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Steroidní Látky V Odpadních Vodách – Výskyt, Metody Vzorkování a Analytického Stanovení

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Steroidní Látky V Odpadních Vodách – Výskyt, Metody Vzorkování a Analytického Stanovení MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRN Ě PŘÍRODOV ĚDECKÁ FAKULTA RECETOX VÝZKUMNÉ CENTRUM PRO CHEMII ŽIVOTNÍHO PROST ŘEDÍ A EKOTOXIKOLOGII STEROIDNÍ LÁTKY V ODPADNÍCH VODÁCH – VÝSKYT, METODY VZORKOVÁNÍ A ANALYTICKÉHO STANOVENÍ Lucie Langová Bakalá řská práce Brno, Česká republika, rok 2008 MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRN Ě PŘÍRODOV ĚDECKÁ FAKULTA RECETOX VÝZKUMNÉ CENTRUM PRO CHEMII ŽIVOTNÍHO PROST ŘEDÍ A EKOTOXIKOLOGII STEROIDNÍ LÁTKY V ODPADNÍCH VODÁCH – VÝSKYT, METODY VZORKOVÁNÍ A ANALYTICKÉHO STANOVENÍ Lucie Langová Bakalá řská práce Vedoucí: doc. RNDr. Zden ěk Šimek, CSc. Brno, Česká republika, rok 2008 2 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě s použitím uvedené literatury. V Brn ě dne 19.5. 2008 Lucie Langová Pod ěkování Cht ěla bych pod ěkovat doc.RNDr. Zdeňku Šimkovi za odborné vedení a cenné rady, dále d ěkuji Mgr. Klá ře Hilscherové, PhD. za laskavé zap ůjčení článk ů. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Seznam zkratek ....................................................................................................................... 7 3.Rozd ělení steroidních látek ..................................................................................................... 8 3.1 P řírodní steroidní látky....................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Syntetické steroidní látky................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Konjugované steroidní látky ............................................................................................. 29 4. Fyzikáln ě-chemické vlastnosti.............................................................................................. 33 5. Zdroje steroidních látek ....................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Odpad z chovu hospodá řských zví řat................................................................................ 34 5.1.1 Vym ěšování hov ězího dobytka.................................................................................. 35 5.1.2 Vym ěšování prasat..................................................................................................... 35 5.1.3 Vym ěšování dr ůbeže.................................................................................................. 36 5.1.4 Vym ěšování ovcemi................................................................................................... 36 5.2 Odpad vylu čovaný lidmi.................................................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Vym ěšování lidmi ...................................................................................................... 37 5.3 Papírenský pr ůmysl........................................................................................................... 38 6. Osud v přírod ě....................................................................................................................... 39 6.1 Sorpce do pevných částic .................................................................................................. 40 6.2 Degradace......................................................................................................................... 41 7. Toxikologické vlastnosti a d ůsledky kontaminace prost ředí............................................. 42 8. Analytická metodologie ........................................................................................................ 43 8. Vzorkování a uskladn ění ..................................................................................................... 44 8.1.1 Pevné vzorky.............................................................................................................. 44 8.1.2 Kapalné vzorky .......................................................................................................... 44 8.2 Extrakce a čišt ění.............................................................................................................. 44 8.3 Instrumentální analýza...................................................................................................... 45 9. Záv ěr ...................................................................................................................................... 50 10. Použitá literatura ................................................................................................................ 52 11. P říloha.................................................................................................................................. 