough, asthma. Bark of plant also used to control intestinal worm. Leaves of plants control malaria and diabetes. Fruit and seeds used in clumsy inept and in lockjaw. It is also used in disillusionment, ardhasis, piles, sthamben and fistula. The plant used by rural people to cure intestinal worm, liver tonic and skin diseases. ( Plate-II)

Botanical name -Careya arborea Roxb. Family- Lecythidaceae. Local name– Kumbhai/ kumbha Description : Plant is glabrous, deciduous tree, barks thick dark grey. Leaves sessile, obvate- oblong, tapering at base, rounded or shortly acuminate. Flowers are sessile on thick rachis, bracteates, petal dull white, elliptic oblong filament slightly longer than petal, green glabrous. Fruit 6-8 cm in diameter and green in colour. Medicinal uses : Fruit used to cure cough, tonsil and acidity. Fresh fruit also used to cure stomach-ache and paediatrics. Fruit pulp used to kill the gallfly. Tender leaves used in fistula. ( Plate-III)

Botanical name : Carissa carandas L. Family – Apocynaceae Local name – Karawanda/ Karaunda, Jasmine flowered carrisa

Description : Plant is large evergreen shrub with short stem and strong thorn in pairs, bark light grey. Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic, shortly mucronate, glabrous, shining and coriaceous. Flower is white terminal cymose. Fruit is globes berry black enclosed two or more seeds. Medicinal uses : Plant used for stomach-ache, intestinal worms and scabies. It is also used in constipation and skin disease. It is used in pitta, kapha and vata. It is used in mouth diseases, head ach, chest pain and it is used as appetizer. ( Plate-III)

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Botanical name : Cassia fistula L. Family - Caesalpiniaceae Local name : Bhala/ Indian laburnum Description: Plant is moderate sized deciduous tree with greenish grey smooth bark when young, and rough when old, leaves pinnately compound, leaflet 4- 8 pairs ovate acute, bright green glabrous above, paler and silvery- pubescent beneath when young. Flower is bright yellow pendulous racemes. Fruit is cylindrical pods, seeds broadly ovate, horizontally immersed in dark coloured sweetish pulp. Medicinal uses : Plant used as purgative, cooling and skin diseases. It is also used in T.B, Syphilis, and leprosy. Parts of plant used to cure ringworms, constipation and fever. Some people used it for control the diabetic, ulcer and cough. Tribes communally used this plant for treatment of tili, wat, mirgi. ( Plate-III)

Botanical name : Citrullus colocynthis (L.)Schard. Family- Cucurbitaceae Local name- Badi indrayan/ Colocynth Description: Plant are trailing annual herb with bifid tendrils angular branching stem and woolly tender shoot. Leaves are deeply divided, lobes are narrow, glabrous or hairy. Flowers are monoecious yellow both male and female is solitary corolla pale yellow. Fruits are globes or oblong fleshy indehiscent, variegated with green and white, seed is pale brown. Medicinal uses: It is used against tetanus. Plant used to cure silly sample, crick. Root used to cure utralgia, rheumatalgia and jaundice. Root of plant also used against constipation and splenomegaly. It is used to kill intestinal worm, as carminative. Plant as a whole used for relief of children stomach, asthma and ulcer by tribal. Plant used as hair inducer and in scorpion bit.

Botanical name –Cissus quadrangularis L. Family- Vitaceae Local name–Kandyel/Hadjodi/ Edible stemmed vine Description : Plant are climber, with fleshy stout jointed quadrangular stem with simple tendril. Leaf opposed simple, broadly reniform, entire or toothed rounded. Flower small greenish cymes. Fruit is ovoid berries and seeds are ellipsoid. Medicinal uses : Vein in addition to other plant use to cure wound, nakhurde and nikale. It is also used against constipation and pradar. It is used as carminative and anthelmintic. Juice of plant used for skin diseases, leprosy and chronic ulcer.

