S O U TH DAK OTA ’ S P RAYER

me O God a lo v i n mo - s Make , , g ther tate , Wh o se st u r dy s on s and co mely daughters leal With selfless pride s h a ll co un t maternal weal — Th e c hiefest e n d the certain way an d s traight

T ro w c t o wi n f h ugh hi h the Ch aplets o the great.

a me O God ss n t o f e M ke , , e e tially e l

’ c d n s o o f c l My hil re l yal l ve , the per e t , rea , S upremest gift bestowed by Gracio us Fate

in n O G od i n h co mmon al Make i e , , trut a we th

n ac h s a s ar and s a Wherei e heir h ll h e h re partake , An d no n e s hall fail an d n o n e s hall take by s tealth ;

’ My all for them ; a n d they fo r Mo ther s s ake if S hall deem it go od bo th ge ar and l e to gi ve .

I n o and us ma H n e . l ve tr t , y eave let us liv

A B R I E F H I S T O RY

_‘l

SO U TH DAMK O TA

DO A N E B IN S O N g Q 1 m m “

SECR ETARY O F TH E STATE HI STO RICAL SOCIETY O F S OUTH DAKOTA

N EW vO RK CINCINNATI CHICAGO MA N Y MA N B O O K O A E R I C C P Gc

' 1 av Cow mc nr , 905 ,

DOAN E RO BI N SON .

’ H LL ENTE RE D AT STATIO N E RS A ,

SOUTH DA K OTA.

5 - 9 8 1 5 21 49 4!

PREFACE

the The student who learns story of his community , the sacrifices and successes of the pioneers , the worthy

an accomplishments of his relatives of earlier generation , the history of the soil upon which he lives , will hardly fail to develop pride in his locality , and that pride is an almost certain guaranty of good citizenship . The following stories of South Dakota are written in the belief that they will contribute something to the development of an intel ligent and patriotic citizenship in our state . Ge

CO N TE N TS

CHA PTE R TH E S TO RY TO LD B Y THE RO CK S

F THE MNDS T HE S TORY O OU

THE A B O R I GINAL IN D I AN S WHITE E ! P LO RE RMS MD C S O E LAN L A I S

LEWI S A N D CLA R K

LE WI S AN D CLA R K WITH THE TE TONS

THE FI RST B LOO DS HE D

A N O TA B LE BO AT RA CE A PA TRIO TIC CE LE B RATI ONM AN E NGLI S H CAPMT A IN F RO SOUT H DAK OTA MAN U L I S A RICA E L , A E N

THE RE E CONQUEST

A FOURT H O F JUL Y CELEB RATION

ME F S O T ALES O T RA VELERS

A B AD B A RGA I N

THE S P I RI T AK MA SSA ML E CRE A CA P A I GN THA T FAILED

RM T T M P E ANEN S E T LE ENT

T H E N EW T E RRI TO RY IS BORN

T H E W A R O F THE O UTB REAK

A D A KO TA PAUL REV ERE

T H E RE D CLO U D W A R 6 A BRIEF HISTO RY O F SOUTH DAKO TA

CHAPTER I

THE STO RY TO LD B Y THE RO CK S

IT is very easy to read the story of the rocks in South

Dakota, for here more than anywhere else the several formations are exposed to View : and we can readily see

W o hat must have happened in that time very long ag ,

before men , or even animals , inhabited the Dakota land . The rock formations can be seen more or less all over the —

. l r l t e if s r is . c ea S state , to y y hown especially in that section near the head waters of the White River at the foot

Bla ck . of thfl Hills , known as the Bad Lands We learn there that in an ancien t time a great ocean rolled over South Dakota ; that some great conv ulsion must have occurred deep in the earth which threw up the Black Hills and other western mountains ; that the ocean

swept over these hills , grinding them up and washing them

down across its floor toward the eastern part of the state , thus laying down a for mation or stratum now compressed into hard rock which is the lowest of the many forma

tions studied by the geologist . We learn that again and

again the rocks and hills were raised up , each time to be 9 SO UTH DAKOTA

washed down by the ocean , each washing making a new stratum , until finally there came a time when the ocean could not overcome the hills and the latter became high and solid earth somewhat as we now know them . In this time the earliest evidences of life appeared , in the form of sn ails and other low orders of creatures . Then the ocean seems to have come back and swept down another stratum of soil from the mountain bases , and after it had again subsided came a race of monstrous reptiles , the remains of which are found quite generally over the state wherever the formation of that period is exposed . It is quite certain that at this time South

Dakota was in the main a vast steaming swamp , for the climate was tropical , and out of the swamp grew tropical verdure .

ho w For long the reptiles reigned no one can ever know, but their period was followed by another, in which great l anima s , much larger than anything now in existence , roamed throughout the land . They have been given hard names by scientific men who study their remains ; as

b r onto ther es el eother es. titanotheres , , and The titano theres and b r on tother es were evidently of the elephant or

eleother es rhinoceros family , and the were giant pigs . While remains of these animals are most common in the

n Bad Lands , they are fou d in many other localities , show i n g that they roamed generally throughout the state . At hi this time we can be very sure, from the signs w ch are left, that South Dakota was a great swampy , tropical plain which sloped gently down from the Black Hills on

' the west to the great centr al r i v er flowing through the STORY TO LD BY TH E RO CKS I I

present James River valley, and from this river sloped

o f up to the top of the coteau at the east line the state .

By this time several agencies were at work Which r e

sul ted in a great change in the climate of the region . The uplifting of the Black Hills and the Rocky Mountains had

off cut the warm breezes from the Pacific Ocean , and in the far north vast heaps of ice were being piled up by the

almost continual freezing of the frigid climate . These heaps of ice had become so deep that they could not sup

r un port their own weight , and so began to or spread out as you may have seen a large lump of dough spread when

turned from the kneading pan to the table . When we ex

a amine piece of ice , it seems to be so hard and brittle that it does not seem possible for ice to spread in this way ;

nevertheless , scientific men have shown beyond doubt

that ice does spread when placed under a great weight . The spreading of this ice sent it down from the north east until i t had run far down into the South Dakota

' country . It was so thick and heavy that it completely dammed up the valley of the great river, so that its waters became a great lake , lying north of the ice and extending far back into the Rocky Mountains . The ice pushed along until its western edge had traveled as far as the line now occupied by the Missouri River, when it began to melt away . The waters which were dammed up in the upper part of the great valley began to seep about the

o f western edge the ice , until they ran entirely around it and reached the old bed of the stream below Yankton .

Thus the ice quite changed the surface of South Dakota . Before it came the Grand River extended east from its

STO RY TO LD BY THE RO CKS I 3

present course until it reached the great river near where

. w Redfield Aberdeen now is The Cheyenne ran do n to ,

the Teton or Bad River to Huron , and the White to

Mitchell . The great animals , the titanotheres , masto

el eo ther es dons , and , were destroyed by the ice , and when

n it had melted away , it left new co ditions in climate , soil , ff and river courses , not greatly di erent from what exist

- to day . Of the Bad Lands from which much of this story is

E . all learned Professor Charles Holmes , a poet whom

South Dakotans delight to honor, has written the following verses TH E B AD LAND S

s l n ss s s o n o n n A ti l e leep the br ke plai ,

An d su n s do n h the beat w , wit a fiery rain , O n the cr us t that co vers the san d that i s rife

With the bleachi ng bo nes o f the old wo rld life .

’ sea o f s nd an d o s Tis a a , ver the wave ’ Are the wind- bl own t o ps o f the Cycl ops caves ;

And the m o un tain - s heep an d the an telopes

- l Graze cautio usly o ver the su n burn t s opes .

’ An d here i n the spo rt of the wild Wind s play

nd s as s d A thousa year are ye ter ay , An d a millio n m o re i n these barren lands

Have r u n themselves i n the s hifting san ds .

O s and s f and ss on and p ain h , the truggle tri e the pa i

d o n s nd n Since the bo nes l ay bleac he the a y plai ,

on s f n sea And a stillness fe ll the hi ti g , And a sil en ce that tells of etern ity ! TH E S TO RY O F TH E MO UNDS

WHEN human beings first came to live in the South

. Dakota country , is now unknown Whether or not other men lived here before the Indian tribes is not certain . Those who have studied the subject most carefully believe there was no one here before the Indians came . I n various localities there are a number of mounds evidently the work of man , but it is believed that they were all built by Indians .

All along the Missouri River, at the best points for defense , and for the control of the passage of the stream , are mounds that are the remains of fortresses . Their builders must have labored industriously to construct them . It is believed the y were built by the ancestors o f W the Ree Indians , who still occupied the section hen w hite men first came to it . The most important of these w mounds are in the vicinity of Pierre , where it is kno n the Rees had a very large Settlement which they aban d n o ed a little more than a century ago . Here are the remains of four very important forts , two on each shore of the river, completely protecting the approach , from w above and belo , to the extensive region between , which

s wa occupied by the Rees for their homes and gardens . 14 THE STO RY O F THE MOUNDS I S

Along the Big Sioux River, especially in the vicinity of

Sioux Falls, and about the lakes on the coteau in Roberts and Marshall counties , are many mounds which chiefly were burial places . From them have been taken many curious stone implements which were used by the In dians in hunting and for domestic purposes before white men brought them implements of iron and steel . Some of these implements are very similar to those used by the

Chickasaws and other tribes of the southern United States , and are not at all like the implements of the Ree and Sioux Indians ; and this fact leads scientific men to sup pose that those southern tribes may at one time have occupied the Dakota country .

The Sioux Indians , too , made many small earthworks, and light stone works , usually on prominent hills and along the streams, but these are chiefly memorials of some strik ing tribal event . Some of the more important ones are at the hill known as Big Tom , near Big Stone Lake ; at Snake Butte , near Pierre ; at Medicine Knoll , near

Blunt ; at Turtle Peak , near Wessington Springs ; at

’ Punished Woman s Lake in Co di ngton County ; and near

l Hu r on o n Armadale Grove , Ashton , and , the James

River . Almost invariably as a feature of these memo

of rials the image some bird , animal , or reptile has been made out of small bowlders to indicate the lodge or cult

Lewis and Clark, the explorers, found at Bon Homme

Island, near Yankton , a very extensive embankment of earth which they measured carefully and described very fu lly, and which for eighty years afterward was supposed SO UTH DAKOTA to be proof that the region had been occupied by a pre

. It historic people is now known , however, that this embankment was produced by the action of wind and water . The South Dakota mou n ds that were erected by In dians are of less importance than Similar mounds found in some other parts of the great Mississippi valley ; but they are of great interest as the oldest works of man in our state . CHAPTER III

TH E AB O RIGINAL IND IANS

THE Ree , or Aricara, Indians were possibly the first human inhabitants of South Dakota . These Indians

REE IN D IAN LODGE

v l built permanent illages , of earth lodges , and ived by agriculture and the chase r Their homes were always near

— 1 so . DA K . 2 7 SO UTH DAKOTA

the Missouri River or some other large stream . Their l lodges were bui t by digging a round hole , like a cellar, in the earth , over which a roof was made by setting up forked timbers , which were covered with poles and brush and then buried in earth . A hole was left in the top of

. the lodge for ventilation , light , and the escape of smoke These lodges were very comfortable and do not seem to have been unhealthful . Farming by the Rees was limited to the raising of corn , beans , pumpkins , squashes , and

. E u tobacco ach family had its own tract of gro nd ,

o ff fenced with bushes and rushes , and the only implement used in the cultivation of the crop was a sort of shovel made from the shoulder blade of the bu flal o . For very many years , how long is not known , but probably nearly a century , their chief settlement was in the immediate

1 2 vicinity of Pierre , but in 7 9 , being driven away by the

Sioux , they settled in the northern part of the state near d the mouth of Gran River , where part of the tribe was already established . When white men first had knowledge of the Dakota country , the Omaha Indians occupied the Big Sioux valley and the Missouri valley as far as the mouth of the James

~ River, while at that time , or very soon thereafter, a settle ment of Sisseton Sioux was made at Big Stone Lake , . and the Kiowas occupied the Black Hills . All of these tribes , unlike the Rees , were nomadic ; that is , they lived i n‘ tents and moved about from place to place as suited their convenience . Sometime in the latter part of the seventeenth century the Sioux Indians who were natives of the timbered coun

SOUTH DAKOTA

away that the Ree hunters could not get them , and thus they really starved out their enemies , who , as we have

. seen , moved to a new home on the Grand River As

m en military would say , the Rees were flanked out of their position by the Sioux . In 1 7 7 5 the enterprising O g lala branch of the Teton Sioux had penetrated as far as the

Black Hills , where they paid their compliments to the Kiowas and before the end of the eighteenth century had driven

them away , and settled in

their territory . While the Teton Sioux were thus making a settlement west

of the Missouri , their relatives

the Yanktons , who like them selves had been crowded out

of the Minnesota timber, were trying to find a home in the lower country between the S IOU ! WA RR IO R Mississippi and Missouri rivers .

They settled among the Osages , but were driven away . Then they conquered a small territory in the Otto country

in western Iowa , but finally were driven away from there B with the loss of all their horses and other property . e fore the Teton Sioux went to the Missouri they had driven the Omahas from the Big Sioux and James rivers to a new

n home south of the Missouri , and the Teto Sioux claimed THE ABO RIGINAL INDIANS 2 1

the Big Sioux and James valleys as conquered territory . N ’ ow, however, while the Tetons hands were full with their

’ forty years war with the Rees , the Omahas were threat eni n g to come back into their old South Dakota homes .

Therefore when the Yanktons , whipped and robbed by the Ottos , came up the Missouri looking for a place to rest , they were warmly welcomed by the Tetons , who gladly gave them a large territory to occupy on the James River, and fitted them out with arms and horses to enable them to defend their new home from the threatened invasion of the Omahas . So it came about that before the end of the eighteenth century all of South Dakota, except a very small territory,

fiv not more than four or e townships in extent , near the mouth of Grand River, which was occupied by the Rees , had passed in to the possession and control of the power ful Sioux tribes . CHAPTER IV

WHITE E! PLO RERS

CHARLE S PIE RRE LE SUEUR was one of the most enter prising and energetic o f the merchant explorers who came out from Canada and roamed all over the western country in search of trade in furs , during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Le Sueur was a fur trader and a politician as well . He was a native of Montreal , and was

’ a cousin of the famous D Ib er v ill e and Bienville who were conspicuous in fo unding the French settlements in

Louisiana and Alabama . He visited the upper Missis

‘ 1 68 sippi country as early as the year 3 , and from that time until 1 7 00 spent most of his time upon that stream and westward . It is claimed that when Le Sueur learned that La

Salle had explored the Mississippi River to its mouth, he promptly saw the opportunity to enrich himself by collecting furs in the West and sending them to France E and ngland by way of the Mississippi , thus escaping the payment of the heavy tax placed on the fur traffi c by the

’ . D Iber v ill e Canadian government Sending his cousin , , to the mouth of the Mississippi with a ship , Le Sueur came west of the Mississippi , collected a large amount of furs among the Omaha Indians on the B ig Sioux

flatbo at River, and sent them on a down the Big Sioux

zz W HITE E! PLO RERS 2 3

D ’ and Missouri to the Mississippi , where Ib er v ille took E them aboard his ship and carried them to urope , selling them at great profit . Le Sueur himself retur ned to the

Mississippi , where he gathered a small quantity of furs, and taking them back to Canada, dutifully paid the tax upon them , as a good citizen should do . While there are reasons for believing that this story is true , it can not be verified from the records . If true, Le Sueur was the first white man to visit South Dakota .

1 6 In any event, Le Sueur in 99 came back from France , to the West , by way of the Mississippi and Minnesota E rivers , and built a fort on the Blue arth River, a few miles

e from the site of Mankato, Minnesota, wh re for a year or two he mined for copper and at the same time carried on a trade with the neighboring Indians . He traded with the Omahas , who still resided on the Big Sioux

i . R ver, and very probably visited them He returned to France in 1 7 0 1 and soon afterward furnished the i nfor

’ mation from . which the geographer De l I sle made a ma p of the central portion of North America , including the eastern portion of South Dakota . It is possible that Le Sueur obtained his knowledge of South Dakota from i the Indians, but it is most l kely that he gained it from personal observation of the ground . The map shows

Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse , the Big Sioux, James , and Missouri rivers in their proper relation and very

Maha well drawn . It locates the Omahas ( on the map ,

2 Ai aou ez p . 4) on the Big Sioux, a village of Iowa Indians ( ) on the James , and the Yanktons on the Missouri in west er n Iowa , where they were then residing in the Otto SO UTH DAKOTA

r . count y There is a road shown on the map , extending W westward from the mouth of the isconsin River, by way “ of Spirit Lake , Iowa , to Sioux Falls , and marked track ” of the voyagers . From all of these things it is believed

’ ' D E S M S MA P D MRM L L A FR F ATI S UPPLI D BY L E S U U R I E , E O IN O ON E E that Le Sueur was the first white man to enter the South

Dakota country , but if he did not come here himself, it is quite certain that other white men in his employ did do so , at or before the beginning of the eighteenth century . CHAPTER V

S O ME LAND CLAIMS

N O the strength of the discoveries of Columbus, and especially of Coronado , who came from Mexico up through

I 0—1 1 New Mexico and into Kansas in 54 54 , Spain claimed all of the interior of the American continent , including

. the South Dakota country She did nothing, however, in the way of exploration or occupancy, to make the claim good , though for more than a hundred years her right was undisputed , until the French from Canada began to trade with the Sioux Indians and claimed for

France all of the territor y which they entered .

1 8 1 1 2 On September , 7 , the king of France granted the monopoly of trade in all of the territory lying in the

Mississippi valley to Anthony Crozat, a banker of Paris , for the term of sixteen years . The action of the French

C led the Spaniards to take measures to assert their laims , and they sent men from Santa Fe’ to drive the French from the lower Missouri and Mississippi rivers . The Spanish plan was to excite the Osage Indians to make war on the Missouri Indians , who were friendly to the French ,

~ but by a mistake the Spaniards went directly to the .Mis

n souri camp , where the entire party , with one exceptio , were ki lled . This led the French to build a fort near the mouth of the Missouri . SOUTH DAKOTA

In 1 7 3 2 th e king of France reasserted hi s sovereignty

“ over the Mississippi and Missouri valleys , and governed the section through a governor general who lived at New

Orleans . There is no record or probability that either France or Spain took any actual possession of the South Dakota country until young Verendrye claimed it for

1 . France in March , 7 43 For nearly twenty years after Verendrye claimed the

’ land France s title seems to have been undisputed , but in

1 6 2 7 she ceded all of Louisiana, which included South

i n r . Dakota , to Spain , retu n for certain political favors Spain took possession an d governed the land west of the Mississippi for nearly forty years thereafter ; then in 1 800 she secretly deeded it back to France . When the American people learned of this secret cession of the Louisiana country to France , the western pioneers in Ohio , Indiana , Kentucky, and Tennessee were greatly concerned and aroused . The great Napoleon had just made himself the head of the French govern ment ; his fame as a soldier and conqueror had spread over the world , and the American frontiersman did not like to have him for a near neighbor. Thomas Jeff erson was then President of the United

States . The importance of the control of the Mississippi

- River was clear to his far seeing eye . He determin ed that we must , at least , have a joint right to its free passage and must have a site for a commercial city at its mouth , and he undertook , by sending special representatives to

France , to secure these rights . At the same time he pre vailed upon Congress to permit him to undertake the

LEWIS AND CLARK

JEFFE RS O N selected to head his party of explorers his private secretary , Captain Meriwether Lewis , a cousin of

George Washington . Scientific knowledge was not very far advanced in America at this time , but early in the

S 1 80 pring of 3 , a few days before the bargain with Na pol eon had been made and months before it had been thought of in America , Lewis hurried from Washington to Philadelphia to take a brief course in the natural sciences and mathematics , hoping to gain enough to enable him to make scientific observations of the country through which he was to pass , and to determine the latitude and longitude of various places . a While Lewis was in Phil delphia, it occurred to him that it would be wise to organize the expedition in two

e parts, and k ep two records , so that in case one record was lost there would be hope of preserving the other. f He told Je ferson about it , and the President thought the plan a wise one ; so Captain William Clark a brother of General George Rogers Clark , the man who in the Revo l u ti onar y War had saved Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the United States was selected to accompany Captain him Lewis , and to enjoy with equal rank in the command of the enterprise . W AN LE IS D CLARK 3 I

All of the remainder of that year was spent in preparation .

the . In summer the two captains set out for St Louis , and not until they reac hed the Ohio River did they learn of the pur chase of Louisiana by the American government . They secured the serv ices o f forty- one

s per ons, all told

soldiers , guides , b o a t m e n , a n d — hunters and en camped for the winter on the east bank of the Mis si ssi i pp , opposite the mouth of the

Missouri . th The 9 of May ,

1 80 4, was set for the formal transfer of Louisiana from CAPTAIN ME RIWETHER LEWIS Spain to France Statu e at the Le wi s and C ar k Ex osi ti on 1 0 l p , 9 3 and from France

and ff and to the United States , Je erson desired Lewis

i . Clark to rema n at St Louis for that ceremony, which

’ t di d. l t the hey Therefore , it was not unti hree o clock in SOUTH DAKO TA

1 o ff afternoon of Monday, May 4, that the little band set up the Missouri . They had several boats , which they pro

elled p with oars or sails , or towed with ropes , according to the condition of the river and the direction of the wind .