55 Příloha č. 1 Jiné názvy a obchodní názvy jednotlivých steroidních látek............................... 56 4 1. Úvod V sou časné dob ě vzr ůstá obava z potenciálních ú čink ů endokrinn ě-disruptujících polutant ů na život ve volné p řírod ě a na lidskou populaci, stejn ě tak jako nap ř. zvyšující se výskyt rakoviny prsu u žen, zvýšení abnormalit u lidského reproduk čního systému a rozdílné vyjád ření biologických poruch u zví řat ve volné p řírod ě (nap ř. hermafroditizmus, feminizace a snížená plodnost). Výzkumy na živých organismech prokázaly, že vystavení ryb koncentracím estrogen ů 1ng/l E2 (Estradiol ) nebo 0,1ng/l EE2 (Ethynylestradiol ) zp ůsobuje u n ěkterých druh ů feminizaci (Sebastian Zuehlke, 2005). Proto jsou steroidní látky polutanty, které se dostávají do pop ředí zájmu práv ě kv ůli velmi nízkým koncentracím, které p ůsobí jako endokrinní disruptory. Nezanedbatelnou a velmi problémovou složkou zne čišt ění životního prost ředí (povrchových i podpovrchových vod a dále p ůd) jsou odpadní vody. Povrchová voda ve vodních tocích (recipientech) i nádržích je zne čiš ťována r ůznými druhy odpadních vod. V nejv ětším množství je zastoupen komunální odpad z lidských sídel (splašky a deš ťové vody), svedený do kanaliza čních sítí a vypoušt ěný do recipientu p řes čistírnu odpadních vod, p řípadn ě bez d ůkladného předčišt ění p řes odleh čovací objekt (při přívalových srážkách pomáhá odleh čit p řepln ěné kanaliza ční sít ě). Dále jsou odpadní vody infek ční (z nemocnic, laboratoří apod.), pr ůmyslové a zem ědělské, které by však do kanaliza čních sítí, resp. recipientu m ěly být vypoušt ěny již p řed čišt ěné. V neposlední řad ě se do odpadních vod po čítají i látky vyplavené z polí, vzniklé p ři zem ědělské výrob ě a chovu hospodá řských zví řat, a ne čistoty splavené srážkami ze zpevn ěných povrch ů (asfaltové a dlážd ěné plochy). Je nutno vzít v potaz i zne čišt ění samotných srážek. Do čistíren odpadních vod je dodáváno velké množství kontaminant ů (endokrinních disruptor ů) a tyto jsou pouze částe čně odbourávány b ěhem čist ění, nejsou však zcela odstran ěny b ěhem konven čního zpracování odpadní vody. Slou čeniny p řidružené k t ěmto ú čink ům zahrnují i steroidní látky, kterými se tato práce bude zabývat a bude sumarizovat dostupné informace o jednotlivých látkách a jejich vlastnostech, vlivu na životní prost ředí a zdrojích zne čišt ění. V příloze jsou pak uvedeny jiné názvy jednotlivých látek, které byly dohledány z důvodu lepší orientace ve vyhledáva čích a v literatu ře, kde je ve v ětšin ě uvedena jedna a táž látka pod r ůznými jmény. 5 Během posledních let bylo vynaloženo zna čné úsilí na vývoj nových analytických metod, a to natolik citlivých, aby umožnily rozlišování r ůzných látek. Analýza steroid ů v životním prost ředí p ředstavuje nelehký úkol kv ůli komplexnosti matric a kv ůli obvykle nízkým koncentracím t ěchto cílových slou čenin. Na základ ě denního vylu čování hormon ů lidmi, faktoru řed ění a p ředešlých m ěř ení z r ůzných výzkum ů se o čekávají hladiny t ěchto hormon ů v ng/l ve vodních vzorcích. (Guang-Guo Ying, Rai S. Kookana, Ying-Jun Ru, 2002) Pro polární slou čeniny je z hlediska detekce zvlášt ě vhodná metoda LC-MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Nedávno zve řejn ěné metody pro ur čování farmaceutik ve vzorcích ze životního prost ředí používají ionizaci pomocí elektro-spreje (ESI) nebo chemickou ionizaci za atmosférického tlaku (APCI). Druhým cílem této práce tedy bude zpracovat informace o metodách odb ěru a p říprav ě vzork ů pro detekci steroid ů v jednotlivých složkách prost ředí a jejich koncovém analytickém stanovení. P ředevším metodami HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) a LC-MS, LC-MS-MS. 6 2. Seznam zkratek APCI Chemická ionizace za atmosférického tlaku DHEA Dehydroepiandrosteron E1 estron E1-3S Estron – 3 sulfát E2 Estradiol E2-3S Estradiol 3-sulphate E2 β 17 β-estradiol E3-3S Estriol-3-sulfát EDCs endokrinn ě disruptující slou čeniny EE2 Ethynylestradiol EE2 17-α-ethynylestradiol ESI Elektrosprejová ionizace GC/MS Plynová chromatografie s hmotnostním spektrometrem GCB grafitizovaná uhlíková čer ň HPLC Vysoceú činná kapalinová chromatografie HPLC-DAD Vysoceú činná kapalinová chromatografie s detektorem diodové polem LC-MS Kapalinová chromatografie – hmotnostní spektrometrie LC-MS-MS Kapalinová chromatografie s tandemovou hmotnostní spektrometrií LEV Levonorgestrel LOD detekovatelné limity MeEE2 mestranol NI negativním iontovém módu NOR Norethindron PLE tlakové kapalné extrakce Q-Trap Iontová past SPE Extrakce z pevné fáze TCF Totally-Chlorine Free TOF tzv. pr ůletové analyzéry UPLC-Q-TOF- Ultraú činná kapalinová chromatografie s dvojitým nebo trojitým MS kombinovaným hmotnostním analyzátorem s TOF VTG vitellogenin 7 3.Rozd ělení steroidních látek Steroidní
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