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Plant also used for joint pain and paste for bone fracture. Some rural people used this plant on leprosy, skin diseases and chronic ulcer ( Plate-III)

Botanical name : Cocculus villosus (L.) Diels. Family- Menispermaceae. Local name-Wasim yeal/ Patal garundi/ Broom creeper Description : Plant is straggling scandent shrub. Leaves are simple, alternate ovate oblong, sub cordate or truncate at the base softly vilious on both surfaces petiole densely vilous. Inflorescences are cymose, male flower are small and female flower are 2-3 axillary in cluster, petal thick and fleshy. Fruit are purplish black and drupes. Medicinal uses : It is used a remedy on gaye masi ang baher yeane (this term used as it is).It is used against syphilis and hiccup. Plant also used as carminative and digestive . Leaves used in gonorrhoea, hypertension, fever, leprosy and general debility. Plant as whole with other plant tribales used to treat male sterility. Wasim yel use for skin diseases, it is also used as cooling purpose. ( Plate-IV)

Botanical name: Cordia dichotoma forst. Family - Boraginaceae Local name: Bhoker/ Gondhen/ Sebesten plum Description: Plant is a medium tree with a short crooked trunk. Leaf is simple, entire or slightly dentate, elliptical to ovate. Flowers are white small, axillary cymes. Fruit are drupes, yellowish brown or pink ripe with viscid sweetish transparent pulp with central stony part. Medicinal uses: Fruit pulp used to cure gases and cough. Fruit used for urinary trouble and constipation. Tribes cure fever, diarrhoea and leprosy by using of plant. Pulp of fruit used to cure ulcer and ring worm. It is also used to cure sandas madhun rakta yena (term used as it is). It is used for fever, burning sensation, plant used to cure leprosy, gonorrhoea and opthalmodynia. Fruit also used for pickles and against male sterility.

Botanical name: Cynodon dactylon L. Family – Gramineaceae / Poaceae Local name – Harali / durwa / Dhub grass Description: Plant is a prostrate, creping, glabrous, highly branched perennial grass. Roots arise from the node. Leaves are narrow, linear, smooth, ligule a very fine

16 ciliate rim. Inflorescences are terminal spike, glumes acute to sublate-mucronulate. Flowers are spike, with green glumes. Medicinal uses: Plant use for cooling of body and in constipation. It is diuretic in nature. It is also used in treatment of pitta and kapha. Plant is use against vomiting, debility and skin diseases, burning sensation. It is also used against skin disease and vomiting. It is also treat to diarrhoea, dysentery and general debility. ( Plate-IV)

Botanical name: Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey. Family– Cucurbitaceae. Local name - Shivlingi Description: plant is annual climbing herbs; much branched slender and grooved. Tendrils are slender, leaves membranous, broadly ovate, and deeply cordate at base, 5- lobed shining green above, paler below and Petiolate. Plant is unisexual female flower may be axillary or solitary, tendril. Flower yellow, unisexual. Fruit is globes, berry red with white vertical line. Seeds are yellowish to brown. Medicinal use: It is used to cure cough and skin diseases. It is also used in body inflammation. Plant as whole used as inflammatory tonic. Undocumented use – Seeds with other plants used for ease pregnancy. Seeds are eaten with pan at the time of sex by both male and female for garbhdharana. ( Plate-IV)

Botanical name: Elephantopus scaber L. Family – Asteraceae Local name – Pathri / Prickly leaves elephant’s foot

Description: Plant is a rigid perennial herb with short root. Leaves are obavate, oblong, radical rosette in nature hairy on both surfaces. Flower is purple in head, Fruits achenes, pappus of 4-6 bristles dilated at the base. Medicinal uses – Tribal use this plant commonly in constipation, fever, skin diseases. It is also use as diuretic, antipyretic, fever, diarrhoea and bronchitis. Leaf used for skin diseases, and for swelling. Plant as a whole used to cure all types of piles. ( Plate-IV)

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Botanical name: Enicostemma axillare ( Lam.) Raynal Family- Gentianaceae Local name:- Nahi / Naya Description: Plant is glabrous or procumbent perennial herb. Stem are quadrangular, leaves are simple, sessile linear- oblong, 3-nerved. Flower is white tubular, axillary in clusters fruit is ellipsoid capsule, narrowed at the base and rounded at the apex with the remain of the style. Medicinal use: Tribes used this plant for treatment of acidity, stomach-ache. It is also used as liver tonic and abdominal ulcer. Hernia and constipation cure by this plant. It applies on skin diseases and swelling. Rural people used this plant against snake bite. It is used locally to cure piles, plant used as appetizer, plant juice normally drink early in the morning for all above treatment and it is very good source to remove heat from body, locally plant is famous as the naya aan sarya duchachi maya. ( Plate-V)