They proceeded very slowly , examining the river and the

th e country , and visiting Indians , but without any event affecting the history of South Dakota until they ar r i v ed

’ at the mou tli l r ig Sioux River at eight o clock in qi t A s a i zB

o f 2 1 1 80 . the morning August , 4 That night they camped A on the Nebraska shore . Sergeant Charles Floyd having died the evening of

2 0 August , when at the site of Sioux City, the men were allowed to select a successor to him , and the choice , which was made by ballot , fell to Patrick Gass . This occurred

2 2 d E on the when the party was encamped at lkpoint , and it may reasonably be assumed to be the first popular election in South Dakota . The next morning Captain Lewis killed a very large buffalo upon the bottom near

Burbank , from which they salted two barrels of meat . On the 2 4th they arrived at the mouth of the Ver milion River, and the captains took two men and went up nine miles to examine Spirit Mound , about which they

b e had heard strange stories from the Indians , who li ev ed that it was inhabited by a race of dwarfs , little people not larger than gophers , who instantly put to death any one who came near their home . It is need less to say that the explorers found nothing mysterious or alarming about the very ordinary mound upon the prairie . They did , however , find much that was pleasing “ . to them They say in their journal , We saw none of S AND LEWI CLARK 3 3

, these wicked little spirits nor any place for them , except

some small holes scattered over the top . We were happy enough to ‘ escape

t h e i r vengeance , though we r e mained some time on the mound to enjoy the delight ful prospect of the plain , which spreads itself out until the eye rests upon the north west hills at a great distance , and those of the north east still farther off , enlivened by large herds of buf falo feeding at a distance . The soil of these plains is ” exceedingly fin e . It is noteworthy that Spirit Mound P MR and other points CA TAIN WILLIA CLA K S t at u e at the Lew i s and C ar k Ex os i tion 1 0 l p , 9 3 along the Missouri in South Dakota then bore the names by which we still know them . This is one proof that the region was familiar to the French traders before Lewi s and Clark came .

s o . DAK . 3 SOUTH DAKOTA

On August 2 7 Lewis and Clark came to the mouth of the James River and met some Yankton Sioux there , who informed them there was a large camp of the Sioux a few miles up the James . The captains, therefore , sent messengers to the Indians inviting them to a convenient point a few miles up the Missouri . They proceeded up the stream and made their camp on Green Island , on the

Nebraska shore , near the site of Yankton . There they

th e 2 8th remained from Tuesday until Saturday, Septem

I ber , enjoying a grand coun cil , powwow, and carousal with the Yanktons . They set up a tall flag pole over their camp and raised a beautiful American flag upon it . The

- days were occupied with feasting and speech making, and the nights with feasting and dancing . The principal chiefs of the Yankton were Shake Hand , known to the

French as the Liberator, White Crane , and Struck by the Pawnee . One day a male child was born in one of the In dian lodges . Learning of this fact , Captain Lewis sent for the child and it was brought to him . He wrapped it in the American flag and made a speech in which he prophesied th at the boy would live to become eminent among his people and a great friend of the white men . His prophecy came true , for the boy grew up to be the famous Struck by the Ree , chief of the Yankton tribe , who was probably the means of saving the entire settlement at Yankton from massacre in the War of the Outbreak in 1 863 . All his li fe Struck by the Ree took great pride in his Ameri cani sm , and in the fact that he was first dressed in an

American flag. LEWI S AND CLARK 3 5

On the I st of September the party again embarked

and proceeded up the stream . The next day they stopped a to explore the embankment at Bon Homme Isl nd , which

r they believed to be a prehisto ic fort , but which has since been shown to have been but a bank of sand thrown up

by the winds and floods . On the 8th they passed the Pawnee or Trudeau House which was established in

1 7 97 , and there was no other event of note for several days . 1 5 21 48 4

While Lewis and Clark were at the Vermilion River,

their two horses had strayed away, and George Shannon ,

the youngest man in the party , had been sent out to hunt them up . Sixteen days had since elapsed , during part of which the captains had enjoyed their council and carousal w ith the Yanktons , and no word of the boy had come to

. be them They admit , in their journal , that they were coming uneasy about him . Shannon had found the horses and set off up the river . Durin g the fir st four days he used all his bullets and then he nearly starved, being obliged to subsist for twelve days on a few grapes and a

i i ece ' of rabbit , which he k lled by making use of a hard p stick for a bullet . One of the horses gave out and was left behind ; the other he kept as a last resource for food .

Despairing of overtaking the party, he was returning down the river in hopes of meeting some other boat, and was on the point of killing his horse when he was so fortunate

1 1 th . as to meet his friends, on the of September i The party now made their way up the stream , meet ng

i 2 I st no Indians , unt l the night of the , when they were

th e camped on the north side of Big Bend , having almost SOUTH DAKOTA

’ completed its circuit . Between one and two o clock in the morning they were alarmed by the sergeant on guard , who cried out that the sand bar upon which the party were camped was Sinking . They sprang to the boats and

S pushed over to the opposite hore , but before they had reached it , the ground upon which their former camp had been had entirely disappeared under the waters .

The next day they passed the Loisel post on Cedar Island , which they describe as being sixty or seventy feet square , built of red cedar, and picketed in with the same mate

2 th rial ; and on the 4 they arrived at the Teton River, where , as we shall see in the next chapter, they were to remain several days .

3 8 SO UTH DAKOTA

When Lewis and Clark arrived at the Teton or Bad

River , near where the village of Fort Pierre is now located , they found there a delegation of Indians , about fifty or l sixty in number, who represented a arge camp some two Mor three miles up the Teton River . These Indians were inneconjou Tetons , a branch of the Sioux , under the leadership of Black

‘

B u f f a l o , a man quite famou s in his

time . Pierre Do

rion , the guide to

the expedition , had been left at Yank ton for the purpose o f taking a party of Y a n k t o n c h i e f s down to Washing ton to council with

the President , so the party was without

an interpreter, ex cept a French boat jEFFERSO N MED AL GIVEN To A CHIEF BY m a n w h o could LEWIS A N D CLA RK speak very little Fr om Wonde r an d 1 00 l , 9 Si oux and no Eng lish . Communication with the Indians was therefore diffi cult and unsatisfactory . It was not the intention of the captains to stop long

is with the Tetons , for they bore a bad reputation , and it AND R LEWIS CLA K WITH THE TETO NS 39 evident that the explorers were more or less afraid of them ; l so they held a hasty counci , made a speech , smoked a pipe , and prepared to go on . As had been done at Yank

o i ton , each the chiefs was given a medal , a United States

flag, a laced uniform coat , a cocked hat and feather, and some small presents were distributed among the other men . Each of the Indians was given also a quarter of a glass of whisky, which they seemed to like very much .

But when the party made ready to proceed up the river , the Indians promptly protested . Three of them seized hi the cable which held the boat , and another put s arms around the mast . Lewis and Clark were told flatly

. that they could not go on The Indians stood about , drew their arrows from the quivers , and were bending their bows, when Captain Clark drew his sword and made a signal to the boat to prepare for action . The little cannon , called a W w as swivel gun , hich mounted on the bow of his boat , was swung about so as to cover the Indians, and twelve of the men sprang to the assistance of Captain Clark . f W This action had the desired e fect , for the Indians ith drew for a council . The party got off with the boats , but two of the Indi ans waded in after them and were taken on

off board . They went out into the stream and anchored

’ . Marion s Island , which they named Bad Humored Island The next morning the chiefs sent a message to them expressing sorrow for the occurrence of the previous day and desiring them to remain over for a feast and council , which the captains determined to do . Captains Lewis and Clark were each met at the Shore by ten young men , SO UTH DAKOTA

with a robe highly decorated , and were carried in state , on W these robes , to a large council house , here they were placed on dre ssed buffalo skins by the side of the grand chief . The hall or council room was in the shape of three quarters of a circle , covered at the top and sides with

MD R MP TH E ! A O E N CA OF S IOU

skins well dressed and sewed together . Under this shelter sat about seventy men , forming a circle about the chiefs , before whom were placed a Spanish and a United

n States flag . There was left a vaca t circle about six feet in diameter i n which the pipe of peace was raised on two forked sticks about Si x or eight inches from the ground

n n and under it the dow of the swa was scattered . Near by

n w n was a large fire o hich provisio s were cooki ng . AND R LEWIS CLA K WITH THE TETO NS 4 I

n o f There was now a lo g council talk , and then a great

; do feast was served it consisted largely of g meat , this being a favorite di sh among the Sioux and used in all

festivals . There was also a preparation of buffalo meat

and potatoes of which the captains partook , but they say

n d that as yet they could eat o ly sparingly of the og.

Thus the dav was passed until twilight , when everything

was cleared away for the dance . A large fire had been

made in the center of the house , giving at once light and

warmth to the ballroom . The orchestra was composed chiefly of ten men who played o n a sort of drum or tam

bou r i ne formed of skin stretched across a hoop , and made a jingling noise With a stick to which the hoofs of deer and

goats were hung . A third musical i n strumen t was a small

skin bag with pebbles in it . Five or six young m en also

sang . t The women came forward highly decora ed , some with poles in their hands on which were hung the scalps of

n their enemies , others with gu s , spears, or other trophies

taken in war by their husbands, brothers, or other rela

tions . Having arranged themselves in two columns,

S one on each ide of the fire , as soon as the music began

they danced toward each other till they met in the center,

when the rattles were shaken , they all shouted , and then

n returned to their places . In the pauses of the da ce some man would come forward and recite in a low gu t tural tone a little story or incident , either martial or ludi

cr ou s . was This taken up by the orchestra , who repeated

n . it in a higher strai , while the women danced to it The dances of the men were always separate from those of 42 SO UTH DAKOTA the women ; they were conducted in very nearly the same the way , except that men jumped up and down instead of shuffling as did the women . The harmony of the entertainment was disturbed by one of the musicians, who, thinking he had not received his due share of the tobacco presented by the captains , put himself into

a passion , broke

one of the drums , threw two of them

into the fire , and

then left the band . But no notice was taken of the man ’ s

conduct , and the dance was kept up till midnight ; then four chiefs escorted the cap tains to t h e i r boats and r e mained over night with them on

board . S IOU! S QUAW IN NATIVE D RESS ( MOD ERN) The c a p t a i n s took close notice of many of the habits , customs, laws , and fashions of the Sioux , which they set down in their journal . The following quoted at large from their journal is of great interest as indicating one of the police customs of the Sioux i n their primitive life WI AND R LE S CLA K WITH THE TETONS 43

- While on shore to day we witnessed a quarrel between

hi n two squaws , w ch appeared to be growi g ever y moment

more boisterous, when a man came forward , at whose

approach every one seemed terrified and ran . He took the squaws and without any ceremony Whipped them

severely . On inquiring into the nature of such summar y justice we learned that this man was an officer well known

to this and many other tribes . His duty is to keep the

peace , and the whole interior police of the village is con

fided f n to two or three of these o ficers, who are amed by

the chief and remain in power some days, at least till

the chief appoints a successor . They seem to be a sort

of constable or sentinel , since they are always on the watch to keep tranquillity during the day and guard the camp in the night . The short duration of the of fice is com

ensated . and p by its authority His power is supreme , in the suppression of any riot or disturbance no resistance hi m f to is su fered ; his person is sacred , and if in the execution of his duty he strikes even a chief of the second

class , he cannot be punished for this salutary insolence .

In general he accompanies the person of the chief, and w when ordered to any duty, ho ever dangerous, it is a

point of honor rather to die than to refuse obedience .

Thus , when they attempted to stop us yesterday , the chief ordered one of these men to take possession of the boat ;

he immediately put his arms around the mast, and, as we d understood, no force except the comman of the chief

would have induced him to release his hold . Like the hi n other men s body is blackened, but his disti guish ing mark is a collection of two or three raven ski ns 44 SOUTH DAKOTA

fixed to th e girdle behind the back in such a w av that the

~ ’ o u ho r i zo ntall . O n tails stick t y from the body his head , too , is a raven skin split into two parts and tied so as to ” let the beak project from the forehead .

’ The next morn ing when the captains royal guests arose , they carefully wrapped up the blanket upon which they had slept an d carried it away with them . There was nothing irregular about this , and it is the custom of the

Teton Sioux to this day . When an Indian is invited to a feast , it is his privilege to carry away all the remnants left upon the table , and if he remains over night , he takes with him , as a matter of course , the blankets upon which he has slept . So pleased were the captains with the entertainment they had received , that they decided to remain for another

day of it , and traditions of that day of dance and feast and carousal are still handed down among the descendants

of the Tetons who took part in it . Captain Clark was “

accompanied by his personal servant , a colored man

i . named York, who was a great curiosity to the Ind ans York w as intensely black and the Indians were very greatly astonished when they discovered that they could

not wash the color off . He was a man of wonderful

’ stren gth and in this day s entertainment he won the u n bounded admiration of the Indi ans by hi s exhibitions of

prowess . e However, it was necessary to bring the f te to a close ,

2 8th and on Friday , the of September, the captains de

t er mi ned to proceed on their journey . But when the time

for starting came , the Indians were as unwilling to have

46 SO UTH DAKOTA

'

County , and named it Stone Idol Creek , because they were told that a few miles back from the Missouri there were two stones t e sembling human figures and a third which looked like

a dog , and that these stones were worshiped by the

Rees . The In

dians told this leg~ end of these rocks “ A young man was deeply in love With a girl whose par ents refused their consent to the mar

r i age . The youth went out on the prairie to mourn

over his hard fate . A sympathy of feel ing led the lady to

the same spot , and the faithful dog

nO t S ACA A A I N 'I‘E RP RETE R R I S AND would cease to J WE , FO LEW LA RK I N 1 80 —06 C 5 follow his master.

Stat u e at the Lew i s and C a r k Ex os i tio n 1 0 l p , 9 3 After wandering together and having nothing to live on but grapes they were at last changed into stone, which beginning at their LEWIS AN D CLA RK WITH THE TETO NS 47

feet gradually invaded the nobler parts, leaving nothing u n changed but a bunch of grapes which the woman holds in her hands to this day . Whenever the Rees pass these

a f s cred stones , they stop to make some o fering of dress ” to propitiate the gods . On that day Lewis and Clark passed out of what is now South Dakota . They went on that autumn as far as the Mandan villages above Bismarck on the Mis

S souri , where they built a post and pent the winter . The

1 80 next year, 5, with great hardship , they crossed the mountains and reached the Pacific Ocean . Remaining

S n at the mouth of the Columbia until pring, they tur ed back and reached the north line of South Dakota on the

2 1 5t 1 80 6 day of August , , precisely two years from the date when they entered South Dakota on the upward trip . They stopped with the Rees for a short visit , but hastened by the Teton cou n try without attracting atten f tion . They had no desire to meet Black Bu falo , fearing that he would again attempt to detain them . The Yank

h S tons were friendly , but t ey pent little time with them, being in great haste to reach civilization again . At Elk point they met Mr . James Aird carrying goods to the Yank tons, and he supplied them with provisions of which they were in great need , and gave them the first information they had had from the outside world for more than two years . They reached St . Louis early in September, and their return was a source of great rejoicing to all the people of the United States. H A I ’ L L K V1 1 1

TH E FIRS T B LO O D S HED W HEN Lewis and Clark returned down the Missouri , they induced Big White, a chief of the Mandan tribe , with his wife and children , to accompany them to Washing

. é esseau me ton Ren J , a French

e long known on the fronti r , his Mandan wife went along

interpreters . These Indians r we e taken to Washington , where the appearance of Big White created a great

sensation . He was an ex

r r di n r il t ao a y large man , nearly seven feet high,and

as white as an albino . He was received by Presi dent Jefferson and made M much of by Washington A AN DAN CHIEF So cIety . In the Spring of 1 80 7 Big White was to return to his people , and Lewis and Clark had pledged the faith of the United States government that he Should have safe conduct to his home . Captain Clark came back to St . TH E FI RST BLO O D S HED 49

o u a n Louis with him , and there fitted t expedition under N the command of Sergeant athaniel Pryor, who had been a prominent member of the exploring party . Pryor had in hi s comm and two noncommissioned Officers and eleven soldiers . Pierre Chouteau , Sr . , with a trading party of

- o n thirty two men , bound for trade the head waters of E the Missouri , also accompanied the expedition . arlier

- in the season Manuel Lisa , a well known Spanish trader of that day , had gone up the river with a party of traders and their supplies .

. _ 1 80 . Pryor and his party left St Louis in May , 7 Pro ceedi n y S g prosperousl , although lowly , and passing all of

n i n the lower Sioux ba ds safety , they reached the lower of the two Ree Villages at Grand River on the morning of September 9 . The Rees fired several guns in the di r ec tion of the boats . Pierre Dorion , who accompanied the expedition as interpreter, asked what they wanted . The Indians replied by inviting the party ashore to obtain a supply of provisions . The kind treatment Lewis and Clark had received from the Rees the year before threw

off an d the party their guard , the boats were ordered to land . At the Ree village it was learned that the Rees and Mandans were at war with each other and that several of the Teton Sioux bands were joined with the Rees and were present in the village . A Mandan woman who had been captive among the Rees for several years came on board one of the boats and gave the whites some impor tant information . She said that Lisa had passed up a few days before and when he found that the Rees intended

so . DA K . 4 50 SO UTH DAKOTA

w to stop him , he told them that a large party of hites , with the Mandan chief, would soon arrive ; and after e giving them a large part of his goods, including som

. u guns, he was allowed to go on The Rees made p their minds to kill Lisa upon his return , but let him pass for the present for fear rumors of their acts and intentions might reach the parties below and cause them to turn W back . She warned the hite men that the Rees were bent on mischief. Sergeant Pryor at once ordered Big White to barricade himself in his cabin , and prepared his men for action .

After a good deal of parleying and speechmaking , Pryor explained the purpose of his journey , and after making some presents he was allowed to go on to the upper village .

esseau me The two interpreters , Dorion and J , went by land through the villages , and they learned that the Indians clearly had evil intentions . The Indians ordered the boats to proceed up a narrow channel near the shore , but the whites discovered the trap in time and refused to comply . The Rees now openly declared that they intended to detain the boats , saying that Lisa had promised them that

’ Pryor s party would remain and trade with them . They seized the cable of Chouteau ’ s boat and ordered Pryor to go on . This Pryor refused to do , but seeing the des ff o perate state of a airs , he urged Ch uteau to make some concessions to them . Chouteau off ered to leave a trader and half of the goods with them , but the Indians, feeling

r sure that they could capture the whole of the outfit, e fused the offer . HE T FI RST BLO O DSHED 5 I

’ The chief of the upper village now came on Pr yor s

S boat and demanded that Big White go on hore with him . With great insolence he demanded a surrender of all arms

. and ammunition The chief, to whom a medal had been w ’ given , thre it on the ground , and one of Chouteau s W men was struck down ith a gun . Raising a general

war whoop , the Rees fired on the boats and on Chouteau

and a few of his men who were on shore , and then with

drew to a fringe of willows along the bank , some fiftV yards back . The willows were more of a concealment

than a protection , and Pryor replied with the fire of his

entire force . The contest was maintained for fifteen minutes , but the number of Indians was so great that

Pryor ordered a retreat .

’ To retreat was a very hard thing to do , for Chouteau s barge had stuck fast on a bar and the men were compelled to wade in the water and drag it for some distance , all the while under the fire of the Indians . At length the boats

o ff d were gotten and floated down the current , the In ians following along the bank . It was not until sunset that

a the pursuit was bandoned by the Indians, and then only f on account of the serious wounding of Black Bu falo , the Teton Sioux who had entertained and quarreled With Lewis and Clark at the site of Fort Pierre three years before . This was the first engagement between troops of the

United States and Indians upon Dakota soil . Three of

’ Chouteau s men were killed , and seven wounded, one

’ mortally . Three of Pryor s men were wounded, among

h . time them the boy , George Shannon , w o was lost for a 52 SO UTH DAKOTA

’ 1 80 . while hunting Lewis and Clark s horses in August , 4 He was so severely wounded that his right leg had to be

a . Sau u i n man mputated by Dr g , the who made the ther

m om ete r . . , when he returned to St Louis Shannon later

a n d studied law became a successful lawyer of Lexington ,

Missouri , and a judge of his district .

The party with Big White returned to St . Louis , and it

1 80 was not until 9 that the government succeeded , at great expense , in getting him back safely to his people .

54 SOUTH DAKOTA

- Montreal , securing there many of the best trained fur

men from the Hudson Bay and Northwestern employment . c He went on to Ma kinaw , where he secured other trained

. wilderness rangers , and thence went to St Louis, where he purposed to lay in his supplies and employ additional

1 1 0 men . He reached St . Louis in the autumn of 8 . There he met with the most violent opposition from the

St . Louis merchants , who were very jealous of Astor . They refused to sell Hunt any goods and used every

means to prevent men from going upon his errand . In this opposition no one was more active than the

Spaniard , Manuel Lisa . It was important to Hunt to secure a guide and interpreter who was thoroughly fa

s r miliar with the upper Mi sou i , and he found such a man

r . in Pierre Dorion , J , son of the old guide to Lewis and

Clark . Dorion was a half Sioux , born at Yankton and familiar with all of the Indians residing on the Missouri

. River However, he was in the employment of Lisa, and that made it particularly hard for Hunt to secure his serv ices . It was the policy of all of the fur merchants to ’ e keep their employes in d bt to them, and Dorion was deeply indebted to Lisa for whisky he had purchased and consumed . Lisa was not Slow to see that Hunt was tampering with his man , and he coaxed , scolded , and l ’ fina ly threatened Dorion s arrest for the whisky debt.

ff o This had the desired e ect , and Dori n refused to aecom pany Hunt .

To keep his men away from the influence of the St .

Louis merchants , Hunt moved his expedition some 400 miles up the Missouri late in the autumn , and there O C A N TABLE BOAT RA E 55

. made a winter camp Toward spring he returned to St .

Louis to recruit more men , and again entered in to nego ti ati ons with Dorion , who agreed to accompany him into

. . the wilderness Learning of this , Lisa got out a war ’ rant for Dorion s arrest on the whisky debt , but Dorion escaped into the brush and , after traveling a long and circuitous route , joined Hunt far up the river . Hunt went with all haste to his camp , quickly made ready for

2 th 1 81 1 the voyage , and finally, on the 7 of April , , set o ff up the river in four boats, one of which was of large size and mounted two swivels and a howitzer . He was aware when he left St . Louis that Lisa was about ready to embark for the head waters of the Missouri , and he had every reason to believe that Lisa was now in close pursuit . Hunt ’ s party got along prosperously and reached the

1 mouth of the Big Sioux River on the sth of May . On the 2 3 d they had reached the sharp bend in the Missouri

S between the ite of Springfield and Bon Homme Island, when they were overtaken by a messenger from Lisa , who informed them that Lisa had passed their winter encamp ment nineteen days after they had left , and that he was then at the Omaha village opposite the mou th of the Big Sioux ; that he had a large boat manned with twenty oars

Astor i ans men , and that he had set out to overtake the at any cost . The messenger said that the Teton Sioux were i host le, being excited by the religious craze inspired by

o f the teaching the Shawnee Prophet , which had reached all r in of the t ibes the Mississippi and Missouri valleys , and that Lisa wished to join hi s expedition with the Asto r i an s for mutual protection while passing through the 56 SO UTH DAKOTA

hostile country . Hunt sent back word to Lisa that he

’ would await Lisa s arrival at the Ponca village at the mouth of the Niobrara ; but no sooner had the messen ger disappeared downstream , than Hunt redoubled his energy to pass through the Sioux country in advance of

- Lisa , for he feared that Lisa would use his well known influence with the Indians to excite hostilities against the

Asto r i ans . Hunt was in a state of terror, and it is hard to tell which he feared most , Lisa or the Indians he was pretty certain to meet in the Dakota country . By the morning of the 3 r st of May Hunt had arrived W in the neighborhood of the Big Bend , when the hole party were almost scared out of their wits by the approach of a large body of Sioux , who came racing down the river bank as if to intercept their passage . They were under the lead of our old friend Black Buffalo . They informed the White men that they were at war with the Rees and

n r Manda s , and would not pe mit ammunition and guns to be taken to their enemies . Hunt explained to them

that he was not looking for trade on the Missouri , but was

going to cross the mountains to , the Pacific coast ; this sat i sfied f Black Bu falo , who allowed the white men to pass

. i n on They, however, met several other bands of Sioux

the next day or two , and were kept in a constant state of

alarm . Just as they rounded the Big Bend they met a

party of Rees , who greeted them most cordially . After

o ff spending a night with the whites , the Rees set hot foot

for their home on Grand River, to inform their people of

the approach of the boats . At the very moment when the Rees disappeared up A NOTAB LE BOAT RACE 57 r iver, Manuel Lisa and his party were seen coming around the bend . This threw Hunt and his party into a new ter ror, but Manuel greeted them civilly and for two days con ti nu ed n n o to travel in their compa y , showing disposition to pass them , though they feared that he would go on and

n excite the Rees agai st them . — On the sth of June both p r ti e were encamped err fi be ' p / g :

t e - off the n Of si prese t city A Pierre It was a wet , dis agreeable day , and they had decided to lie over for rest

’ until the weather cleared up . From the moment of Lisa s arrival Pierre Dorion had kept aloof and regarded him

i n most sullenly . During this day camp the wily Spaniard

n an d decided to make up with Dorio , invited him on his

boat . After regaling him with whisky Lisa asked him to

quit the service of Hunt and return to him . This Pierre

n m refused to do . Fi ding that Pierre could not be oved

by soft words , Lisa called to his mind the old whisky debt and threatened to carry him off by force in payment

an d of it . A Violent quarrel occurred between him Lisa, and he left the boat in great anger and wen t directly to

’ the tent of Mr . Hunt and told him of Lisa s threat .

e While Dorion was telling Hunt his story , Lisa enter d

the tent , pretending that he had come to borrow a towing

line . High words followed between him and Dorion ,

and the half- breed struck him a hard blow . Lisa imme di ately rushed to his boat for a weapon ; Dorion snatched

up a pair of pistols belonging to Mr . Hunt and placed V hi mself in battle array . The loud oices aroused the

. camp , and every one pressed up to know the cause ’ Lisa reappeared with aknife stuck in his girdle . Dorion s 58 SO UTH DAK OTA

pistols gave him the advantage , and he kept up a most warlike attitude . A scene of uproar and hubbub ensued , which defies description ; the men of each party sided with their employer, and every one seemed anxious for f blood except Hunt , who used every e fort to prevent a gen eral melee . In the midst of the brawl Lisa called Hunt

’ ' a bad name and in an instant Hunt s quiet spin t was inflamed . He wanted to fight Lisa and his whole com pany, and challenged the Spaniard to settle the matter on the spot with pistols . Lisa , nothing loath , went to his boat to arm himself for the duel .

B r aken r i d e Two eminent scientists , Bradbury and g ,

e who accompanied the xpeditions , now returned from a search for Specimens just in time to interfere and u n doubtedly to prevent bloodshed . But while they did prevent a fight , they could not bring the two parties to a friendly understanding, and all intercourse between them ceased . They started on , keeping on opposite sides of the river, each party determined , if the other showed bad

o faith by attempting to g ahead to the Ree camp , to resort to arms to prevent it . Thus they skirted along until they

n were close to the Ree towns o Grand River . Lisa then

B r k r sent Mr . a en idge over to the Asto r i an s to arrange a joint meeting with the Rees with due ceremony . Hunt , still suspicious , refused to have anything to do in common w ith the Spaniard , but upon the representations of Mr .

B r akenr id e g finally consented , and it was arranged that

S both parties hould go to the Village at the same time . Here Hu n t decided to leave the ri ver and start across country to the Pacific by way of the Grand River route . A NOTABLE BO AT RACE 59

To enable him to do this it was necessary to buy a large number of horses of the Rees . He told his purpose in the

first council held , but the chief Left Hand said it would be impossible for them to supply so many horses as were

. E needed Here Gray yes , another chief, interrupted to say that the matter could be easily arranged , for if they had not enough horses to supply the requirements of the white men , they could easily steal more , and putting this honest expedient into practice they soon had all the horses Hunt h needed . Hunt remained with the Rees until the 1 8t

n Pa of July , when , bei g fully equipped , he set out for the

cific . Going up Grand River, he crossed through the northern part of the Black Hills , being the first to explore f that region , and after great hardship and su fering reached the mouth of the Columbia . Lisa , having traded out his wares to the Rees for furs , set out for St . Louis about the same time that Hunt departed .

SO UTH DAKOTA ara [Ree! braves returning from a foray . They had met the war party of Sioux who had been so long hovering

be about the neighborhood , had fought them the day 8 fore [that is , July , killed several , and defeated the rest , with the loss of but two or three of their own

doz n men and about a . e wounded ; and they were now halting at a distance until their comrades in the village should come forth to meet them and swell the parade of their triumphal entr y . The warrior who had galloped past the camp was the leader of the party hastening home to give tidings of his victory . “ Preparations were now made for this great martial ceremony . All the finery and equipments of the warriors were sent forth to them , that they might appear to the greatest advantage . Those , too , who had remained at home tasked their wardrobes and toilets to do honor to the procession . “ Ar i ckar as The generally go naked , but , like all sav ages , they have their gala dress , of which they are not a little vain . This usually consists of a gray surcoat and leggings of the dressed skin of the antelope , resembling

C hamois leather, and embroidered with porcupine quills brilliantly dyed . A buff alo robe is thrown over the right shoulder, and across the left is slung a quiver of arrows .

They wear gay coronets of plumes , particularly those of the swan ; but the feathers of the black eagle are con sider ed the most worthy , being a sacred bird among the

Indian warriors . He who has killed an enemy in his own land is entitled to drag at his heels a fox S ki n attached i to each moccasin , and he who has sla n a grizzly bear ' A PATRIOTIC CELEB RATION 6 3

l wears a neck ace of his claws , the most glorious trophy that a hunter can exhibit . “ An Indian toilet is an operation of some toil and trouble ; the warrior often h as to paint himself from head ffi to foot , and is extremely capricious and di cult to please a as to the hideous distribution of stre ks and colors . A great part of the morning, therefore , passed away before there were any signs of the distant pageant . In the mean

n time a profound still ess reigned over the village . Most of the inhabitants had gone forth ; others remained in mute

. S expectation All ports and occupations were suspended , excepting that in the lodges the painstaking squaws were

in silently busied preparing the repasts for the warriors . “ It was near noon that a mingled sound of voices and rude music , faintly heard from the distance , gave notice that the procession was on the march . The old men , and such of the squaws as could leave their employments, hastened forth to meet it . In a little while it emerged from hi e be nd a hill , and had a wild and pictur sque appearance as it came moving over the summit in measured step and to the cadence of songs and savage instruments ; the war

flau nti n like standards and trophies g aloft , and the feathers and paint and silver ornaments of the warriors glaring and glittering in the sunshine . “ The pageant had really something chivalrous in its arrangement . The Ar i ckar as are divided into several

a n bands , e ch beari g the name of some animal or bird,

f th . The as the bu falo, e bear, the dog, the pheasant present party consisted of four of these bands , one of

c whi h was the dog, the most esteemed in war, being com SO UTH DAKOTA po sed o f yo ung m en u nder thirty and noted for their

o n . prowess . It is engaged the most desperate occasions

The band s marched i n separate bodies under their several leaders . The warriors on foot came first , in platoons of ten or twelve abreast ; then the horsemen . Each band bore as an ensign a spear or bow decorated with beads ,

n . E porcupi e quills , and painted feathers ach bore its trophies of scalps , elevated on poles , their long black locks streaming in the wind . Each was accompanied by its rude music an d minstrelsy . In this way the pro cession extended nearly a q uarter of a mile . The warriors W were variously armed , some few ith guns , others with bows and arrows and war clubs ; all had shields of buffalo b hide , a kind of defense generally used y the Indians of the open prairie , who have not the covert of trees and for ests to protect them . They were painted in the most sav age style . Some had the stamp of a red hand across their mouths , a sign that they had drunk the life blood of a foe . ‘ As they drew near to the village the old men and the women began to meet them , and now a scene ensued that proved the fallacy of the old fable of Indian apathy and

. n W stoicism Parents and children , husba ds and ives , brothers and sisters , met with the most rapturous ex pressions of joy ; while wailin gs and lamentation s were heard from the relatives of the killed and wounded . The procession , however, continued on with slow and measured step , in cadence to the solemn chant , and the warriors maintained their fixed and stem demeanor . “ Between two of the prin cipal chiefs rode a young war A PATRI OTIC CELEB RATION 6 5

r ior who had distinguished himself in the battle . He was SO f severely wounded , as with di ficulty to keep on his

horse , but he preserved a serene and steadfast countenance , as if perfectly unharmed . His mother had heard of his

. condition She broke through the throng and , rushing up , threw her arms around him and wept aloud . He kept up the spirit and demeanor of a warrior to the last , but ex

r d pi e shortly after he had reached his home . “ The Village was now a scene of the utmost festivity and triumph . The banners and trophies and scalps and painted shields were elevated on poles near the lodges .

There were war feasts and scalp dances , with warlike songs and savage music ; all the inhabitants were arrayed in their festal dresses ; while the old heralds went round from

n the lodge to lodge , promulgati g with loud voices events of the battle and the exploits of the various warriors .

Such was the boisterous revelry of the Village, “ Irving continues ; but sounds of another kind were heard on the surrounding hills : piteous wailings of the women who had retired thither to mourn in darkness and solitude for those who had fall en in battle . There the poor mother of the youthful warrior who had returned home in triumph

’ but to die gave full ven t to the anguish of a mother s heart . How much does this custom among the Indian

r women , of repai ing to the hilltops in the night and l pouring forth their wailings for the dead , ca l to mind the f ‘ beautiful and a fecting passage of Scripture, In Rama

was there a voice heard , lamentation and weeping and

great mourning ; Rachel weeping for her children , and

’ would not be comforted because they are not .

so . DA K . 5 SO UTH DAKOTA

Those of the readers of this history Who recall the great festival throughout South Dakota upon the return of the First Regiment from the Philippine war will appreciate the fact that it was entirely in line with a time - honored precedent among the people of the South Dakota land . CHAPTER XI

AN ENGLIS H CAPTAIN FRO M S O UTH DAK O TA

WH E EN the second war with ngland began in 1 81 2 , British interests in the Northwest were placed under the f general control of Major Robert Dickson , a blu f old Scotch fur trader, who was married to a Flathead Sioux woman whose home was on Elm River in what is now Brown

County, South Dakota . It was the B ritish purpose to enlist the Sioux and other western tribes in their behalf

’ to make war on the Americans . Dickson s Wife was the sister of Red Thunder, chief of the Flatheads , and this

- - chief and his seventeen year old son , together with twenty two Sissetons from South Dakota, at once entered the

B ritish serv ice . In the early sprin g of 1 81 3 they went down , with many other Indians , to Mackinaw, which was the headquarters of the B ritish in the West, and thence proceeded against the American post , Fort Meigs , on the

Maumee River in northern Ohio . The siege of Fort Meigs was maintained for some

e tim , when a party of volunteer Americans from Kentucky appeared on the ground and the British were compelled to give up their intentions upon the post . Dickson held a council with the Indians and proposed that they should proceed at once against Fort Stephenson , an American 67 SO UTH DAKOTA

‘ post on the Sandusky River . This was agreed to and they embarked in their canoes down the Maumee , but

Itasa a when they arrived at the mouth of the river, p , the head chief of all of the Sioux Indian expedition , turned

n the prow of his ca oe up the lake toward Detroit, instead of turn ing south toward the Sandusky . Dickson and other officers hurried to the front and ’ I demanded to know the chief s in tention s . tasapa said

n he was goi g to take his warriors back to the Mississippi , and nothing that Dickson or the English could do could persuade him to change his mind . He resolutely kept on toward Detroit, and the other tribes , seeing the Sioux deserting, followed their example ; only Red Thunder, hi s - young son , and sixteen of the Sissetons remained to support the English in their attempt on Fort Stephenson . It seemed as if thEse warriors who remain ed loyal to

E h - a t e Or t the nglis t mpted , at F Stephenson , to make up — for the desertion of their countrymen ; they fought with extraordinary bravery , but no one of them so distinguished

’ himself as did Dickson s nephew, the Flathead young boy from South Dakota . He fought like a tiger, and , forget ting the Indian cunning and custom of concealing one ’ s self from the enemy, he charged ain

W i t, open , and his relatives at once named him

' ’ means the charger . It does not seem that up to this time he had any name , but his new name he held during

! the rest of his lon g life . At the charge upon Fort Stephen so n i Waneta received nine gunshot wounds , but surv ved them all and as long as he lived he wore in his hair n s ine small ticks painted red , as tokens of the wounds h

7 0 SO UTH DAKOTA

and arrangements Within and without the post . He then entered into a conspiracy to surprise the post and destroy

the garrison , but as he was about to carry it into execution ,

. Colonel Snelling, then in command, got information of it

Snelling promptly arrested Waneta, took him into the post , and put him through a sweating process which thoroughly

naturalized him . Colonel Snelling took his B ritish med

als and flags away from him, destroyed them before his

eyes , and compelled him to swear allegiance to the Ameri

can flag. Waneta came out from the fort thoroughly r e

formed in his views , and for the rest of his life was as proud of his Americanism as he formerly had been of his English

allegi ance .

1 82 When Major Long, in 3 , was sent out by the govern ment to establish the boundary line between the United C States and anada where the Red River crosses the line ,

Waneta met him at Big Stone Lake , where he had pre

pared a great ovation for the military . He was dressed for the occasion in a magnificent array of finery in which he had combined the most striking features of civilized and savage clothing . In 1 82 5 he signed the trade and inter

at S course treaty Fort Pierre , and a few weeks later, igned

du the boundary treaty at Prairie Chien , Wisconsin . In

1 8 2 a 3 Catlin found him at Fort Pierre , where he painted

fine likeness of him . Waneta was easily the most able and the most dis ti n ui sh d g e chief of all the Sioux nation of his period . He was shrewd , crafty , and diplomatic . After the conquest

1 82 of the Rees in 3 , Waneta removed his home from E m the lm River, in northern South Dakota, to the outh AN ENGLISH CAPTAIN F RO M SO UTH DAKOTA 7 1 of the War r econn e River (Beaver Creek) on the Mis

s souri , in outhern North Dakota , where he set up a pro tector ate over the Rees . He compelled them to pay him tribute in corn and horses and furs , which enabled him

S to live in great ease and plendor, and in consideration of this he protected the Rees from the Sioux tribes . He died in 1 848 and was buried on the east bank of the

Missouri River opposite Fort Rice in North Dakota . CHAPTER XII

S R MANUEL LI A , AME ICAN

MR PT W CA AIN ILLIA CLA K , of the Lewis and Clark

1 81 2 expedition , had before become General Clark , Indian agent and commander of the militia of the upper

Louisiana territory (later called Missouri territory) , which

included South Dakota and all of the American Northwest .

When Manuel Lisa , the wily Spanish trader, returned to

St . Louis from his famous boat race to the Ree towns in

1 81 1 the summer of , he reported to General Clark that “ the Wampum was carryi n g by British influence along

the banks of the Mi ssouri . and all the nations of this great

river were excited to join the universal confederacy , then

setting on foot , of which The Prophet was the instrument ” and the British traders the soul . At this time the Sioux Indians of the Mississippi River were wholly under the influence of the British traders

from Canada , from whom they obtained their goods .

On the other hand , the Sioux Indians of the Missouri River were under the influence of the French Americans from St . Louis , with whom they traded . It was the British policy to secure the assistance of the Dakota Sioux

1 81 2 in the War of , first for whatever assistance they might be able to render in the war, but chiefly that through 7 2 R A MANUEL LISA , AME IC N 7 3

the alliance the B ritish might secure the Dakota trade . Manuel saw this and at once imparted to General Clark a scheme by which he believed not only that the Dakota

fo r trade could be held the Americans , but that the Missis sippi Sioux as well could be made of no value to the Eng lish . General Clark was pleased with the plan and gave

the execution of it to the Spaniard , who , however bad his principles may have been as a trader, was always a loyal

American . Lisa was made the American agent for all of the Indians on the upper Missouri . He came among them and estab li shed a strong post somewhere in the Vicinity of the Big

Bend . It may have been on American Island at

Chamberlain , and it may have been upon Cedar Island just above the bend . Here he maintained a large stock

t of goods for the Dakota trade , taugh the women to raise vegetables , and supplied them with domestic fowls and cattle . He made of his post an asylum where the old men and women and the sick and defective were welcomed and cared for . Then with Spanish diplomacy he set about to create an impression in the minds of the Indians that the Sioux on the Mississippi were their enemies, and he ski llfully fomented trouble between the two branches of the Sioux nation . Trusted runners were sent to the Mississippi to hint to the Sioux there that the Dakota Indians were very much incensed at their conduct and were likely to send war parties against them at any time . This kept the Mississippi Sioux at home to protect l their fami ies and camps . Lest the too frequent cry of

‘ f h Mi si si i wol should make t e s s pp Sioux careless and get 7 4 SOUTH DAKOTA

them to thinking there was no danger, he sent a war party of Omahas against a little band of Iowas, but was careful to see that no general war took place . Lisa kept his Indians busy hunting and trapping and gave them good trade so that they were generally pros

er ou s ex e p , while the Mississippi Sioux , between their p

i i n s E an d d t o to help the nglish , their fear of trouble from the Tetons , neglected their hunting ; the British found f it very di ficult to bring goods to them for trade , owing to

thev the war, and were thus left very poor and in a miser able condition . By these methods Lisa held the Sioux of the Missouri very strongly to the American interests and was perfectly successful in his plan to make the Mis si ssi i E pp Sioux not only of no value to the nglish , but actu allv a burden to them .