Botanical name: Eclipta prostrata L. Family – Asteraceae Local name: Maka Description: Plant is erect annual herb, leaves are opposite, lanceolate, sessile or short petiolate, serrulate, densley strigose- pilose on both sides. Flower has in two florate, ray florate is white present at periphery, disc floret present at centre and bisexual. Medicinal uses: Plant juice used as antitode, anti-inflammatory and eruption. It is also used on snake bite; it is used in hair oil. ( Plate-V) Botanical name : Ferula asafetida L. Family – Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae Local name :– Hing/Asafoetida Description: Plant is herbaceous perennial with fleshy massive carrot shaped root with one more forks, stem is solid, clothed with membranous leaf sheath, leaves radical, shiny coriaceous with pinnatifid segment and channeled petiole. Flower is 10- 20 umbels. Fruit is flat thin reddish-brown. Medicinal use: It is commonly used as carminative, antispasmodic, anthelminitic. Plant used for digestion, diuretic, asthma and constipation. It is used in chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, Kapha, Vista.

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Botanical name : Ficus racemosa L. Family-Moraceae Local name : Umber/Gular Description: Plant is a medium tall tree with quite rich green foliage the fruit resemble figs and are obviate in shape with innumerable tiny grain like seeds. Medicinal uses : Fruit of the plant used as appetizer. Plant is used to control of ringworm acidity, jaundice and liver disorder. Plant parts also used in burning and skin inflammation. Diarrhoea and dysentery cure by umber fruit. Extract of fruit used in diabetes, it is used for leucoderma and healing wound. ( Plate-V)

Botanical name : Gloriosa superb L. Family- Liliaceae Local name : Kallawi/ Supper lilly Description : Plant is herbaceous climber. Root is tuberous, cylindrical, pointed at both end V or L shaped fleshy white, root fibrous. Leaves are alternate, lanceolate apex produced in to a coiled tendril margin entire, hairless papery, lateral nerves parallel. Flower is bisexual, axillary solitary or somewhat sub- crymbose at the end of branches perianth 6 lobed oblongs- lanceolate with wavy margin, greenish first then yellow to crimson colour, fruit is capsule. Medicinal uses : It is used in gyae masi ang baher yeana . Root are greatly used in piles and abortion. Lice are killed by the juice of leaf. Tuber used in inflammation, ulcer and especially in blooding piles. It is used against snake bites. Seed used in control of pain. It is used to cure ulcer, inflammation. Plant also treats to white discharge, skin diseases, leprosy, indigestion, helminthiases and snake bites. It is normally consider as poisonous plant. ( Plate-V)

Botanical name : Lagenaria siceraria (mol.) Standley. Family- Cucurbitaceae Local name : kadu bhopala / Bitter bottle gourd Description : Plant is a large climbing herb with 5 angle hispid stem, 2- fid long tendrils. Leaves are simple, with long petiole having two glands at the apex, 5- lobed, cordate, dentate, and hairs on both surfaces. Flower is large, white solitary males long stalked and females short stalked. Fruit is large and dumb-bell shaped, rind woody when ripe enclosing soft juicy flesh; seeds are white compressed smooth with a marginal groove.

19

Medicinal uses : It is used to cure piles. Fruit used to cure jaundice and headache. The root used in anti-inflammatory. Leaf used for control of skin diseases. Rural people used dry unbroken fruit for swimming.