When the war was finally over, Manuel perfectly under

o n stood conditions among the Indians both rivers , and he hurried to St . Louis to propose that a great council be immediately called in which all of the Sioux should be invited to participate and that they be thereby drawn to the American interest , both for citizenship and for trade .

n Clark , now gover or of Missouri territory , fully agreed

a with him , and authorized council to be held at Portage

RiVer . des Sioux , at the mouth of the Missouri Manuel went back to the upper Missouri and gathered up forty of W the chiefs and head men of his Dakota Sioux , hile Lieutenant Kennerly went to the Mississippi Sioux and secured representatives of all of the bands residing there .

Of 1 81 The council was called for the fifteenth day July , 5, and was within ninety days of the close of hostilities L R MANUE LISA , AME ICAN 7 5

E h between the nglis and Americans on the Mississippi . All of the bands joined heartily in a treaty of peace and

friendship with the Americans . Among the chiefs whom Manuel Lisa took down for f this council was Black Bu falo, who , while waiting for the council to assemble , died on the night of July 1 4. He

' was a Minneconjou and a man of a great deal of power . It will be recalled that he was the principal chief with

co u n cil ed whom Lewis and Clark , feasted , and quarreled

at the mouth of the Teton (at the site of Fort Pierre) , from

2 2 8 1 80 September 5 to , 4, when upon the up trip . He was with his band near Fort Randall when the explorers

1 80 6 and ' fear i n returned in , g trouble and delay they did not stop to hold communion with him . In 1 80 7 he was in league with the Rees and present in the Ree villages when the attack was made upon the party of Sergeant

Pryor and Pierre Chouteau , Sr ., who were endeavoring

S to get Big White to his home , and in the kirmish Black ff Bu alo was dangerously wounded , the whites supposing he was killed . We next find him at the head of a party of Dakotas whom the Ast o r i ans met at the Big Bend in

1 81 1 , protesting against the carrying of arms to the Rees

. and Mandans , with whom the Sioux were then at war

At this time , by reason of his appearance and mild de portment , he made a very favorable impression upon

B rakenr id e . g , who was the historian of the expedition f During the ensuing war with Great Britain , Black Bu falo was one of the men upon whom Manuel Lisa relied in his efforts to keep the Missouri River Dakotas friendly to the United States . SOUTH DAKOTA

Colonel John Miller, with a detachment of the Third

n Infa try , was present at the council , and at the request f of Gov ernor Clark , Black Bu falo was buried with military honors . Indeed he was given the honors of an f o ficer of high rank , and the ceremonies evidently made

‘ a deep impression upon the assembled red men , for E Big lk , chief of the Omahas, who delivered one of the funeral orations , said “ Do not grieve . Misfortunes will happen to the wisest and best of men . Death will come and always comes out of season . It is the command of the Great Spirit , and all nations and people must obey . What is past and can not be prevented should not be grieved for . B e not displeased or discouraged that inVisiting your father here you have lost your chief . A misfortune of this kind may never again befall you , but this would have come to you , perhaps at your own village . Five times have I visited this land and never returned with sorrow or pain . Misfortunes do not flourish particularly in our path . They grow every h t where . W a a misfortune for me that I could not have

- died to day , instead of the chief who lies before us . The trifling loss my nation would have sustained in my death would have been doubly paid for in the honors of my burial .

They would have wiped off everything like regret . In stead o f being covered with a cloud of sorrow my warriors would have felt the sunshine of joy in their hearts . To me it would have been a most glorious occurrence . Here after, when I die at home , instead of a noble grave and a grand procession , the rolling music and the thunderous

S cannon , with a flag waving at my head, I hall be wrapped

C HAPTER XIII

TH E RE E CO NQUEST

TH E 1 81 2 War of ruined the fur trade for the time being, and it did not begin to revive until about 1 81 7 . The rec ords are strangely silent about Lisa ’ s post in the Dakota

FU R A N D M ILITA RY STA B LIS HMT A F PI R R F R M1 1 E EN S NE R O RT E E O 8 7 TO 1 865

a 1 81 country at this time , but in the utumn of 7

- Joseph La Framboise , a mixed blood , French Ottawa , v established a post at the mouth of the Teton Ri er, where

Fort Pierre now stands , and the settlement at that point

S has been continuous ince , making Fort Pierre the oldest continuous settlement in the state .

7 8 THE RE E CONQUEST 7 9

The revival of the fur trade led to the organization of

several fur companies in St . Louis . Amo ng these was

the Rocky Mountain Fur Company , organized by Gen

l . li eral Wil iam H Ashley , a very prominent man , eu ten

of an d ant governor Missouri , afterward for many years

a member of Congress . Associated with Ashley was Major

Andrew Henry , another man distinguished in his time . In 1 82 2 Ashley and Henry went to the head waters of the

Missouri and established trade there with the native tribes .

Henry , with a considerable party of men , remained during

the ensuing winter upon the Yellowstone , while Ashley

returned to St . Louis to recruit more men and bring up

additional cargoes of goods in the spring .

1 2 Early in the Spring of 8 3 Ashley set out from St . Louis to return to the mountains with a par tv of S e e -h um

el and fi hunters , trappers , and river men , a large stock

of merchandise . At the end of May they had arrived

safely at the Ree towns at the mouth of Grand River, t where hey stopped to trade and to purchase horses , for Ashley had determined to send half of his party overland

bv to the Yellowstone the Grand River route , which had

been opened by the Asto r i ans in 1 81 1 . The Rees gave

them a hearty welcome , and they traded upon the most

friendly terms for several days . Finally , on the evening

1 of June , Ashley had secured all the horses he desired ,

men and prepared to leave i n the morning . Forty were

e V to go up Grand River, with the horses , and th y ere

encamped on the shore just outside of the lower town .

Ashley , with the remainder of the men , slept in the boats

anchored in the stream near by . S O UTH DAKOTA

Just before daylight a violent thunderstorm passed

an d over, just as the thunder and lightning was dying away , the Rees , without warning, made a desperate attack h upon the White men . As ley rallied his men to the de f nse e as best he could , but the advantage was all with the

Indians . The fight lasted fifteen minutes , and at its close twelve white men lay dead and eleven others were severely

m . wounded , at least one of the mortally Ashley got the survivors into his boats , cut loose , and allowed them to drift down river , out of range of the enemy . There he attempted to reorganize his forces and boldly push by the

a towns, and go on upstre m , but to his dismay he found that the courage of his men was gone , and scarcely one would assist him in the enterprise ; they openly declared that if he insisted upon it , they would all desert and make their way as best they could down the river . In this emergency Ashley made terms with them , by which he agreed to drift down to the mouth of the Cheyenne and

' be sent there fortify a camp , until messengers could to the nearest military post , which was located at Fort Atkinson , sixteen miles north of Omaha .

The express reached Fort Atkinson on June 1 8. Colonel

Henry Leavenworth was in command of the post , which

n n was garriso ed by a portio of the Sixth Infantry . Situ m ated as he was , without telegraph or other eans of com m u ni cati n g with his superiors , Leavenworth was forced to use his best judgment in the matter , and he determined to lead a detachment of troops up the river at once , and to punish the Rees severely for their con duct . The distance was about seven hundred miles by river . Four H T E REE CO NQUEST 8I

2 2 days later, on June , with two hundred and twenty men

and four keel boats laden with subsistence , ammunition,

- and two six pound cannons, he started on the long journey .

The river was high, the winds unfavorable, and the only means of propelling the boats was by towing them with the cordell e . Under the circumstances they made ver y good t . d ime When near Yankton on the 3 of July , one of the boats struck a sub merged log and was capsized and broken in two , and Sergeant Samuel Stackpole and s i x p r i v a t e s were drowned . At Fort Re cov er y , on American Island at Chamber o lain, J shua Pilcher joined Leavenworth with a company of forty men , and at the Cheyenne, Ashley

Oi ned W I them itheighty GENE RAL HEN RY LEAVENWORTH additional men , mak i n r m e g a total of three hund ed and forty white n, soldiers, and volunteers all told . Seven hundred and fifty Sioux

— — v ol Indians Yankton , Yanktonais, and Tetons also u nteer ed i to go along, but they proved to be a h ndrance rather than an assistance . They reached the Ree towns h on the 9t of August .

There were two of these Villages , separated only by a

so . DA K . 6 SO UTH DAKOTA

narrow ravine , both of which were stockaded . The lower village contained seventy - one and the upper seventy houses . The Rees came out to meet the soldiers , but were soon driven back to the inclosure of the towns, where they were at once attacked by the military . Pilcher

’ had a howitzer, which with Leavenworth s cannon made three large guns for the siege . Two of these guns were planted before the lower town , and the other one on a hill

' S IEGE OF THE RE E TOWNS ; DIS POS ITION OF LEAVENWO RTH S FO RCES back of the upper town . They kept up an intermittent

fire upon the town for two days , when the Rees came out and begged for terms .

Assuming that they had been severely punished , Leaven worth told them that if they would restore the goods , or an equivalent in horses and furs for the goods and horses taken from Ashley, everything would be forgiven . This

n they promised to do , and they did bri g out a few robes ; TH E REE GO NOU EST 83 but in the darkness of the next night the entire nation

abandoned their villages and escaped to the prairie, and though Leavenworth sent messengers after them with assurances of kindness and fair treatment , they could not be prevailed upon to return .

Having exhausted his provisions , Leavenworth was com ll d pe e to return to Fort Atkinson . His was the first general military movement in Dakota , and , while little was accomplished , it was really a very brave thing for Leavenworth to venture thus into a hostile country for the purpose of upholding the dignity of the American

‘ nation .

One circumstance connected with this - Ree outbreak

. should be borne in mind Immediately after the massacre , and when it had been determined that Ashley could not

u go forward p river but must retire , he felt that it was most

S n necessary that a messenger hould be sent to Major He ry , who , it will be remembered , remained the previous winter on the Yellowstone . He called for a volunteer to carr y

a . this message , and the only response was by Jededi h S

Smith , a boy eighteen years of age . It was a most dan ger o u s undertaking . The entire party were gathered .

’ Yell ow stone on the deck of General Ashley s boat , the ,

n when Smith received his commission . There , amo g the

n t dead and dyi g men , the boy , who was a Me hodist , knelt down and made a most eloquent prayer to Heaven for guidance and protection . This was the first recorded w act of religious worship in South D akota . He as suc ce sfu l s in reaching Henry , and at once returned down the river to St . Louis and Was back at the Ree town in time SO UTH DAKOTA to command a company of men there in the fight in — August . In sixty six days he had traveled more than

n four thousand miles , havi g no means of transportation

n more rapid than an Indian pony or a ca oe . Improbable

as this achievement appears , it is substantiated by the

military records . The Rees never were an independent people after

’ Leavenworth s campaign .

86 SO UTH DAKOTA

’ n . O Fall o n . n a d Dr Benjamin , of St Louis, were appoi ted special commission ers to Visit all of the Indian tribes on the Missouri River, to secure from them trade and inter course treaties which would be Solely for the advantage of the American merchants . The expedition traveled in a fleet of eight keel boats, which in addition to the usual oars, sails, and cordelles , were equipped each with a set of paddle wheels operated by hand power . They were

- accompanied by four hundred and seventy six soldiers, with Colonel Leavenworth in command . They reached

1 8th the Dakota country early in June , and on the held a great council near Chamberlain with the Yanktons, Yank tonais, and some of the Teton bands, and after a grand militar v exhibition which greatly impressed the Indians, secured a treaty precisely in the terms desired by the government . They went on to Fort Pierre , where they

2 d arrived on the of July, and there met several other bands of Tetons and waited several days for the Oglalas and some of the distant bands to come in .

th ofli cer s When the 4 of July arrived , the determined to give the Indians the benefit of a genuine Fourth of July celebration , and this is the first recorded celebration of the Fourth within South Dakota . Colonel Leaven f worth was made o ficer of the day, cannon were fired at . sunrise , there was a flag raising, and General Atkinson

’ . O Fall on and Dr delivered orations , which were inter

r eted . . . p to the Indians Lieutenant W S Harney, who thirty years later rendered distinguished service upon I that very soil , read the Declaration of ndependence , which was duly interpreted to the Sioux . At noon the A FO U RTH O F JULY CELEB RATION 87

Oglalas made a feast of the flesh of thirteen dogs , boiled in seven kettles , much done , to which the oflficer s were

. invited The remainder of the day was spent in games ,

. fin races , etc , and in the evening there was a e display of

fireworks . The festi v ities were continued over the 5th 6 th and th ; a grand military review took place on the 5 , 6 which struck the Indians with great awe , and on the th , after the treaties had been signed , Lieutenant Holmes threw six shells from the howitzer which exploded hand som el y and made a deep impression upon the savages . Among those present who took part in the Fourth of July celebration and festivities and who signed the treaty

E . was Chief Waneta , the nglish captain

When passing the mouth of the Little Cheyenne River, near the site of the present village of Forest City , the commi ssioners visited and examined the now celebrated footprints i nflock thaw ! The expedition went on to the Rees and secured a

S imilar treaty from those people, with an additional clause in which the Indians expressed deep regret for the

ex e occurrences of 1 82 3 . The treaties secured by this p dition had the desired effect . The B ritish traders were excluded from the American field and there was no further friction on this account . CHAPTER XV

S O ME TALE S O F TRAVELE RS

AFTER the completion of the trade and intercourse treaties there was a very great increase in the American

n fur trade , and it co tinued to grow and expand until the

O LD FO RT PIE R RE fur- bearing animals and buffalo were practically exter mi nated . The mouth of the Teton River was at the very the center of great fur country, and it was there, as we have e s en , that the little post of Joseph La Framboise was built in 1 81 7 . Five years later this post succeeded by [ was 88 SOME TALES O F TRAVELERS 89

1 8 2 Fort Tecumseh , and again in 3 it was rebuilt near by ” as Fort Pierre Chouteau , which was soon thereafter cur ” tailed by common use to Fort Pierre . Until the year before the erection of Fort Pierre the up - river trade was all

- carried on by means of the slow going keel boats, but in

1 8 1 r . 3 the enterprising Pierre Chouteau , J , son of the man who had fought the Ree Indians in the Big

White expedition , built

- a small , flat bottomed steamboat , intended ex pressly for navigation on the shallow Mis i souri , and w th it brought a cargo of goods to Fort Tecum seh . This steamboat tr ip entirely revolution i zed the Missouri River fur trade , and made it possible to aecom PI RR H UT AU R E E C E , . li sh W O J p ith great ease, in a few weeks of time , what formerly had required an entire season . The next year Chouteau took his steam

Yefl owston e boat, the , clear through to the forks of the

Missouri and there built Fort Union .

This successful navigation of the Missouri , to its head , was one of the great sensations of that period . There after many distinguished travelers visited the Dakota country . Even o n the trip of 1 83 2 Chouteau was aecom SO UTH DAKOTA

ni d pa e by George Catlin , the famous artist , who came to study the Indian in his primitive condition ; and to the pictures which he painted at Fort Pierre and along the Missouri we are indebted for the preservation of clear representations of the life , habits , and fashions of the early red men .

Another famous traveler, who came out the next year,

1 8 . 3 3 , was Maximilian , Prince of Wied He , too , was a student of native con di ti ons ; he was much more careful and accu

rate than Catlin . He

spent but little time ,

however, in South Da

kota , doing most of his work in the vicinity

of Fort Union .

In 1 83 9 Dr . Joseph

N . Nicollet , the famous

French scientist, came up the river to Fort

Pierre , accompanied by

Fr é General JOhn C’ R H AL C . FREM GENE JO N ONT

mont , then a youngman . They were in the employ of the government and had been f sent out to map the Dakota country , the first o ficial action

. at of this kind They remained Pierre for several weeks , preparing for their work , and then set out for the James

River and arrived at Medicine Knoll , near Blunt , on the evening of July 3 . At midnight Fremont went to the top SO ME TALES O F TRAVELE RS 9 1 of Medicine Knoll and fired guns and rockets in cele bration of the national anniversary . After traveling part way to the James they stopped to fish at Scatter wood

Lake , finally reaching the river at Armadale Grove , in

Spin k County . This grove was a famous camping place for the Indians and early travelers . Thence they passed up the James and across to Devils Lake, and thence back w do n the coteau to Lakes Traverse and Big Stone , whence w they left the state , going do n the Minnesota to St . Paul . While at Fort Pierre Nicollet and Fremont went out to a Yankton camp not far from the post, where they were received with great ceremony . A feast was prepared t for hem , and having made the customary presents which ratified the covenants of good will and free passage over i their country , the chiefs escorted the V sitors back to the fort .

A few days later one of the chiefs came to Fort Pierre, bringing with him his pretty daughter handsomely dressed .

Acco mpani ed.by an interpreter he came to the room where the scientists were employed with their books and maps , and formally offered her to Mr . Nicollet as a wife . This placed the old Frenchman , for a moment , in an embar rassing position , but with ready tact he explained to the chief that he already had a wife and that the Great Father “ ” would not let him have two . But here , he said , is ” . e . e Mr Fr mont , who has no wife at all This put Fr mont

S . in a worse ituation , but he too made a tactful reply He said that he was going far away and was not coming back,

as and did not like to take the girl away from her people , it might bring bad luck to them ; but that he was greatly pleased with the offer and would be glad to give the girl 92 SOUTH DAKOTA

a suitabl e present . Accordingly an attractive package

r s of scarlet and blue cloth , beads of va iou colors , and a

the mirror was made up and given to her, and two Indians went away , the girl apparently quite satisfied with her parcel and the father likewise pleased with other suitable presents made to him . While the matrimonial conference was in progress , the girl had looked on well

. pleased , leaning composedly against the door post

1 8 8 e The previous year , 3 , Nicollet and Fr mont had visited the eastern part of South - Dakota , coming in by wa y of Pipestone Quarry, and they mapped the Coteau region and gave to many of the lakes the names which they still bear . Lake Preston was named by Fremont for Senator Preston ; Lake Abert (Albert) for Colonel

Abert , chief of the topographical engineers ; and Lake

Poinsett for the then Secretary of War .

In 1 840 Rev . Stephen R . Riggs drove across country

i i from the m ss onary settlement at Lac qui Parle , Minne sota, to Fort Pierre , where he preached a sermon to the traders and Indians . This was the first sermon preached within South Dakota .

1 8 1 In 5 Father Peter John De Smet , a famous Catholic missionary , made his first visit especially to the Dakota

Indians , though he had previously become interested in them while passing down the Missouri from a trip among

1 8 the Indians of Oregon , and in 3 9, also , had come up the river as far as the mouth of the Vermilion to endeavor to effect a peace between the outlaw band of Wamdesapa

P taw mi and the o ato es . From 1 85 1 until his death in 1 87 3 he devoted his attention principally to the spiritual

94 SO UTH DAKOTA

About this time ( 1 850) eastern scientific people began to learn about the Bad Lands , and many men of note came out to visit and study that interesting region . The

CLAY B UTTES IN TH E BAD LAN DS ( WAS HAB AUGH COUNTY)

' great men who have since then visited South Dakota, from

General G . K . Warren to Theodore Roosevelt , are too nu merous to mention . CHAPTER XVI

A B AD B ARGAIN

THE discovery of gold in California ( 1 847 ) and the over land travel which followed greatly disturbed the Teton bands of the Sioux along the trail , which followed the valley of the upper Platte River to the Rocky Mountains ; for the gold hunters ruthlessly shot down or frightened far away the game upon which the Indians lived . At

first the Indians protested , and then began to retaliate by shooting the cattle of travelers . AS time advanced they became more bold and frequently shot straggling horsemen ; and once in a while a train was surprised and men shot down and women and children carried into captivity . This conduct made the government determin e to establish a strong post on the Missouri River at the point nearest to the trail in the Dakota country, and with another post at Fort L aramie (in what is now Wyoming) it was thought the Indians could be held in subjection . A preliminary review of the situation led the war depart ment to believe that the military post S hould be located at Fort Pierre , which was the point on the Missouri nearest

- 1 8 to Laramie . As the fur animals had by 55 been almost exterminated in the Dakota country the American Fur

y at Compan , which owned the post Pierre, was glad to sell it to the govern ment at a very large price . 95 96 SO UTH DAKOTA

While negotiations were going on for the purchase of

the post , the Indians became more unruly than ever, and it was thought necessary to send a strong force against

them . This force was placed under the command of

General W . S . Harney , the man who thirty years before read the Declaration of Independence at the Fourth of

July celebration at Fort Pierre . He at once sent a por tion of his men by steamboat to Fort

Pierre , to take posses sion of the post and place it in readiness to receive hi s main com

i n mand , which he tended to lead there

overland , through the country of the unruly

Indians , in the autumn . With twelve hun dred men Harney set out from Fort Leaven

worth , Kansas , on the

GENERAL W . S . A RNEY H h st of August , and h ‘ r o ceeded i p by way of Fort Kearney , Nebraska , w thout

2 d meeting any Indians , until the of September , when he found a camp of Brule Sioux at Ash Hollow on the Blue f Water , a northern a fluent of the Platte in central north

ern Nebraska . The next morning before light , he divided

the his force , sending the cavalry far around to strike

’ Indians camp from the rear , while with his infantry he A BA D BA RGAI N 97

approached the camp in fro n t . He reached a point Very

the a near c mp before the Indians discovered his presence .

Little Thunder, the chief, came out and desired to have a council . Harney, who was not yet sure that his cavalry

was in position , humored him for a time, until information came that the cavalry was ready . Then he told Little Thunder that he had come to fight him and that he should go at once and get ready for war . The chief flew back to his camp , Harney. in hot pursuit with the infan try . w When Harney was ithin hailing distance of the camp , he motioned to the Indians to run . They started to do

. so, and ran directly upon the cavalry Then the Indians,

n fi ding themselves trapped , began a fight for their lives , but they were overwhelmed from the beginning. The battle of Ash Hollow was a cruel massacre of the Brules ,

. but they died bravely An Indian severely wounded ,

a n d and supposed to be dead , rose up shot a soldier . A dismounted cavalryman rushed up to finish the In dian

h s with his saber, but , as he struck , the Indian threw up i gun and the saber broke off at the hilt . An offi cer came

an d to the rescue, the Indian caught up the broken saber

’ and almost cut o ff the leg of the officer s horse . He was

‘ then killed with a revolver shot This shows the spirit

’ of the savages defense . Upon the battlefield were a number of old caches (holes in which the Indians had buried food) in which the warriors took refuge and from which they succeeded in killing thirteen soldiers and

- Si x wounding many more . One hundred and thirty

Indians were killed and the entire camp , with all their property, was captured .

so . DAK . 7 98 SO UTH DAKOTA

Though hailed as a great victory and an additional

’ plume in Harney s crest of fame , the battle of Ash Hollow f was a shameful a fair, unworthy of American arms , and a disgrace to the o fli cer who planned it . It of course f had the e fect of making the Indians fear Harney , and possibly in that way did result in a degree of protection

1 8 ft .

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2 1 fe e t 2 1 x 10“

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1 0 ft .

4 2 i t .

Fr ont Pi cket s 1 0 i t A 1 0 t

1 8 ‘t PLA O F O LD F RT PI RR 1 8 N O E E , 55

to the California trail . There was no evidence Whatever

’ that Little Thunder s band had ever done any mischief, or been guilty of any conduct which warranted their punishment .

Harney took his prisoners on to Fort Laramie , and then turned by the old fur trail at the foot of the Black Hills, A BAD BARGAIN 99

by way of the White River, to Fort Pierre , which place

1 1 8 he reached on October 9, 55, where he reunited his entire force of more than twelve hundred m en . Fort Pierre was in no respect suitable for the a ccomm o dation of so large a force ; in fact the government was very seriously imposed upon by the fur company and had made a very bad bargain in the purchase of the post . Harney was compelled to di vide his men up into small companies , and most of them spent the winter in open cantonments , scattered from the present site of Oahe down to the Big Sioux River, wherever fuel and pasturage for the horses were convenient . Probably the first piece of doggerel rhyme ever composed in South Dakota was — produced and su ng as a barrack room ballad by the

: soldi er boy s in that wi n ter of 1 855 . It ran thus

’ O don n d m c n h , we t mi the ar hi g

N or n do f the fighti g we ear ,

’ B u t we ll never forgive o ld Harney P For bringing u s t o ierre .

1 T sa old Sbo o hey y tt built it ,

B u t no i s n ot so we k w it , For the man who built thi s bloody ran ch

Is reigni ng down bel ow .

1 8 6 In March , 5 , Harney assembled all of the bands of the Teton Sioux and of the Yanktons at Fort Pierre, and after a protracted council entered into a treaty with them , l by which they agreed to respect the Ca ifornia trail, and

1 Cho uteau. I 00 SOUTH DAKO TA

protect the travelers who passed over it . This treaty f contained a very wise provision , to the e fect that each of the bands Should select one great chief and ten sub o r di ~ W nate chiefs , hom the government should recognize as having full authority in the band . These chiefs were to select a sufficient number of you n g men to form a strong police force to preserve order in the camp . The govern ment was to clothe and furnish food for these chiefs and policemen . In View of the experience of recent years it is very certain that , had this wise plan been carried out , the government would have had little more trouble with the Teton Sioux , but Congress refused to ratify the treaty , or make provision for the uniforms and subsistence of the chiefs and police . h At this treaty council , Sitting Bull , then a boy eig teen

a e . years of g , first came to the attention of white men

a n — man He was overgrown , boorish , low caste , who came in the capacity of horse herder to Chief White Swan . Captain La Barge relates an amusing circumstance which occurred at this council . Chloroform was just

n coming into use among physicia s , and all of its properties were not then very well understood . Harney , to impress

u the Indians , was making some strong boasts of the s ” . Wh perior knowledge of the white men y, he said , i we can k ll a man and then bring him back to life . Here , ” surgeon , he commanded , kill this dog and restore it ” to life again . The surgeon caught up an Indian dog and administered to it a strong dose of chloroform . In a few moments he threw its body to the chiefs , who examined “ ” nd it a pronounced it plenty dead. After an interval

CHAPTER XVII

THE S PI RIT LAKE MAS SACRE

B T 1 82 Wak eku ta A O U 5 the p band of Santee Sioux , living about the oxbow of the Minnesota River (in the

Tasa i vicinity of Mankato) , was ruled by two brothers , g “ ” Wamdesa a . and p , meaning the black eagle Wam desa a t p was a Vicious man with an uncontrollable emper, and in a burst of passion he killed his brother, who was much beloved by his people . So outraged were the Wakpeku tas at this murder that they arose against Wamdesapa and compelled him to flee from the band to save his li fe . A few renegade Indians accompanied k him . From that time the Wakpe u tas disowned him and refused to have any relations with him whatever . Wam desapa wandered out into South Dakota and located about the lakes near the site of Madison , and hunted along the Vermilion River . As there were no settlers in that country he was left to his own devices .

Wamdesa a Ink a~ A son was born to p , and was named p “ ” “ ” . I nk adu ta duta , meaning scarlet point or red end p

’ inherited his father s awful temper and all of his vices .

He was intelligent , shrewd, treacherous , and without shame . All history does not reveal a more terrible charac ter . Wamdesapa died in 1 848 and Inkpaduta succeeded

102 THE SPI RIT LAKE MASSACRE 103 to the chieftainship of the small band of bad Indians he had gathered about him . In the very first year of his E chieftainship his cousin , The War agle That May B e

Wak eku tas w as Seen , chief of the p , hunting in what

I nk aduta is now Murray County , Minnesota , when p stole into his camp in the night time and killed the young chief and seventeen of his people . As th e white settle ments began to extend into western Iowa and western Minnesota I nkpadu ta spent much of his time raidi ng the

n n settlements, stealing stock , and a oying the settlers . B v the spring of 1 857 a considerable settlement had grown up about Spirit Lake on the northern border of Iowa . In March of that year Inkpadu ta Visited this settlement with his entire band , consisting of eleven lodges . He fell upon the settlement and utterly destroyed it , killing forty two persons in all . Four women Mrs . Thatcher,

Mrs . Marble, Mrs . Noble, and a young girl named Abbie — f Gardner were carried into captivity . The su fering and abuse to which these victims were subjected can not be described . During the march into Dakota the very heavy snows were melting and the country was flooded . At Flandreau the party crossed the Big Sioux River upon a fallen tree . Mrs . Thatcher was pushed from this log into the river and tortured to death while in the icy flood .

She Time and again was permitted to reach the shore, and while climbing the S lippery bank was clubbed back

h . into the water, until she was finally ex austed The party then went into camp at Lake Herman, near Madison . Two Christian Indi ans from the settlement at Lac qui

Gr e foot di Parle , y and Soun ng Heavens, who were hunt SO UTH DAKOTA

I nk adu ta ing on the Big Sioux , learned that p had white captives at Lake Herman and went out to attempt their rescue . They were able, with the means at hand , to secure the purchase of only one of the women .

Mrs . Marble was selected and they took her back to the settlements .

Two missionaries ,

G REY FO O T Dr and s. Riggs Wil

li am son E . Fl andr au , and the Indian agent Judge Charles , at once undertook to secure the rescue of the other cap

tiy es . They knew it to be impossible for white men to approach Ink

’ adu ta s p c a m p , s o they asked Indians

to volunteer to go . Three Christian In

dians, John Other

Mazaku te Day , Paul

mane , and Iron Hawk,

undertook the mission. They were well sup plied with provisions and goods to trade for

JOHN O THER DAY the captives . They

106 SO UTH DAKOTA

party of Santees was organized , under the command of w the famous chief Little Cro , and they proceeded from the Minnesota River into South Dakota in pursuit of

Ink adu ta . p After trailing him for a long distance , they finally located the outlaw and his band at Lake Thomp

i n r son , what is now Kingsbu y County , where a sharp

’ I nk du battle occurred . Two of pa ta s sons and two of

I nk adu ta . his soldiers were killed , but p escaped The

ffi Indians , regarding this as a su cient punishment , returned to the Minnesota, and no further action was taken by the government . CHAPTER XVIII

A CAMPAIGN THAT FAILED

As related in earlier chapters, the land now occupied by the state of South Dakota was acquired by the United States as part of the Louisiana purchase ( 1 803 ) and was included in the territory of Missouri , organized in 1 81 2 .

i di a But th s land remained the property of In n tribes , and was not settled by white men for more than forty years .

The part east of the Missouri River, meanwhile , was made successively part of Michi gan territory Wisconsin territory Iowa territory and Minn esota territory The part west of the Missouri was included in the original li mits of Nebraska territory When it became apparent that the state of Minnesota was to be admitted to the Union with its western boundary

‘ and n ot as at present located , upon the Big Sioux River as had been anticipated, a party of democratic politicians at St . Paul, believing that a new territory would speedily be organi z ed out of the portion of Minnesota territory hi not wit n the state boundaries, formed a company for the purpose of securing control of all of the desirable town sites and water powers in the proposed new terri tory , and for the purpose of securing the location of the W territorial capital, ith the expectation of securing the

10 7 108 SOUTH DAKOTA

offi ces and the control of the rich territorial contracts , such as for printing and Indian supplies . It was a far reaching scheme in the hands of shrewd and intelligent men , who stood very high in the confidence of the polit ical party then in power . They organized as the Dakota

1 8 Land Company , and in the spring of 57 sent a party l of men , under the lead of Major Frank in D e Witt , into the South Dakota country to claim the town sites . At Sioux Falls it was expected to establish the territorial capital , and there a city was to be immediately built . Governor Medary of Minnesota territory , a very influential politician , holding his appointment from the President of the United States and having large influence at Washington , was the president of the company .

Settlements were made at Sioux Falls , Flandreau , Medary (on the Big Sioux in the southern part of Brook ings County) , and Renshaw (on the Big Sioux, near the S ite of E stelline in Hamlin County) ; also at the mouth of the Split Rock River and near the site of Fairview in

n Li coln County . When the settlers of the Dakota Land

Company arrived at Sioux Falls , they found that a party m from Dubuque, known as the Western Tow Company, had preceded them and taken possession of the water power at the Falls , but they secured the upper water

an d power the two parties worked in harmony . Thus was made the first settlement in the Big Sioux valley .

imm edi Governor Medary , in furtherance of their plans, ately organized Big Sioux County and appointed for it a f full set of o ficers, taking them in about equal numbers from the St . Paul and Dubuque parties .

I I O SO UTH DAKOTA

drove the settlers away , and destroyed the improvements

made there . The settlers at Sioux Falls, learning of this ,

hastily fortified themselves , making a really strong post

which they called Fort Sod . Mrs . Goodwin , the first

white woman to settle in Dakota , had arrived a few days

before , and she made a flag to float over the fort , out of

all of the old flannel Shirts to be found in the settlement . Most of the movable property was taken inside the fort

and there the settlers were confined for six weeks , until their provisions were almost exhausted and they were

reduced to the severest straits , when Major De Witt ar

n rived with supplies . Really they were i little danger .

Smutty Bear moved down into the vicinity of Sioux Falls , and , finding the settlers so thoroughly fortified , went away to the James River without molesting them or even opening communication with them . But the settlers did not know this , and there were too few of them to venture out to find out what the situation really was .

The next summer the promoters , still hopeful , established

D akota D emocr at a newspaper called the , of which

Samuel J . Albright was the editor, and which they con ti nu ed to publish for two or three years . In the very first issue of this paper is printed a poem by Governor “ Henry Masters , entitled The Sioux River at Sioux

Falls . The first verse reads :

o lidest n O o nd n Th u g ge tly , th u wi i g stream ,

o n of flo n s Mirr ri g the beauty thy wery ba k ,

N o w d n to ou r s s n d s yiel i g soul ely ia ream ,

For c off e ou r f whi h we er th e heart elt than ks . A CAM PAIGN THAT FAI LED I I I

The high hopes of these people are revealed in the following extracts from the report of the Dakota Land

Company for 1 859. After describing in detail its several “ town sites , Renshaw, at the mouth of the upper Percee ;

Medary , the county seat of Midway County ; Flandreau , the county seat of Rock County ; Sioux Falls City, estab li shed seat of government of Big Sioux County and the

n z r B i recog i ed capital of the te ritory, at the falls of the g

Sioux , the head of navigation on that river, and terminus

Emi ni a of the transit railroad west ; j , county seat of Ver milion County, at the mouth of the Split Rock River and i Pipestone Creek , on the Big Sioux , thirteen m les below the

Falls , and at the more practicable head of navigation for large steamers ; Commerce City, situated at the great bend

x n of the Siou on the Dakota side , halfway betwee Sioux

Falls City and the Missouri , coal and timber plenty, at a point to whi ch steamers of any class may ply at any ” stage of water, the report goes on to say that their men “ have planted the flag of the Dakota Land Company on each valuable site from the mouth of the Sioux to old i Fort Lookout on the Missouri , and on the James , Verm l

Wan ar i . ion , and rivers There are more than two thou sand miles o f navigable waters bordering and within the ceded portions of Dakota and this company has already secured the most desirable centers for trade and com ” merce and governmental organization on all these rivers .

1 8 A new election was held in the fall of 59, and Judge

r r Jeff erson P . Ki dder was sent to Congress as ter ito ial delegate . A new legislature was chosen and Judge W .

W . Brooki ngs was made governor . But a change now I 1 2 SO UTH DAKOTA came with which these heroic boomers had not reckoned and which was destined to bring all their plans to naught .

The new Republican party was rising into power . Abra ham Lincoln had won national fame and in the spring of 1 86 1 was to become President of the United States . The i n fluence of the Dakota Land Company in Congress was gone . Every condition upon which they had so surely, and with good reason , counted for the success of their enterprise was changed , and when Dakota terri f tory was finally organized , the management of its a fairs ff fell into entirely di erent hands , the capital was located

n n at Yankton , the public pri ting and the Indian co tracts — were controlled by Republicans , and all the rosy tinted dreams of wealth and power which had inspired the Da

n kota La d Company vanished into thin air . The settle ment at Sioux Falls dwindled away and finally , as we

w as shall learn , wholly abandoned .

1 14 SOUTH DAKOTA

views made a deep impression on the tribe . Finally W when Old Strike , as the hites called Struck by the Ree , was breaking camp to start for the reservation , Smutty Bear sent his young men on horseback in a wild chase about the friendly camp , intended to intimidate the men and frighten the women and chil dren and prevent

them from moving . At that instant a m stea boat , coming

up river, bellowed

at the landing, and with a c h i l d l i k e s i m p l i c i t y which I n d i a n s always showed when any thing aroused their

curiosity, the entire tribe forgot about their troubles and raced off to the S TRUCK B Y TH E REE

landing . It was the

Wa ar er steamboat yf bringing to them their new agent ,

. Redfield . Mr , and a cargo of provisions for their supply Agent Redfield made a speech in which he told them that he was going to proceed up the river until he had found a proper site for the location of their new agency, on the tract of land they had reserved for their own use , and that as soon as he arrived there he would make for them a grand PE RMANENT SETTLEMENT 1 I 5

feast, to which they were all invited . The steamer then

off set upstream and the Yankton nation , like a pack of delighted children , crowded and hustled one another l a ong the bank, eager to see who would first reach the place

‘ on the reservation where the feast was to be spread .

Whites and Indians alike deemed this a sufficient r atifi

of cation the treaty, and there never was any more trouble about it .

1 8 8 h After the treaty had been signed in 5 , supposing t at it would be ratified very soon , many settlers gathered along the banks of the Missouri , on the Nebraska side of the stream , waiting to come over and occupy the rich Dakota lands as soon as they could legally do so . Month after

1 8 month they waited until this tenth day of July, 59, when the departure of the Indians for the reservation was l quick y reported among them , and that day hundreds of them came over, beginning the settlements at Yankton ,

on . B Homme , Meckling , and Vermilion Some of these settlers had reached the Dakota land by

steamboats upon the Missouri River, but generally they had come with ox teams and covered wagons which they

’ 7 called prairie schooners . As there was plenty of tim

ber along the rivers , they built their first homes of hewn

logs . Some of the houses whose foundations were laid

1 8 . on that tenth day of July , 59, are still standing Some

breaking was done , but it was too late in the season to

grow any crops that year . The town sites at Bon Homme ,

adv en Yankton , and Vermilion were entered upon by

. r tu ou s men with large dreams of town building, but in the fertile bottom lands between the James and SOUTH DAKOTA

V no ermilion rivers many farmers settled , who had more ambitious plans than to build for themselves and their families permanent farm homes , and most of them with their children still occupy the homesteads they took upon that day , or sleep peacefully in the little church yards near by .

H E HE MS I N T VALLEY OF T JA E

So it was that a settlement in opposition to that upon

the Sioux River was planted in the Missouri valley , so different in every way that there were scarcely any lines

of likeness between them . The one was moved by

dreams of power and wealth , without labor, the other sought only homes where a livelihood might be secured by

honest toil . It is hardly necessary to say that while the f former sadly ailed, the latter, overcoming every obstacle , became the permanent and prosperous motherland of

the future state .

1 18 SOUTH DAKOTA

Prese n tly a carriage containing two well - dressed gentle

men was seen approaching the village from the east, and a committee of citizens went out to meet it and welcome the new governor ; the two men were invited to accompany

the committee forthwith to the b anquet hall . There

a they p rtook of a fine dinner, and several hours were spent

in speechmaking . The guest of honor thanked the people sincerely for

the courtesy, spoke of his good impressions of the com

munity, and declared his intention to settle among them .

This declaration was greeted with hearty cheers , but at that moment three or four carriages containing a large party

— - of well to do people drove through the village , stopping

v only for a moment, and then dri ing on toward Yankton . Some one brought word into the banquet hall that Gov er nor Jayne and his party had gone through to Yankton without givin g Vermilion an opportunity to S how him

honor . Then the chairman turned to the guest at the

banquet and asked him his name . He said it was G . B .

Bigelow, and he was much surprised to know that he had

r been mistaken for the new governor of the territo y, sup posing that he had met only the usual hearty welcome which the new towns of the West held out to intending

settlers . Sorely as were the people of Vermilion di sap pointed , their sense of humor was too great to permit them ” to mourn long over the laughable mi stake . Governor Bigelow lived with them for many years and in the full ness of a ripe old age died among them , respected by every one ; but Yankton became the temporary and the per ma nent capital of Dakota territory. THE N EW TERRITO RY IS BORN 19

n After setti g up his headquarters at Yankton , Governor

2 0 2 Jayne had a census taken , which showed 4 white people in Dakota territory ; and called an election for the choice of a delegate to Congress and members of a legis l atur e . Then he returned to his home in Illinois to

n remain until the followi g year . Captain John Blair e Smith Todd , r cently resigned from the United States

Army, was elected delegate to Con

eekl gress . The W y

’ D a ko t za n , which still survives as the

Dakotan P r ess and fl estab li shed at Yankton 6th on the of June ,

1 86 1 Ver , and the mi li on Repu bli can was established in

July of that year . By proclamation G o v e r n o r Jayne call ed the legi sla APTAI B . S . T DD C N J . O ture to convene ’ 1 862 at Yankton on March 1 7 (St . Patrick s day) , , and he return ed to Dakota in time for that event . There were nine members of the council and thi rteen mem

e bers of the house, and seldom has a more remarkabl body of men been gathered together . This territorial “ ” legisl ature was at once named the Pony Congress I 2 0 SO UTH DAKOTA

and is so known to this day . The members were mostly

young men , many of them possessing great ability, and

well educated ; but they represented , too , the careless , — — o . carefree , happy g lucky life of the frontier The location of the capital was the matter of most im

portance . Bon Homme , Yankton , and Vermilion were

all candidates for that honor . The Yankton men , shrewd

politicians that they were , before the organization of the

f . legislature o fered to John H Shober, of Bon Homme , the

presidency of the council and to George M . Pinney,

of Bon Homme , the speakership of the House , in considera t ion of which Pinney and Shober were to give up the am bitions of Bon Homme to be the capital and were to

support Yankton for that honor, while the territorial

penitentiary was to be located at Bon Homme . Upon this understanding both houses of the legislature were

organized . James Somers a noted desperado of the — - at Dakota frontier , was made sergeant arms of the

House . When the people of B on Homme learned of the trade by which their prospects for the location of the territorial capital had been defeated , they brought such pressure to bear upon Speaker Pinney that , when the bill came up

n for final passage in the House , havi g first gone through

’ the Council all right , Pinney left the speaker s chair and o m ved to substitute Bon Homme for Yankton in the bill . This motion was defeated ; he then moved to substitute

Vermilion for Yankton , and the motion prevailed .