Botanical name - Lantana camara L. Family – Verbenaceae Local name – Ghaneri/ Gochdi/ Wild sage Description : Plant is a large evergreen smelling shrub with stout recurved prickles. Leaves are opposite, often rugose, scabrid on both sides. Flowers are small, orange, red, white bract is conspicuous, persistent, Fruit is fleshy drupes endocarp hard green when young and blue or black on ripening. Medicinal uses : Plant use by tribal for treatment of tetanus, malaria, gastropathy and dysentery. It is used to control the ulcer and wound. Plant also used in tetanus, malaria, dysentery. It is popular in tribes to healing wound, swelling and in fistula. ( Plate-VI)

Botanical name : Limonia acidissima L. Family – Rutaceae Local name – Kawat/Elephant apple Description: Plant is medium sized to large glabrous deciduous tree armed with strong, straight, axillary spines, having a much branched dense crown of dark foliage and dark grey longitudinally furrowed rough wrinkled bark, leaves are compound imparipinate, alternate, leaflet 3-7 obovate tip often notched, glad dotted. Flowers small fragrant, dull red, fruit globes, woody, rough grey and berries. Seeds oblong, compressed, embedded in the pulp. Medicinal uses : Fruit pulp of these plants is carminative. It used in stomachic, tonic, leprosy and skin diseases. It is used in lucuoderma, dermatitis, vata, kapha and ulcer. It is used against diabetes, verminosis and in wound. Tribes use this plant in urinary diseases, acidity, naru, mirgi. ( Plate-VI)

Botanical name : Madhuca indica (Koenig) Macbride. Family- Sapotaceae. Local name - Moha/ Mohada Description : Plant are large evergreen tree. Leaves in cluster at the end of branches with slender petiole, Flowers are pale yellow fleshy and in dense cluster near the end of branch, corolla tubular fleshy, pale yellow in colour. Fruits are ovoid berries, yellow when ripe.

20

Medicinal use : Flower with other plant used to cure tonsil and scrofula. Gum of Plant also used for treatment of tonsil and scrofula. Seeds with betel pan used to cure disillusionment. Flower with other plant apply on headache. Bark is a good source on the inflammation. Heart wood of the plant is used for the treatment of epilepsy. Flower used in strangury, verminosis and haemoptysis, from the flower tribes obtained desi daru (alcohol) and seed used against snake bite ( Plate-VI)

Botanical name –Mimosa pudica L. Family – Mmosaceae Local name – Lajalu, Lajwanti Description : Plants are prickly prostrate or sub erect under shrub. Stem and branches are soft and hairy. Leave 4-8 cm long, petiolate, alternate, stipulate, linear, lanceolate and bipinnately compound. Rachises of leaf bear 12-20 pairs of leaflet they are sessile linear to oblong fold after touch. Flower in globes heads, calyx minute corolla pink. Stamen numerous exerted, pods flat slightly curved, seeds are compressed brown. Medicinal use : Flower in the mixture of milk control paralysis. Leaves with ghee apply on piles, body inflammation and in diabetic. Roots in addition to other plant used in acidity, cough, jaundice and constipation. Leaves with other plant used in urinary infection. It is used as appetizer by rural people ( Plate-VI)

Botanical name : Pongamia pinnata L. Family- Papillionaceae/ Local name- Karanj/ Indian beech Description: Plant is a medium sized semi evergreen glabrous tree, and with spreading branches. Bark greyish green or brown. Leaves is compound 5-7 leaflets ovate acuminate or elliptic. Flower is pinkish white fragrant, axillary raceme. Fruit is thick woody compressed. Seed is reniform, smooth and wrinkled. Medicinal uses : Plant use by tribes for control of ulcer, gonorrhoea, and leprosy. It is also used against diabetes and skin diseases. Plant used to control gonorrhoea, anthelmintic, some rural cure beriberi, ulcer and cough by this plant. Tribes of Sengaon taluka used this plant specially to control ardhsis, whooping cough, teeth and ear disorder. ( Plate-VII)

21

Botanical name : Purgularia damia (forssk.) chiov. Family– Asclepiadaceae. Local name- Utarand Description : Plant is hairy-tomentose, twining, under shrubs; stem much branched. Leaves opposite, reniform-ovate, deeply cordate at base with rounded lobes, acuminate, glabrous, petiole pubescent. Flower in drooping, corymbose cymes becoming racemes, bracteates, pedicillate. Calyx villous, divided almost at the base. Corolla glabrous hairy, Medicinal use : It is used in body inflammation, to cure wound. Leaves used in urinary trouble, as anthelmintic and inflammation in vagina. It is used as uterine tonic. Leaf used in diarrhoea, asthma and in inflammation. ( Plate-VII)

Botanical name : Ricinus communis L. Family – Euphorbiaceae Local name – Yerand/ castor bean Description : Plant is under shrub or small tree with conspicuous ring like scars on the hollow stem. Leaves are alternate with long petiolate palmate with 7-11 lobes and serrated edges. Flowers are unisexual, fruit spiny and split in to three sections. Seeds are smooth and brown. Medicinal uses : Oil of the seeds used as purgative, bark of plant used in skin inflammation and rashes, it is used in control of breast tumour, jaundice. Plant used in wat, sandhiwat, shtan wradhi and acidity. ( Plate-VII)

Botanical name -Spindus larifolius vahl . Family- Sapendaceae Local name – Ritta Description : Plant is medium sized deciduous tree. Leaves are pinnate 2-3 pairs. Flowers is large white polygamous male flower abundant than bisexual flower. Fruit is fleshy drupes, wrinkled rind on drying, seed is black. Medicinal use : Plant used as anthelmintic, it is used in asthma, cholera and in verminosis. It is use by tribes on cattle ulcer, ringworm, piles; it is also used as expectorant. ( Plate-VII)

Botanical name : Tectona grandis L. Family – Verbinaceae Local name – Sag/ teak Description: Plant is large deciduous tree with grey bark branches are quadrangular. Leaves are simple, opposite, broadly elliptical or obovate, acute or

22 acuminate, coriaceous, rough above, stellately- grey tomentose beneath, possessing minute glandular dots. Flowers are many small white with sweet scented. Fruit is hard bony drupes and seeds are ovate white in colour. Medicinal use : Plant is use in rural area for treatment of hyper acidity, pitta, and dysentery and skin diseases. It is also used in diabetes, leprosy, diuretic, and in ring worms. Bark of plants is used as anthelmintic, it used in bronchitis, leprosy and ulcer. ( Plate-VIII)

Botanical name : Tephrosia purpurea (L.) pers. Family – Fabaceae Local name - Dhamasa/ Unhali. Description : Plants are branched herb with spreading branches. Leaves are imparipinnate, leaflets are 11-21 narrow oblong or lanceolate. Flowers are red to purple in extra axillary racemes. Fruits slightly curved pods, seeds are smooth. Medicinal use : Seeds of these plants in addition to other plats used to cure urinary tribal, constipation, chest pain, and liver disorder. Whole plant use to cure Malaria, dysentery. Root of plant in the mixture of other plant used to cure common cold and cough. Root also use for the treatment of kidney stone and piles. Plants used by tribes for cure anaemia and syphilis. Seeds of the plants are used in rat poisoning. Juice of leaves used as anthelmintic, digestive, diuretic and in skin diseases. ( Plate-VIII)

Botanical name : Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Family – Combretaceae Local name – Saduda/ Ajon/ Arjun Description : Plant is large ever green tree with buttressed trunk and spreading crown with drooping branches, bark is smooth, grey out side and flesh coloured inside. Leaves are simple, sub opposite, elliptic coriaceous, crenulated, pale dull green above, pale brown beneath. Flower is white, panicle of spike with linear bracteoles. Fruit is oblong 5-7 wings. Medicinal uses : Tribes use this plant normally for cooling purpose. Powder of bark is used popularly as cardio tonic and in urinary diseases. It is also used in fracture, ulcer and diabetes. Plant commonly used to control of pitta, anaemia, asthma, and tumour. Powder of bark is used as inflammation, in liver disorder and in hypertension. ( Plate-VIII)

23

Botanical name : Trichosanthes labata Roxb. Family- Cucurbitaceae Local name -kadu padawal/ snake gourd Description : Plant is annual climber with furrowed stem tendril. Leaves is simple, broader than long, reniform or broadly, deeply lobed. Flower is white male always occur in axils female flower are axillaries or solitary. Fruit is ovoid fusiform indehiscent berries tapering at both end white stripes on immature and red when ripened. Medicinal use : Ring worms cure by seeds of the plant. Lockjaw and poison control by seeds. Plant used as carminative, stomach-ache. Plants used by tribes for control of anodyne, cardio tonic, leprosy, wound and ulcer. ( Plate-VIII)