When Pinney was elected speaker , he had agreed in writing to support Yankton for capital ; hi s per fidy

THE N E W TERRITO RY IS BO RN 1 2 3 are still upon the statutes of the states of South Dakota and North Dakota . It was the middle of May before the Pony Congress

and adjourned, the closing scenes beggared everything in the way of coarse fun and horseplay which has char cter iz ed a the many succeeding sessions . The weather was fine , and for three days and nights before the end

n - the members indulged in a co tinuous open air carousal . One of the inciden ts of those jocu n d days is thus de

' . K . Ar m str o n scribed by Hon Moses g, who was a member “ of the house of representatives : I happened to cross the street one morning at the peep of day an d there I b e

a held , beside smoldering camp fire , two lusty legislators ,

MB r i c de Malony and , holding a kicking cow by the horns,

n and a third , Joh Stanage, pulling his full weight at the

’ S cow s tail . On either ide of the heifer sat Councilmen

Bramble and Stutsman , with pails in hand , making sor r owful but vain attempts at teasing milk enough from the quadruped to make their final pitcher of eggnog . O ff on one side sprawled the corpulent Representative Don aldson , convulsed with laughter, and in front of the scene stood the eloquent lawmaker Boyle (afterward justice

o ff of the Supreme Court) with hat , coat , and boots , mak

i r ing a mil ta y speech , and imploring the cow to give down ” in behalf of her country . C HAPTER XXI

THE WAR O F THE O UTB REAK

SO UTH DAK O TA had little p art in the Civil War . E arly in 1 86 2 Company A of the D akota cavalry was recruited with the intention of tendering its services to the Presi o dent for service in the S uth , but it was deemed wise by the war department to hold it in D akota for the protection

n . S of the settleme ts Captain Todd , while erving in Con

n gress , was appointed brigadier ge eral by President Lin coln , and served with credit in the Missouri campaigns . The midsummer of the year 1 86 2 came on with a boun tiful harvest , and every prospect was most pleasing in the young settlements alon g the Missouri and on the Sioux .

i i New settlers had come to them , new homes were spr ng ng up on every hand , the flocks were thriving , and every one indulged in rosy dreams of a bright an d prosperous future ; when suddenly out of the clear sky came the news of the awful outbreak and massacre bv the Santee Sioux on the Minnesota . Instantly the bright prospect was changed to one of gloom . Almost with the first news of

n the outbreak came a straggling band of savages, who fou d

Judge Joseph B . Amidon and his son in a hayfield at r Sioux Falls and ruthlessly murdered them . Te ror stricken , the settlers left their homes , their ungathered

1 24

1 2 6 SO UTH DAKOTA

1 homes . Except the killing of Judge Amidon and his 5 0 1 there were no fatalities among the settlers of Dakota , but the fear of destruction was well founded and the panic and flight justified .

During the outbreak in Minnesota , a small settlement of about fifty persons on Shetak Lake , in what is now

Murray County , was attacked and destroyed by a band of hi Indians under a c ef named White Lodge , who took

e . . captiv two women , Mrs Wright and Mrs Duly, and seven children . These captives were carried through South and North Dakota to the Mis

souri River, where they were dis covered the follow ing November by

Major Charles E .

Galpin , who was coming down the river with a small party of miners in

’l a Mackinaw boat . When at the mouth T RAI L OF THE S HETAK CAPTIVES O f Beaver Creek in southern North Dakota, Galpin saw an Indian camp on the shore , and the warriors were making friendly motions to him to land . He drew up to the band , when

1 a r e w h e r er A l g b ut ch eap b o at i nte nde d for o n ly a si ngl e tr ip do n t iv . . T e had o n b e e n i n u se amo n the fur r a de r s o f Ame r i ca and w er e h y l g g t , s ua fas e n e d o e e r wi w o o de n i ns n o m e a b e i n sed i n ei r u lly t t g th th p , t l g u th c ons c i o n t r u t . THE W A R O F THE O UTB REAK 1 2 7

’ G al i n s — p sharp eyed wife , an Indian woman , discovered

S n armed Indians kulki g in the underbrush , and she gave the alarm in time . Her husband cut the painter by which

S he had tied the boat , with a ingle blow of the hatchet , and received a fusillade of bullets from the bank without

. Was damage While the boat still within hearing, a white woman ran down to the river bank and informed the boatmen that t here were a party of white captives in the

Indi an camp . Galpin Spread this news as he passed down the river .

The first point that Galpin reached , where he could

r give info mation , was Fort Pierre , where there was a

i . trad ng store There he found a party of young Indians ,

- eleven in number, under the leadership of a mixed blood

n Indian named Martin Charger, gra dson of Captain

Meriwether Lewis the explorer, who were known to

be their people as the crazy band , or fool soldier band , cause they had taken an oath to help the whites at any cost to themselves . This band immediately set out on their ponies to reach the hostile camp up the river, and , f if possible, e fect the rescue of the captives . Their names were Martin Charger , Kills Game and Comes Back , Four

Bear, Mad Bear, Pretty B ear, Sitting Bear, Swift Bird,

Ri b . One , Strikes Fire, Red Dog, and Charging Dog B efore starting they had traded their furs to the trader for sugar and other Indian delicacies . They crossed the river at Pierre, going north on the east side . The second day they found a party of Yanktonais encamped at the mouth of Swan Creek , and were joined in their enterprise by

’ . two Yanktonais , Don t Know How and Fast Walker I 2 8 SO UTH DAKOTA

’ They found that White Lodge s hostile camp had been moved down the ri v er a n d was then located in the fine timber on the east bank of the Missouri , opposite the mouth of Grand River, in what is now Walworth County , South

Dakota . They pitched their tepees near the hostile camp and at once entered into negotiation s for the rescue of the captives . White Lodge w as not disposed to give — them up , absolutely refused to do so upon any terms ; f h but the boys were persistent , o fered to trade their orses and other property for them , and after much parleying, bullying, and jockeying, with threats of bringing their people , the Tetons , and soldiers to destroy White Lodge and his band , they succeeded in purchasing the captives , trading for them everything they possessed except two

n gu s and their tepee .

The weather was severe . It was about the 2 oth of

l n and November, snow was fal i g , the captives were brought out to them literally naked . White Lodge himself never

n conse ted to the trade , but the majority of his warriors

n took the responsibility in their own ha ds , against his

and a will , the old man thre tened to undertake the recovery of his captives . The boys pitched their little tepee in the willows on the river bank a mile or two below the hostile camp , wrapped the captives in their blankets , and them selves tramped around the tepee in the storm to keep

n t from freezi g, and to guard their captives from the hreat ened attack of White Lodge . The next morning they traded one of their guns to a

Yanktonais , who had joined the party , for his horse , to which they lashed o n e end of an arrangement of poles

1 3 0 SO UTH DAKOTA

Probably there is not in history another circumstance similar to this, where young, untutored savages , who never had been under missionary influence , at such sacrifice of ff e ort and of property , and with real hardship , so exerted themselves through sentiments of humanity . Martin Charger and his heroic comrades should always be held in veneration by the people of South Dakota . They were true heroes , and their brave and generous deed should be properly commemorated . The government at once undertook a strong military movement against the hostile Santees, who fled from their Minnesota homes into the Dakota country . Two companies of South Dakota men , under the command respectively of Captains Nelson Miner and William Tripp , and known as the Dakota Cavalry , joined in the move ment , and rendered excellent service until the end of the

1 86 . War of the Outbreak , in 5 Most of their service was rendered in North Dakota , as there were no engage ment s of any moment within the South Dakota bound ar Ies. CHAPTER XXII

A DAK OTA PAUL RE VE RE

R THE E were four bands of the Santee Sioux , two of Md k e e wa antans W whom , known as the and the akpeku tas , were the leaders in the outbreak . The other two bands, the Wahpetons and the Sissetons , were opposed to the outbreak and as a rule did all that they could to protect and assist the . whites . When the government sen t — the troops against the Santees , most of the able bodied

Sissetons enlisted in the government service as scouts .

The hostiles who fled into Dakota were constantly organ

Mi n izing raiding parties and sending them down to the n esota settlements to secure provisions , steal horses , and occasionally kill settlers . To prevent this the Sisseton scouts were divided up into small parties and located in

n n camps , at frequent i tervals , from the eighborhood of Devils Lake in North Dakotadown to the central portion of South Dakota .

Among these friendlies was a mixed - blood Sisseton

t named Samuel J . B rown , who was then a boy abou a e n i nflu en nineteen years of g , educated , intellige t , and tial . In the last years of the war he was made chief of scouts, with headquarters at Fort Sisseton , whence he looked after the Indian scouting camps above mentioned .

In mon h il 1 866 the t of Apr , , at sundown one bright even 13 1 1 3 2 SOUTH DAKOTA

ing, an Indian runner came to B rown , with information that moccasin tracks had been found at a crossing of the

a James River, near L moure , in North Dakota, and that the indications were that a hostile party had gone down toward the settle

ments . Brown wrote a dis

patch , stating the

facts , to the com mandant at Fort

Abercrombie, on the

Red River, which was to be sent there the following morn

ing ; then , mounting

his pony , he set out across the prairie di

r ectl y west , to reach a M scouting camp fifty W S A UEL J ' BRO N fiv e miles distant , on

w . the site of the village of Ordway , in B ro n County He

n reached this scouting camp at midnight , and was i formed that the moccasin tracks which had caused the alarm were made by a party of friendly Indians who were going out

th e to the Missouri River to meet peace commissioners , that the peace treaties made the previous fall had been

b y n ratified the governme t and the Indians, and that the war was over . Feari ng that the dispatch which he had written to be sent to Fort Abercrombie would create unnecessary

C HAPTER XXIII

THE RE D CLO UD WAR

N 1 86 I 5, about the time that the War of the Outbreak

ended , the government undertook to build a highway from the Califo r

nia trail, in the vicini ty of Fort

Laramie , across by way of the P o w d e r R i v e r valley to the gold mines in Mon

tana and Idaho . This road was necessarily run through the rich est buffalo range left to the Sioux

I n d i a n s . R e d S CENE OF THE RED CLOUD W A R Cloud was then fast coming into prominence as the principal chief of the

Oglala Sioux . The constructi on of the road was intrusted to Colonel Sawyer, and he began work with a party of

- fiv e surveyors and an escort of only twenty men , from

Company B of the Dakota Cavalry . Red Cloud met 134 THE RED CLO UD WAR 1 3 5

them near the Black Hills and protested against their

f r entering the buf alo count y . They paid no attention to his protest and went forward . Red Cloud then gathered

a large body of the Oglalas and Cheyennes and , over

’ taking Sawyer s party at the Powder River, surrounded

S them and held them in iege for a period of fifteen days .

S Red Cloud used no force , his intention being, by a how

r ff r oadm aker s of st ength , to blu the out of his country . At the end of two weeks the young Indians were b ecom ing so unruly and threatening that Red Cloud did not longer dare continue the siege , fearing that his young men would get beyond his control and massacre the white men .

He therefore withdrew his Indians , and the expedition

’ moved on to the Tongue River . By this time Red Cloud

hi o u n W had s y g men again ell in hand , and he again sur rounded Sawyer and held him for three days , and then withdrew . He had failed in his attempt to stop the road building . Sawyer went on to the Yellowstone and then returned without molestation , but Red Cloud had resolved that the road should not be built . That fall ( 1 865) commissioners undertook to treat with the Oglalas for the opening of the road , but Red

Cloud would not permit a treaty to be made, in fact did not attend the council . A new attempt was made to se

f n n cure the consent o the India s to the ope ing of the road ,

‘ on 0 1 866 ad and at Fort Laramie June 3 , , Red Cloud dressed the commissioners i n a council held under an improvised arbor near the fort . Mildly but firmly he told them that the Oglalas ’ last hope of subsistence lay in pre serving the buffalo pastures of the Powder River country , 1 3 6 SOUTH DAKOTA and that they could not under any consideration consent to the opening of a highway through that region . While

S n he was peaki g , General Carrington , with a strong force

. of soldiers , arrived at the fort “ ” Why do these soldiers come ! asked Red Cloud . They have come to build forts and open the Montana ” . road , was the reply

Red Cloud sprang from the platform , caught up his rifle and brandished it before the commission , and cried , “ ” In this and the Great Spirit , I trust for the right . Call ing his people to follow him , he left the commission sitting without an audience . General Carrington was instructed to go out on the

Montana road , to rebuild and garrison Fort Reno , and then to go on to the head waters of the Powder River, where he was to build a strong post . Immediately after leaving Fort Laramie on this mission Carrington was met by Red Cloud , who protested against his going into the country . Of course Carrington was a soldier under orders , and paid no attention to this protest . Red Cloud began a campaign of annoyance and attacks upon the soldiers , which rendered their mission very hazardous and exceedingly difficult .

Leaving a small garrison at Fort Reno , the main body went on to the foot of the Big Horn Mountains, where h Fort Phil Kearney was built . There , throug out the season , while the soldiers were engaged in building Fort

Kearney and supplying it with fuel , Red Cloud kept up the most tantalizing tactics , and it was soon unsafe for any white person to be outside of the stockade unless

1 3 8 SO UTH DAKOTA

By this time the people of the country had begun to

think that perhaps Red Cloud was fighting for a principle, and the President was prevailed upon to send out a com mission whose duty it was to ascertain the real occasion

w as of the war, and to negotiate a treaty of peace if it H thought wise to do so . Generals Sherman , arney ,

r Ter y , and Auger were members of this commission . The commission sent

Swift Bear, a friendly

B rule Indian , to Red

’ Cloud s army on the

i n Powder River, and vired Red Cloud to meet the commission

ers at Fort Laramie . Red Cloud declined to

come down , but sent word to the commis si oner s by the well known chief M a n

Afraid of His Horses , RED CLOU D that his war against

the whites was to save the valley of the Powder River,

the only hunting ground left to his nation , from white intrusion . He told the commissioners that whenever the

military garrisons at Fort Phil Kearney , Fort C . F . Smith ,

d a and Fort Reno were with rawn , the war on his p rt would

. cease The commissioners sent word to him , asking for

a truce until a council could be held . Red Cloud replied

that he would meet them the next Spring or summer. THE RED CLO UD WAR 139

Early in the spring of 1 868 the commissioners returned to Fort Larami e and met there some leading Indians whom

Red Cloud had sent to them , but he did not himself come

. 2 th down On the 9 of April a treaty was signed , whi ch provided that the troops should be withdrawn from Forts

. . m Phil Kearney , C F S ith , and Reno, and that all attempts to open the Montana road Should be abandoned . A ’ great reservation was made for the use of the Indians, extending from the mouth of the Niobrara River west to the Big Horn Mountains , thence north to the Yellowstone

River, then east by the Cannonball to the Missouri and down the Missouri to the Niobrara . All of the Sioux tribes joined in giving up to the government all of the lands they possessed outside of this great reservation . The government agreed that no white men or soldiers S hould at any time enter this reservation without the con sent of the Indians . It was particularly important that Red Cloud Should

S y o . ign this treat , but he failed to c me in for the purpose him Messengers were sent to , but he sent back word tha t he thought he should wait until the forts were aban

m u ‘ b efor e do ed , and the roads closed p, he signed ; and so matters dragged along month after month . Finally, at the end of August , upon the advice of the peace commis si oner s , the government determined to take the chief at hi s 2 th all word , and on the 7 of that month of the troops were withdrawn . Red Cloud at the time was watching operations from hi s ff mes bu alo camp on the Powder River, and when a senger was sent to hi m to tell hi m that the troops had been 140 SOU TH DAKOTA

h taken away , he said it was so late in the season t at he thought he would make his winter ’ s meat before he came down to meet the commissioners . This caused great un easiness in military quarters and in the Indian department , for it was feared that Red Cloud did not intend to keep d ’ faith . However, when he had finishe his fall s work , he appeared at Fort Laramie (November 6 ) and signed the treaty , which was duly ratified by the Senate on Feb r u ar 1 6 1 86 y , 9, and was proclaimed by President Andrew

Johnson on February 2 4 . Thus the great Red Cloud

War came to an end . Red Cloud had been entirely successful and obtained everything he was fighting for . It is the only instance in the history of the United States in which the govern ment has gone to war and afterward made a peace con ceding everything demanded by the enemy and exacting nothing in return . From the date of this peace Red

Cloud faithfully observed its terms and, according to In

. M dian standards, lived a good life W

- - ~ of i n - stil L4i v in a t o Pi ne Rid e years age , g _ g

’ agency; near the Black Hills .

142 SOUTH DAKOTA

These first Dakota pioneers also were plagued with invasions of grasshoppers which came in great clouds

and ate up their scanty crops . This occurred in five

n : 1 86 1 86 1 86 1 8 diff ere t years 3 , 4, 7 , 7 4, and Since

then the grasshoppers have made n o ravages in the Da

kota country .

The Indians behaved very well , after the close of the

Red Cloud War, until , in violation of the treaty, the sur

v eyo r s for the Northern Pacific Railroad began to extend

the survey for that line through the reservation , along the

south bank of the Yellowstone , and the government sent soldiers to protect the surveyors in their work; The U n cpapa Sioux were the wildest of the nation and as yet had come very little under reservation or agency i n

flu n f e ce , but chiefly roamed back in the bu falo country

on the Powder and Rosebud rivers . They were much

alarmed by the approach of the surveyors , and organized under Gall and Sitting Bull to resist the encroachments

upon their land . There were several sharp encounters

along the Yellowstone River, with a loss of but few men

on either side .

In 1 87 4 General George A . Custer was sent out from

Fort Abraham Lincoln , on the Missouri River opposite

r Bismarck , with a force of twelve hundred soldie s , to

make an examination of the Black Hills region . Custer did this without encountering any Indians until he

reached the Custer Park in the Black Hills , when he came upon a small band who were there stripping lodge

poles . These Indians were greatly alarmed at the ap

’ s in the p roach of Custer army heart of their reservation , THE PRICE O F GO LD 143 and they hastened o ff with the news to their home camps on the Cheyenne River . The news flew rapidly among the Indians at the various agencies , and caused much excitement .

2 Custer found gold in the Black Hills , on the d day of

August , and he immediately sent the report to army headquarters , whence it was published to the world , and men everywhere set out to enter the new eldorado . The army was instructed to keep all white men out of the Black Hills until a treaty had been negotiated with the

Indians , and the Sioux were notified that no one would be allowed to enter their reservation until such a treaty was made . With this assurance the Indians sensibly decided to let matters take their course . The military used every means possible to keep the gold hunters out of the Hills , but many of them succeeded in entering, and the reports they sent out only served to increase the gold fever, and the determination of others to enter. It was not until the autumn of 1 87 5 that all of the Sioux people were summoned to meet in council at Red Cloud ’ s agency to make a treaty for the sale of their lands . Sena

. o f Iowa w as tor William B Allison , , . the chairman of the commission sent out by the government to make such a

1 868 treaty . Under the terms of the treaty of , which had created the great Sioux reservation , it was provided that no part of that reservation should be sold or disposed of unless three fourths of all the adult male Indians inter ested in the reservation should Sign the treaty of sale or

im os relinquishment . Feeling certain that it would be p sible to get three fourths of the Indians to sign the treaty 144 SO UTH DAKOTA

m of sale , the com issioners decided not to ask the Indians to sell their lands at all , but to sell the right to mine gold and other metals in the Black Hills . Senator Allison , in “ h opening the treaty council, said , We ave now to ask you if you are willing to give our people the right to mine in the Black Hills , as long as gold or other valuable metals are found , for a fair and just sum . When the gold or other valuable minerals are taken away, the country will again be yours to dispose of in any manner ” you may wish . After nearly three weeks of cou ncili ng and bargaining and speechmaking the commissioners found it impossible W to make any treaty whatever, upon hat were deemed

. reasonable terms by the government The Indians, too, had scattered until much less than the necessary three fourths remained at the council . Therefore , the council was broken up without accomplishing anything . Immediately thereafter the army wi thdrew all opposi tion to the miners entering the Black Hills , and within a few months at least fifteen thousand men were hunting for gold upon the Indian lands . The Indians were alarmed and indignant . They believed their lands were to be taken from them without any payment whatever, and they resolved to organize a grand army and drive the invaders away . No one may say that theirs was not a brave and patriotic undertaking. They were to

fight for their homes , their lands , and the graves of their kindred . At once the young men began to Slip away from the agencies and to assemble in great camps , near the Big

146 SO UTH DAKO TA

2 I st Rosebud on the of June , and then sent General

Custer up the Yellowstone to locate the hostile tribes , while he himself went on with his steamboat to the mouth

’ th e . of Big Horn , to ferry Gibbon s column across Custer wen t up the Rosebud until he found where the trail of

e the hostiles led over the divide , westward , into the vall y

2 6th of the Little Big Horn . There , on the of June , he came upon the entire hostile camp . Custer divided his force of about eight hundred men

: into three columns one , under Captain Benteen , was l r sent across the va ley of the Little Big Ho n , south of the

o ff n camp , to cut a retreat in that directio ; the second column , under Major Reno , was to attack the upper or south end of the camp , where it lay along the west bank

an d n of the Little Big Horn ; the third column , u der

Custer himself, went down the east side of the Little

B i n n g Hor , expecting to attack the orth or lower end of

r e the camp . Reno made the attack , and was quickly pulsed by overwhelming numbers . Though driven back , he made a junction with Benteen , and the two columns fortified for defense . Custer went down to the lower end of the camp and rode into an ambush , where his entire command of two hundred Sixty - three men was destroyed . B enteen and Reno were besieged in their camp , and the Indians fought desperately until their ammunition was e xhausted . Then they retreated into the

Big Horn Mountains , broke up into little parties , and scattered over the Indian country, many of them return ing to the agencies .

Terry arrived on the Custer battleground , on the Little CUSTE R A N D TH E B ATTLE OF TH E LITTLE B IG HO RN I 47 148 SOUTH DAKO TA

. Big Horn , the morning after the Indians left The

Indians, without ammunition , were unable to follow up

r the advantage they had gained , and the gove nment at once t hrew a strong force into the field ; but the Indians

con se kept out of reach , and no engagements of any q u en ce were fought . The government sent to the vari ous agencies and disarmed all of the Indians and took their horses away from them , leaving them quite helpless .

Gall , Sitting Bull , and the most influential of the hostiles escaped into Canada . In the fall ( 1 87 6) the government sent out a new commission to treat for the cession of the Black Hills . Disregarding the provision of the treaty of 1 868 which required the Signatures of three fourths of all of the adult male Indians to any treaty which disposed of any of the

n lands , this commission we t about from agency to agency and secured the signatures of only a few of the chiefs at each place . This treaty sold the Black Hills outright to

the government , in return for which the, government agreed to support the Indians until such time as they had progressed far enough to enable them to support them selves . There has always been a dispute between the Indians and the white men about the terms in this treaty . Most of the Indians were present and heard Senator Allison tell them in 1 87 5 that the whites wished only to buy the right to mine , and they never were called into council to hear any other provision discussed . The impression therefore went out , among the Indians , that the treaty of 1 87 6 gave to the white men only the right to mine in the

CHAPTER XXV

O N To THE D IGGINGS

THE year 1 87 4 was one of the most distressing which

the American people ever suffered . The great reaction

f rs n ary crash in business a fai , followi g the great boom

1 8 . which came after the war, had fallen in September, 7 3

Not only were thousands of great fortunes wiped out , but

everywhere , from the poorest cottage to the grandest

n . mansion , the pi ch of hard times was felt At no time have the people been more despairing and hopMeless . 2 1 8 cK a On the evening of August , 7 4, William y, an

’ i n expert miner with Custer s expedition the Black Hills ,

went down to the bank of French Creek , a few yards

from the camp , and washed out a pan of earth . When

n n the earth was gone , he held up his pan in the eve i g sun and foun d the rim lined with nearly a hundred little

particles of gold . These he carried in at once to General

Custer, whose head was almost turned at the sight . Cus

l hav e seen n ter, as we , at o ce sent a dispatch about this

discovery to the army headquarters in St . Paul . It was

1 1 received there on the evening of August , and the next mornin g the papers throughout America announced to the discouraged people that rich gold mines had been discovered in the Black Hills .

n There was magic in the announcement , and droopi g

150 O N TO THE DIGGINGS 1 5 1

r spi its everywhere revi ved . Thousands of despondent men resolved at once to recover their fortunes in southern

Dakota . The action of the military in preventing the entry of the miners into the Black Hills cooled the ardor

of many of them , but that . very obstacle made the people believe that the army was guarding a vast storehouse of

wealth , and that fortunes were awaiting them . Some , hardy enough to pass the barrier, sent out reports of rich

n fi ds , and this increased the determination of very many to get into the Hills .

“ To the people of southern Dakota, after the long years of dreary struggle through Indian troubles , grasshoppers , and bad crops , the Black Hills gold excitement seemed a godsend . The settlements along the Missouri were thronged with determined strangers waiting for an oppo r

u t nity to slip into the Hills . Transportation companies

r o adm aker s were organized , were sent out , and all was activity and excitement . Almost daily some miner would creep back from the Hills with exaggerated stories of the wealth of the diggings . Every one was sure that the treaty for the opening of the Black Hills would be made

. at once , when there would be wealth for everybody

The route to the Hills , in which the Dakota people

y were interested , was advertised ever where as the Yank I ton route . t was by railroad to Yankton , thence by steamboat to Fort Pierre , where stages were taken for the remaining one hundred and seventy - fiv e miles into the diggings . The advantages and pleasures of this route were represented most extravagantly in the adv er

ti sem en ts . 1 52 SOUTH DAKOTA

Although more than a year passed before military op position to entering the Hills was withdrawn , there was no abatement of popular interest in the gold diggings .

1 8 Late in the fall of 7 4, a party organized at Sioux City had slipped into the Hills by way of northern Nebraska , and had built a stockade on French Creek near the site of the present city of Custer . They were removed by the military in the early spring , and the reports they brought out served to increase the gold excitement throughout

America . During this period the prospecting for gold was in the placers along the streams in the vicinity of Custer ; although gold was found generall y distributed in that region , these diggings never proved to be particularly

. 1 8 . rich Late in the fall of 7 5 John B Pearson , of Yank ton , made his way over into the Deadwood gulch in

i . the northern Hills , and discovered rich placer digg ngs

The following winter was severe , with very deep snow, but many thousand miners assembled at Custer and in that vicinity . Custer city is said to have had eleven

1 thousand population on the st of March . As the

r e snows began to disappear in the spring , word was

’ cei v ed of Pearson s find in the Deadwood gulch , and there was a stampede for the northern Hills . In a day Custer was practically depopulated . It is said that less than a hundred people remained , where so many thousands were making their homes but the day before . During the next summer there were not less than

- fiv e h twenty t ousand people in the Deadwood gulch .

They were trespassers upon the Indian land . The laws

1 54 SO UTH DAKOTA

1 8 6 Deadwood in 7 , many crimes were committed , but most of them were promptly punished . Many of those pioneer gold diggers are still li v ing among the most suc cessful and most respected men of South Dakota . It

D EAD WOOD CITY I N T H E S EVENT IES will always be to their great credit that in this period of excitement they possessed the good sense and the courage to uphold the dignity of organized society . While the sturdy miners were thus protecting themselves

n from these great dangers from withi , an even greater peril threatened them from without. The Sioux Indians , O N To THE DIGGINGS 1 55

jealous of these trespassers upon their land , lay in wait behind every rock , and few white men who straggled away from the main camps without protection were

n spared . This condition , however, e ded as soon as the treaty of 1 87 6 was signed in the fall of that year . By 1 87 7 the laws of South Dakota were executed thr oughout the mining country ; federal courts were established , and the region of the Black Hills at once became the quiet ,

- a rich , safe , well org nized part of the country that it has continued to be . CHAPTER XXVI

MR F THE B O THE I ACLE O O M

THE discovery of gold in the Black Hills had turned

the eyes of the world upon South Dakota , and many who had come out to find gold had found the boundless prairies of fertile soil and were led to believe that they were intended by Providence for the happy homes of men . Among those who came into Dakota during the

Hu hitt gold excitement was Marvin g , president of the

Chicago and Northwestern Railroad . The purpose of his visit was to assist in establishing a line of transporta o tion int the Black Hills , by way of his railroads to the

Missouri , and thence by steamboat and stage . While on i th s errand , he was impressed with the vast possibilities of the Dakota prairies , if only railroads were built to bring

in supplies and carry out the products . He went home

resolved to try a great experiment in western development .

He believed that the railroad should be the pioneer, lead

ing the way for the settler, and that if such railroads were

built in the Dakota prairie , settlers would flock in and ,

by their industry , provide freight for the railways that

would make the investment profitable . President Hu ghi tt laid the plan before his directors

u and it was approved , and as speedily as possible he nder 156

1 58 SO UTH DAKOTA

sul ted in many incidents that were very funny , and in

disappointments that were pathetic . Every village was ambitious to become the county seat

of its county , and contests were entered into which even f of to this day influence the a fairs many communities .

S TAT R MAL S CH L AD I S E NO OO , M ON

Men with learning and ability to grace the United States Senate have frequently spent the best years of their lives i in a va n attempt to develop a village , intended by nature and environment simply as a local market for farm products , into a commercial city , and sometimes they have succeeded at the expense of a neighboring Vi llage much better situated . In several instances county seat THE MI RACLE O F THE BOO M 1 59

contests resulted in actual violence , particularly in the

Redfield fight between and Ashton , in Spink County , in which it was necessary for the governor to send the territorial militia to preserve peace and protect the county records . CHAPTER XXVII

E MR B T R A M O A LE WIN E

TH E year 1 880 brought a greater inflow of new settlers than had come in any previous year . They were chiefly — homesteaders , who built temporary homes shacks , — they were called for the summer, and devoted their f fl e forts chie y to breaking up the soil , making hay , and producing such crops as could be grown upon the sod , leaving the construction of more substantial and per manent buildings until the autumn months ; for the experience of older settlers had taught that glorious autumn weather, extending on until nearly the holidays ,

E . might reasonably be xpected But in this year, a year when of all years it was most unseasonable , a great bliz zard came at the middle of October . In a hundred years of western history such a thing had occurred but once or

an d i n n s twice before , those i tances the O ctober storms were less severe than that which came upon the u npr o

c d te te settlers in 1 880 . The snow fell to a very great depth and was blown by a violent wind until the open shacks and stables were filled , ravines were drifted full to the level of the general country, stock was driven away ff or smothered in the drifts , and the settlers su ered very

. severely A few lives were lost ; very few indeed , con

1 60

I 6 2 SO UTH DAKOTA

By New Year ’ s Day operation of the trains was given up

entirely . The stocks of goods in the country were natu

an d f rally small , the di ficulty of operating the trains in the fall had in many instances made it impossible to get in

the usual winter supplies . The supply of fuel in the country was exhausted almost

as soon as the trains stopped running . There was , how

an ever, abundance of wheat and of hay, and soon the settlers were reduced to the necessity of grinding wheat i n f m baki n thei r co fee ills , and g bread upon fires made

of twisted hay . One of the great inconveniences was the lack of any

material out of which to make lights . Kerosene oil was not to be secured at any price , and the stock of tallow

was very small . Many families were compelled to sit for months through the long winter without a light of any kind in their houses except the glow of a hay fire . To save the limited supplies on hand and particularly to secure the advantage of warmth without consuming too much fuel , families would club together and several of them live in the most comfortable home in the com

. i munity Most of the people were young, v gorous , and hopeful , and they made the best of the bad circumstances . E very one exerted himself to be cheerful , and to keep those about him in a cheerful temper . Many an old settler will to - day refer to the bad winter of 1 880 as one of the most enjoyable he ever passed . Dancing was a favorite pastime , and the number of persons who could be accommodated , for a dancing party , in a little homestead shack . is a matter of astonishment to those who enjoy A MEMO RABLE WINTER 163

'

- that recreation in the spacious halls of to day . Morti mer Crane Brown , who spent that winter as a pioneer in

Lincoln County , has told us in verse of the joys of a coun tr y dance during the snow blockade

WH E N TH E SN OW IS O N TH E P RAIRI E

When the s now i s o n the prairie

’ An d f i s i n cu t the ri t the ,

’ An life gets a trifle dreary

’ o n i n s old J ggi the ame rut , Nothi ng like a good o ld fiddle

’ T k s the n s o u t 0 n a e wri kle thi gs .

’ ’ ’ There s the chirp o larks an robins

’ I n o v r n the twitter e stri gs .

’ ’ n w hi zzi n o n zz d Whe the , r ari bli ar

’ Is shu tti n o u t da a the y ,

’ An the balmy breath of summer

S ms o s nd s ee a th u a year away ,

’ Y ou can s tart the eaves a dr ippi n

’ ’ n n ov er s n s With the ti gli tri g ,

’ Y ou ki n hear the water bubbli n

’ From a dozen dan ci n S prings .

the bow c oss os n Rub a r the r i ,

’ an so nd o Twist the peg u y ur A,

’ ’ There ll be bobo lin k s a elin kin When you o nce begin ter play ;

’ B ees ll l i n c o wa ler the l ver,

B ossom s s i n su n l whi per the ,

’ All the wo rld a r u nni n o ver

’ f n With the suns hi ne an the u . 164 SOUTH DAKOTA

Gi t the gals and boys together.

dn for d Par ers all a qua rille ,

C o f o heeks agl w with r sty weather , Hearts that never felt a chill ;

’ o h an n Y ut music ever weary ,

’ Tho they meet i n hall o r hut When the su n i s o n the prairie

’ f n An the dri t i s i the cu t .

’ ’ Sashy by an s lu te yer pardner s .

’ ’ ” Sashy back an how d ye do !

’ ’ Everybody s feeli n funny

’ An the fiddle feels it too .

’ O 0 doo s s o m s ut r the t r may putter,

B ut n k withi the s ies are bright ,

’ ’ n eeki n ou t an Pa sies p , butter

’ o n i n Cups a b bbi the light .

O o of f ! , the j y health ul pleasure

O of ss f ! , the trip tirele eet While the fiddle fills each measur e

’ With its music wild an sweet ;

n of su n s do s Gli ts the ha w vary ,

’ Though from ou t the wo rld we re When the snow is o n the prairie ’ h An the drift is i n t e cut .

During that winter Dakota had an actual snowfall ,

t e on the average , of more than twelve feet ; much snow mained upon the ground until late in April , and then , under the influence of a warm south wind , was converted into water in a Single day . The broad prairies were Simply

CHAPTER XXVIII

’ THE FIGHT FO R STATEH O O D

r 1 86 1 WHEN Dakota territo y was created in March , , it comprised the land now occupied not only by the states of South Dakota and North Dakota , but also by part of

1 Wyoming and most of Montana . In 864 Montana was

1 868 organized as a territory , and in Wyoming also was i cut off, leav ng only North and South Dakota within the territorial boundary .

1 8 2 As early as 7 the pioneers , looking forward to the time when all of the territory would be populated,and so li citou s for the convenience and interests of their children, began to agitate for the division of Dakota territory upon

6th a S the 4 p rallel , making two territories of equal ize ; and the territorial legislature petitioned Congress to take action in the matter . No action , however, was taken , and there was really no great interest in the subject until,

1 8 S in the autumn of 7 9, some peculative gentlemen began to talk of buying the entire amount of school land in the

r territo y at a low figure . The school lands consisted of two sections in every a congression l township , set apart by the United States government for the creation of a per manent public school fund out of the proceeds of their sale . At that time

166 THE FIGHT FO R STATEHOO D 1 6 7

scarcely a farm in the territory was worth so much as

. v ten dollars an acre The proposition , howe er, to buy the school lands at a nominal price came to the attention of

. . . e General W H H Beadle , then t rritorial superintendent

of public instruction , and he promptly inaugurated a movement to prevent

such action . He de cl ar ed that the people

should adopt , as an irrevocable condition , that not one acre of our school lands should be sold for less than the sum of ten dollar s . This proposition seemed like a hopeless dream , even to the most hopeful of the D a k o t a n s , but General Beadle stood strongly for it . Fe aring that a scheme m i g h t b e w o r k e d

E RAL W H . H . B AD L through Congress to G NE . E E

n a sell the school lands for a small price , Ge eral Be dle believed that safety lay only in the division and admission

a nd - of the Dakotas as states , in placing the ten dollar principle in the constitution, and he joined the two plans

n n i to one ge eral movement , for the success of which he talked and wrote constantly . In this work he was loyally

b r . é assisted y Governo Howard , Dr Joseph Ward , pr sident 168 SOUTH DAKOTA

of Yankton College , and Rev . Stewart Sheldon , and , though the price of land did not increase very rapidly , he had , by

2 e 1 88 , so impr ssed his views upon the people that it was genpr ally said that the ten - dollar idea should be made the rule .

' The first Wide - reaching mo v ement i n this direction was

n 2 1 1 882 a conventio of citizens held at Canton , June , , when an executive committee was appointed to promote the division and statehood idea . This committee carried the matter to the territorial legislature the next winter and secured the passage of a bill providing for a con

i u i nal st t t o convention for South Dakota, but the bill was vetoed by Governor Ordway . This veto caused much indignation among the people of South Dakota and did very much to arouse the people to the necessity of prompt action . The executive committee thereupon

1 called a delegate convention to meet at Huron , June 9,

1 883 . Every county in South Dakota was there represented by its strongest men . Its action was most calm and dignified . A solemn ordinance was passed providing for a constitutional convention for the south half of Dakota

territory to be held at the city , of Sioux Falls on Sep tember 4 of that year .

Pursuant to this ordinance , an election was held for delegates and they assembled at Sioux Falls in September.

Hon . Bartlett Tripp was elected president of the conv en tion , which was composed of the ablest men from every

. community An excellent constitution was framed, and submitted to the people at the November election , and

adopted by an almost unanimous vote . A committee of

17 0 SO UTH DAKOTA

sti tu tion to Congress with a prayer for admission . South

‘ Dakota was a strongly Republican community, while the national government at this time was dominated by

ad the Democratic party , and Congress objected to the mission oi a state which was certain to send Republi can United States senators to cut down the narrow majority of the Democrats in that body . Consequently the prayer f fo r admission was denied, the o ficers elected under the proposed constitution had no power, and the territorial governm ent continued as before . The Democratic leaders declared for admission of

Dakota territory as a whole , and the federal government used its influence to oppose the division movement in

Dakota ; therefore , a considerable party grew up in

a in o i i Dakot pposition to div s on, but at every test the l people p ronounced strong y for two states . The popu

o D n lation f akota was increasi g rapidly, there were nearly si x n d o hu red th usand white citizens in the territory , and,

the of under territorial form government , they were de nied many of the privileges of citizenship . Yet year after i year passed w thout action for their relief. The Republi can national conven tion of 1 888 made the division and adm ission of North and South Dakota a national issue and it was discussed from every platform in America . The Republican party prevailed in that o election , and, before the cl se of the Congress then in i ex stence , the bill for the division of Dakota territory and the admission of North and South Dakota was passed on l ’ ’ St . Va entine s Day and approved on Washington s

1 88 l of Birthday, 9, and that bi l provided that no acre THE FIG HT FO R STATEHOO D 17 1 school land in South Dakota or North Dakota should ever be sold for less than the sum of ten dollars . A new con sti tu ti onal convention met at Sioux Falls on July 4 of that year, with power only to amend and resubmit the consti tu ti on of 1 885. The constitution was submitted to the people at an election on the first day of October. They

da 1 88 approved it, and on the second y of November, 9,

President Harrison issued his proclamation , admitting

South Dakota as a state in the Union . North Dakota was admitted as another state by the same proclamation . Statehood was welcomed by the people with real r ejoic ing . As a territory the people had no part in the election of a President , nor in the legislation by Congress , and all of the conditions of territorial life tended to make

- a people dependent rather than self reliant . The chief concern of the people of Dakota, however, during the

’ ten years fight for statehood, had been for the division of the territory into two states . In this they were moved by motiv es of the highest patriotism . The leaders of that peri od believed that it would be a crime for them to sit idly by and permit the great territory to become one state, e with but two members of the Unit d States Senate, thus entaili ng to posterity forever a Sort of political vassalage i to the small states of the eastern seaboard . Besides th s there was at that period an inherent difference between the people of South Dakota and those of! the North .

South Dakota was chiefly occupied by homesteaders , who brought with them the conservative notions of small farmers , about public and private economy , morality, and

in th education . On the other hand North Dakota was e 1 7 2 SO UTH DAKOTA

beginning chiefly settled by bonanza farmers , captains of industry , who came with large means , buying great areas of land and farming upon extensive lines . They and their camp followers were adventurous men whose traditions were entirely at variance with those of the homesteaders of the South , and the result was constant

. friction between the two elements The progress of time , and new immigration to the western portion of North l Dakota , has material y modified conditions there .

THE MESS IAH WA R 17 5 uneasiness and even terror to the pioneers upon the frontier . The Indians meant no harm and it is prob able that the excitement would have soon died away had they been left to themselves ; but the military , fearing that the excitement would result in outbreak and hos tilities , undertook to suppress the religious fervor, and this movement resulted in what is known as the Messiah

War . Thi s religious movement among the I n dians origi n ated with a Paiute Indian named Wovoka, who lived near

P . E yramid Lake , Nevada He spoke nglish fairly well and had some education . He claimed to have had a vision

1 1 88 n e . on January , 9, in which he was take up to heav n

He found it a pleasant land and full of game . He was instructed to go back to earth and preach goodn ess and peace and industry to his people , who , if they followed his instructions , would be reunited with their friends in the o other world, where there would be no m re death or sick

n e ness or old age . He was then i struct d in the dance which he was commanded to bring back to his people , and which was one of the strong articles of the new faith .