Conclusions: Ethnobotany recently as an interdisciplinary science and it link, to all plant concern sciences. Ethnobotany has tremendous scope in the world along with India. There are numerous tribes in India used wield medicinal plants to cure their diseases and disorder but yet numbers of traditional medicinal plants are undocumented. Very few universities and research center give attention on ethnobotany. The present minor research project concludes that even though the allopathic medicine used to cure various diseases and disorders of human, domesticated animal and plant diseases. The tribes of Sengaon region fully depend on wield plants for cure of their diseases and disorders. They treat the diseases by applying plants such as to acidity, stomach-ache, intestinal worm, scabies, skin diseases, mouth diseases, headache, T. B., syphilis, leprosy, constipation, fever, diabetic, asthma, wounds, nikalge, nakhurde, pandhara and lal prader ( white dishrag), bone facture, ghanorrhea, urinary troubles, cough, diarrhoea, ring worm, male sterility, burning, dysentery, pregnancy problem, piles, ulcer, hernia, jaundice, animal diseases, lice killing, helminthiases, poison, malaria, fistula, tonsil, ardhsis (migraine), teeth diseases, ear diseases, vaginal infection, cholera, liver disorder, kidney stone. Some plants used by tribes as carminative, appetizer, hair inducer etc. Presently the traditional healers or practiser become old and due to allopathic treatment and lack of interest of younger generation in traditinal practise they migrate to cities for jobs, it is possibility of losing traditional knowledge in future. Therefore it’s become necessary to make documentation and preserve traditional knowledge. Present project illustrate to

24 documentation of some wield medicinal plants which are endanger due to unaware their importance. The report of this project is presented in enumeration and plants were arranged in alphabetical order. Present project include 36 species, 36 genus belonging to 26 Families. Among them same species are Tree-15, Herbs-11, Shrubs- 08, and climbers-02. The present study tries to understand the life style and treatment system of tribes in Sengaon taluka of Marathwada region of Maharashtra. In Sengaon taluka there are several medicinal plants in forest. The collected information has been compared with ethno botanical literature. Species mentioned in this project shows similar medicinal use to the standard book, journals and research papers. The tribes of Sengaon taluka use these plants and part to treat the diseases in the form of decoction, paste, gum, juice, crude powder, ash and infusion. They used plant as singly or in combination with other plants. Government and we all people must to take care of wield medicinal plants which are used for treatment of all diseases and disorders and for environmental balance. Present study provided information of wield medicinal plant to find out their chemicals and equally helpful to conservation of traditional etnomedicinal knowledge as well as for progress of tribal’s peoples.

25

Accacia nilotica L. Achyranthese aspera L.

Argemone maxicana L. Bombax ceiba L.

Plate26 : I

Boswellia serrata Roxb. Buhanania latifolia Roxb

Butea monosperma L. Caesalpinia bonduc L.

Plate27 : II

Careaya orborea Roxb. Carissa carandas L.

Cassia fistula L. Cissus qudriangularis L.

Plate28 : III

Cocculus villosus Roxb. Cynodon dactylon L.

Diplocyclos palmatus L. Elephantopus scaber L.

Plate29 : IV

Enicostema axillare Lam. Eclipta Prostrata L.

Ficus racemosa L. Gloriosa superb L.

Plate30 : V

Lantana Comara L. Lemonia acidissima L.

Madhuca indica Koeng. Mimosa Pudica L.

31Plate : VI

Pongamia pinnata L. Pu rgularia damia Forssk.

Ricinus Communis L. Spindus Larifolius Vahl.

32Plate : VII

Tectona grandis L. Tephrosia purpurca L.

Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Trichosanthes Labata Roxb.

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Questionnaires

Informants Details:

Name : ------

Male/female : ------

Age : ------

Occupation : ------

Education : ------

Residence : ------

Vernacular name (Plant) : ------

Habit : ------

Wield/ cultivated : ------

Method of administration : ------

Medicinal and Other uses : ------

Botanical name and family : ------

Signature of Researcher Signature of Informants

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