Wovoka had simply mingled the pagan superstitions , in t which he had been reared , wi h the Christian religion which he had been taught . Wovoka ’ s teachings spread rapidly among the Indians of North America , and as they spread they were given new significance . Wovoka was an Indian Messiah , who had ff come to restore the dead to life , bring back the bu alo and other game to the prairie , drive away the whites , and cause the Indians to live a life of ideal happiness . In a few 1 7 6 SOUTH DAKOTA months the Sioux at Pine Ridge agency had learned of this wonderful Messiah , and so interested were they that a great council was held to discuss the matter, in which all the leading men , including Red Cloud, took part . They decided to send a delegation to Pyramid Lake to consult the Messiah and be instructed by him . Three

t e men were sent for this purpose , h leader of whom was

. 1 88 Short Bull They went out in the winter of 9, return ing in the Spring of 1 890 . They brought with them a let

: ter from Wovoka, which said “ When you get home , you must make a dance to con tinu e five days . Dance four nights and the last night keep up the dance until the morning of the fifth day, when all must bathe in the river and then disperse to their homes . You must all do in the same way . I , Wovoka , love you with all my heart and am full of gladness for the gifts which you have brought me . When you get home , I shall give y ou a good cloud which will make you feel good .

I give you a good spirit and give you all good things . I want you to come again in three months ; some from each tribe . There will be a good deal of snow this year and some rain . In the fall there will be such a rain as I have never given you before . When your friends die , you must m not cry ; you ust not hurt anybody or do harm to any one .

You must not fight . Do right always . It will give you satisfaction in life . Do not tell the white people about this . Jesus is now upon earth . He appears like a cloud .

The dead are all alive again . I do not know when they will be here ; maybe this fall or in the spring . When the time comes , there will be no more Sickness and every

THE MESSIAH WA R 1 7 9 but the interference of the whites caused great discontent among the Indians . Short Bull , too , was ambitious and

of l made much his relations with the Messiah , and final y,

y shortl after his release from arrest , he boldly announced himself as the Messiah , and declared that while it had been his or iginal purpose to make his advent and the resurrection of the dead two years hence , owing to the interference of the whites he proposed to brin g it on

. immediately The Indians , at Pine Ridge especially ,

followed him blindly , and , upon his declaration that the resurrection was to come on immediately , they renewed thei r religious rites with increased fervor .

o fli cer s To avoid interference from the , the ghost dancers , the as they were called , assembled in a large camp in fastnesses of the Bad Lands . The agent at Pine Ridge became greatly alarmed , for many of the Indians about the agency had become very insolent and defied his author ity . He asked that soldiers be sent to his assistance . The government therefore sent detachments of soldiers

to Pine Ridge and Rosebud , and set up a cordon of mili tary camps along the railroad between the reservation and i ff d the Black Hills , and from the vici n ty of Bu alo Gap own

the Cheyenne River to Fort Sully . The government officials were exceedingly suspicious

of the conduct of Sitting Bull , who always had been of a

’ mean disposition , and defiant of the government s author

h i s ity. When information came that people were dan

fi S cing, it was the judgment of the of cers that he hould

be arrested and removed from the reservation . Major

b e McL au hli n in B , g , for many years agent of Sitt g ull 180 SOUTH DAKOTA li ev ed that he could control the Indians on his reservation without resorting to harsh measures , but toward the end i of December , when he learned that Sitt ng Bull was preparing to leave the reservation without authority , he too believed that the time had come when the old medi

‘ u cine man Should be arrested . Order is pr eser v ed pon the Indian reservations through a system of Indian police ,

ML u hli n and Major c a g had detailed a large number of

FO RT S ULLY his policemen to watch Sitting Bull and report upon his n co duct . To these policemen was given the task of arresting Sitting Bull and bringing him into the agency . In this they were to be assisted by Captain Fetchet and a company of soldiers from Fort Yates . The arrest was

1 . to be made at daybreak on Monday morning, December 5

’ Sitting Bull s home was on Grand River, in northern e South Dakota , wher he lived in two substantial log — cabins , a few rods apart . Forty three policemen , under command of Lieutenant Bull Head , who was a very cool

’ s . and reliable man , surrounded Sitting Bull house Ten

I 82 SO UTH DAKOTA

’ en of Sitting Bull s followers gathered about the house , ti r ely surrounding the police and crowding them up against

the wall . When the police brought Sitting Bull out of

the house , where he could see the friends that had rallied

to his assistance , he became greatly excited and refused

. to go on , and called on his friends to rescue him Lieu

tenant Bull Head and Lieutenant Shave Head were stand ~ n ing on either side of him , with Sergea t Red Tomahawk

n i guardi g behind , while the rest of the pol ce were trying

to clear the way in front .

’ S Catch the Bear, a friend of Sitting Bull s , fired and hot

Bull Head in the side . Bull Head at once turned and

sent a bullet into the body of Sitting Bull, who was also Shot through the head at the same moment by Red

Tomahawk . Shave Head was S hot by another of the

crowd and Catch the Bear was killed by A Lone Man ,

one of the police . Instantly there was a desperate hand . to - hand fight of less than forty - three men against more

than a hundred .

The fight lasted only a few minutes . Six policemen ffi were killed , including the O cers Bull Head and Shave

Head . The hostiles lost eight killed , including Sitting Bull

and his son Crow Foot , seventeen years of age . The trained police soon drove their assailants into the timber near by, and then returned and carried their dead and

wounded into the house , which they held for more than

Fetchet two hours , until the arrival of Captain , with

’ his troops , at seven o clock . On the approach of the

’ soldiers , Sitting Bull s warriors fled up Grand River a short distance , and then turned south across the prairie THE MESSIAH WAR 183

toward Cherry Creek and Cheyenne River. Major ML “ c aughli n says : The details of the battle Show that the

Indian police behaved nobly, and exhibited the best of knowledge and bravery . It is hardly possible to praise their conduct too highly .

Thus ended the life of Sitting Bull , the man who was most feared by the whites, and who probably had most influence in keeping the Indians in

. a state of hostility One other man , however, was also giving the govern

. m ment much anxiety This was Hu p , chief of the Minneconjou Sioux, a ff grandson of Black Bu alo, whom i Lew s and Clark met at Fort Pierre . He lived near the mouth of Cherry

. e Creek The f ar of Hump , however, was quite groundless , for upon being requested to do so , he at once came into Fort Sully and enlisted as a scout in the government serv ice .

’ There was a band of Hump s MP HU B i people , under g Foot , who were

n da cing on the Cheyenne , and the government deter min ed to put this band under arrest . When the troops

In approached to arrest Big Foot and his people, the dians were greatly alarmed , and though they agreed to c ac ompany the soldiers to the fort , they escaped in the

o ff night time , and set to join the dancers in the Bad

Lands . Soldiers were at once sent in pursuit, and on

’ the evening of December 2 8 B ig Foot s band was over 184 SO UTH DAKOTA

taken on Wounded Knee Creek , about sixteen miles from

Pine Ridge agency , where they were encamped , await ing the return of scouts they had sent out to locate the camp of the ghost dancers . Big Foot himself was lying in his tepee , sick with pneumonia . Colonel Forsyth was in

' d fo u r hu n comman of the soldiers , and he had with him dred and seventy men against one hundred and Si x war

’ riors present in Big Foot s band . The night was passed comfortably , and the next morning the Indians were to be taken in to Pine Ridge agency .

Before starting it was deemed wise to disarm them , though they were miserably armed with old rifles of very little value . When this action was undertaken , the Indians became very much excited . Yellow Bird , a medicine man , harangued the Indians and urged them to resist , telling them that the soldiers had become weak and powerless and that the bullets would not injure Indians dressed as they were in the ghost shirts . As Yellow Bird spoke in the Sioux language the officers did not at once realize the dangerous drift of his talk . One of the searchers began to examine t he blankets of the Indians to see if they had arms concealed under them , whereupon Black Fox drew a rifle from under his blanket and fired at the soldiers , who instantly replied with a volley directly into the crowd of warriors , so close that their guns were almost touching . Nearly half of the warriors were e kill d with this first volley . The survivors sprang to their feet , throwing their blankets from their shoulders as they

- rose , and for a few minutes there was a terrible hand to

i . hand struggle, in wh ch every man fought to kill

186 SO UTH DAKOTA

standing which ended the trouble . It is known now that no hostilities were intended by the Indians in the

first instance , nor would there have been any had the Indians not been goaded on by the bad conduct of the offi cers . CHAPTER XXX

THE WAR WITH S PAIN AND I N TH E PHILIPPI NE S

W 1 8 8 HEN the war with Spain began in the spring of 9 , South Dakota promptly fesponded with much more than r ’ her quota of men . Unde the President s call for troops

’ South Dakota s quota was nine hundred and twenty - fiv e

fu r n i shed i n men , but she all twelve hundred and fifty , having a larger percentage Of volunteers to population than any other state . A regiment of the National Guard

r e had been in existence here since the territorial days , cei v i n a g more or less st te aid , and in anticipation of a declaration of war, after the destruction of the battleship

Mai n e , in Havana Harbor, this regiment was recruited to

all . its full allowance of men , one thousand and eight in l The regiment was ordered to mobilize at Sioux Fa ls , , 0 on April 3 , and there the men were subjected to the

. f r e most rigid examination by the medical o ficers , who jected every person who was not in all respects fit . Lieu

an f tenant Alfred Frost , o ficer of the regular army who had for a long time been upon detail as military instructor

i a at the State Agricultural College at Brook ngs , was p pointed colonel ; Lee Stover of Watertown , lieutenant colonel ; Charles A . Howard of Aberdeen , and William

. . . F . Allison of Brookings , majors ; Dr R C Warne of 1 87 1 88 SO UTH DAKOTA

Mitchell , chief surgeon ; Jonas Lien of Sioux Falls, adjutant ; and Rev . Charles M . Daley, chaplain .

While the regiment was recruiting, fitting, and tr aining, news of the great naval victory in Manila Bay was received , and it was soon determined by the federal authorities to send the South Dakotans to the Philip pines ; but Manila was captured and the war with Spai n was over before the arrival of the South Dakotans ’

transports . Colonel Frost proved himself an able and firm disciplinarian ; and he landed his men at

2 th Manila , on the 5 of

August , in good health , thoroughly trained Sol

diers . Upon general LIEUTENANT COLONEL L EE S TOVE R inspection of all the

- troops in the island , Major General Otis selected the

South Dakotans as best fitted to take the field , and at the

1 0 d first crisis , on September , they were placed un er march i n g orders and so held until the crisis had passed . As a mark of special distinction the regiment was selected to

MAr u r . c th furnish guards for Generals Otis , , and Hale The first shot fired by an American soldier in the hos tili ti es which ensued was fired by Private Smith of Com

n E 1 0 1 8 pa y on the night of January , 99, three days after

190 SOUTH DAKOTA

o f Company I were killed and five others wounded . Duri ng the battle the South Dakotans Showed perfect

and f . discipline courage , and their work was most e fective

From that time forward , until the end of the campaign ,

n the South Dakotans were constantly upon the firing li e, Sleepi ng in their clothes a nd patiently enduring all the discomforts of forced marches through the swamps and jungles of a tropical climate; where the heat was oppr es

' - n i ncessanf sive , the rai almost p and the food frequently i i nsufficient and of inferior q u elity ; bu t in all things they met the full expectati ons of their superiors and they received the warm comme n dation of the govern ment . The regiment took active part in the affairs at La Loma

6 2 church onMFebruary , at Malolos on March 5, and at e Bean an 2 Palo and y y on March 6 .

M- n e ae a At y nya , John Holman , then a corporal of Com t pany C , was promo ed to a lieutenancy for exceptional bravery in act ion. As the regiment approached the bridge

Me n spanning the yAGfi rn ya it was discovered that the enemy

n n had i tre ched on the opposite shore , having first set the

n “ nearest e d of the bridge afir e . From their intrenchments the enemy commanded the bridge and were pouring a heavy musket fire across the river in the direction of the regiment . The fire at the further end had not made great

n progress , but the bridge was endangered u less the fire was at once extinguished . With the hostile bullets sing i n g about his ears , Holman dashed across the bridge and

n h and a exti guis ed the blaze , then , und unted , stood upon the approach and opened fire upon the int r enched enemy but a few yards away . WAR \VITH SPAIN AND IN TH E PHILI PPINES 19 1

2 The next day , March 7 , the South Dakotans bore the

- brunt of the battle at Marilao , one of the hardest fought and bloodiest engagements of the war . All of the regiment was engaged and fought with valor . Nine men were killed , including Adjutant Lien and Lieutenants Adams

- and . fiv e Morrison Twenty others were wounded , one of them Sergeant Preacher mortally . That day at Marilao another South Dakotan won fame for a most valorous deed : Captain Clayton Van Houten .

The bridge across the river had been almost destroyed , so that only the steel stringers remained . The enemy was as usual intrenched across the stream . The South Dakotans plunged into the river and with their guns held high above the water struggled across it . A squad of

Nebraska soldiers came up with a mountain howitzer, which Colonel Frost desired to plant upon the further bank of the stream ; so he sent Sergean t Major Beck to order the Nebraskans to bring it across . They hesi tated to obey , as the only means of reaching the further

S hore was by the stringers of the broken bridge , and it seemed an impossible feat to carry the gun over So narrow

n a footing . Captain Van Houten appeared upon the grou d

t he at that moment , and , taking in situation at a glance , he caught the heavy gun from its carriage , swung it to

n his shoulder, and directing the Nebraska s to follow with e the carriag , he carried the howitzer across the river,

S S . unaided , on the ingle pan of steel From the strain of that exertion he never recovered , but died at his home in

Worthing three years later .

The regiment continued in the campaign , being among [ 9 2 SO UTH DAKOTA the first to enter Malolos and thence marching on to San

n by ff Ferna do , constantly harassed the enemy and su ering much from sickness and the excessive heat . When

1 0 MAr h r c t u they returned to Manila on June , General “ the said , The record of South Dakota regiment in the

r Philippines has no equal in military histo y , so far as I know .

1 2 1 8 On August , 99, the regiment embarked at Manila for home . It arrived in San Francisco in September, whither a large number of our prominent citizens had gon e to welcome the boys back to the states . The regi men t was mustered out at San Francisco . The citizens of South Dakota had provided transportation for the return of the men to their homes . They came by the northern

MK i nl c e route , and President y met them at Aberdeen on the morning of October 1 4 . That was a dav of universal

Al n rejoicing in South Dakota . l alo g the way from Aber deen to Yankton celebrations were prepared , and the President SO timed his journey as to be present at several

. e of them The f te terminated at Yankton that evening , where an immense multitude had assembled from all Ml cK i n e over the state , and President y there made one of his memorable addresses , in which he highly extolled the record which the regiment had made in the Philip

n pi es . The total loss of the regiment during the war was twenty - three killed in action ; one drowned ; thirty - two deaths from disease ; sixty wounded . In addition to this First Regiment South Dakota fur h s of f i hed five troops cavalry , o ficially known as the Third

CHAPTER XXXI

THE UNEAS Y CAPITAL

TH E first settlement , except for the fur trade , made

1 8 within what is now South Dakota , at Sioux Falls in 57 , was established with the express purpose of making it

. i n the capital of Dakota territory For four years , fact ,

Sioux Falls was nominally the capital , though of course it was only by common consent and without any law in support of it .

1 86 1 When the territory was finally organized , in , Governor Jayne established the temporary capital at fi Yankton and made his of ce there , and his choice was

by r ratified the first legislature , as we have lea ned in the story of the attempt to unseat Speaker Pinney. This location was very unsatisfactory to many of the people, particularly to those residing west of Yankton on the

1 86 r e r e Missouri River ; and in 7 General Todd , who p sented Dakota in Congress for two terms , led in a hard fight in the legislature for the removal of the capital to

Bon Homme . He succeeded in getting this bill through the house of representatives , but it was defeated in the council . In the session of 1 880 an unavailing fight was made to remove the capital to Huron . By this time a large population had come into central

I 94 THE UNEASY CAPITAL I 95 and northern Dakota , and capital removal was much dis

‘ cussed . The legislature of 1 882 provided that the gov er no r should appoint a capital commission , to consist of nine persons , who were to go out and locate the terri tor i al capital at a point in the territory where they c ould do so upon the best terms . They were to secure not less than one hundred and sixty acres of land and a suffi cient amount of money to build a creditable capitol . Many towns in both northern and southern Dakota com

eted r p in this contest , but northern Dakota won the p ize and the capital was located at Bismarck . Yankton , of t course , gave up the capi al reluctantly and made a hard

fight for its retention . Southern Dakota was much more populous than northern Dakota , and had the larger delegation in the legislature ; and the leaders were deter mined to remove the territorial capital back into southern l Dakota at the next session . Pierre , Huron , and Mitche l were leading candidates for the honor, and in each session of the legislature of the territory , except the last one , the

b e matter was vigorously fought , but without success , cause the southern Dakota men could not all agree upon one town . The question Of the location of a temporary capital for the state of South Dakota was submitted to the people

1 88 with the constitution of 5 ; Huron and Pierre , Alex andria and Chamberlain , were competing candidates .

Huron was successful , and the session of the provisional h legislature , whic elected Colonel Moody and Judge E dgerton United States senators, was convened there in

December of 1 885. ‘ 196 SO UTH DAK OTA

The enabling act required that among other things the question of the location of the t emporary seat of govern men t should be again submitted to the people . This

- 1 88 brought on a hard fought contest in the summer of 9, in which Pierre , Huron , Watertown , Sioux Falls , Mitchell ,

n and Chamberlai n were co testants . This time Pierre was

u n s ccessful , winni g the temporary capital by a large plurality .

The permanent seat of government was , under the con stit utio n 1 8 0 . , to be determined at the election of 9 At

n this election only Pierre a d Huron were candidates .

A campaign of intense interest was fought , in which

Pierre succeeded by a very large majority .

v Ne ertheless , there continued a feeling that the capital should be located elsewhere , and ambitious towns clam ored for a resubmission of the question . In legislature after legislature the q uestion came u p on a proposition to amend the constitution so as to make Huron the capi tal , but the promoters were unable to get the proposition

. n the l e i sl atu r e 1 0 1 submitted Fi ally , in g of 9 , a com bination of all of the ambitious candidates and their i fr ends was made , and it was agreed that a caucus should determine which town should be the candidate . Mitchell won in this caucus , and the attempt to secure the sub mission o f the co n stitutional amendment brought about a remarkable legislative filibuster, but again the propo si i t o n failed . At the session of 1 903 the caucus plan was again tried , Mitchell again securing the caucus nomination ; and the resolutions submitting the constitutional amend

n me t prevailed by a very large majority in both houses .

198 SOUTH DAKOTA

i n several communities , who were presumed to have

flu ence with the voters, giving them free rides for the pur pose of getting them interested in that city as the capital . These influential persons let it be known in their home b communities that they had een thus favored , and their neighbors promptly applied for like favors , which could scarcely be refused . So it came about that long before the close of the campaign the railroad companies felt compelled to carry to these two cities every person who applied for the privilege . At least one hundred thousand persons were carried into each town . In the las t weeks of the campaign many special trains daily , loaded with — good natured men , women , and children , were carried into

. was n Mitchell and Pierre It a great , continuous pic ic ,

r ob ablv in which all of the people participated, and p has not had an equal in American history . The election resulted in the retention of the capital at

Pierre , by about eighteen thousand majority . The legisla ture of 1 90 5 made provision for an appropriate capitol building at Pierre , and it is probable that the people of South Dakota are through with campaigns for the r e moval of the capital . CHAPTER XXXII

THE GO VERNO RS

U RI NG - bu r eoi s D the old fur trading days the g , or man

o fli cer aging of the American Fur Company, who resided

- ffi at Fort Pierre , was the self constituted chief executive o

cer of the Dakota country . By common consent he had the l b u t l powers not only of a governor, of a magistrate as we , f and he tried men for petty o fenses , committed them to the

guardhouse for punishment, or imposed other punish

.

ments upon them , and in the case of high crimes sent

them in chains to St . Louis for trial . William Laidlaw

was the man who , for the most part, exercised this func

tion for a long period of years .

i n 1 80 When the Louisiana purchase was made , 3 , jurisdiction over the northwest country was , for a time, a conferred upon Indian , and General William Henry

Harrison was the governor. After Louisiana territory was organized , Captain Meriwether Lewis was for a time its r i governor, and after Louisiana ter itory became Missour territory Captain William Clark held the same office . But of course these men had little governing to do in the Dakota country . This is true also of the governors , respectively , of Michigan , Wisconsin , Iowa, and Minne

s of sota, whose territorial limit included the east half

South Dakota at one time or another.

18 8 When the settlers organized at Sioux Falls in 5 , 199 TA 2 00 SO UTH DAKO .

immediately after the admission of Minnesota , Henry

. Masters , a lawyer, native of Maine , was made governor f He held the o fice until his death one year later, on the

1 8 . N O fifth day of September, 59 record is left of his executive acts . Samuel J . Albright was elected as Mas ’ ter s s successor. Albright was a newspaper man and pro

‘ mot er ; he was speaker of the House of Representatives and preferred that position to the governorship , and so

n declined to qualify as gover or, and the legislature elected

fill . Judge W . W . Brookings to the vacancy Both Masters and Brookings were governors only by common consent , as Congress had n o tyet organized the territory ; but Judge Brookings continued as the nominal governor of Dakota until the appointment of Governor William Jayne , by

1 86 1. President Lincoln , in April , Governor Brookings was a lawyer and a man of large ability . He came to Dakota with the Dubuque colony

1 8 in the summer of 57 , and was soon made the general

’ manager of the companies in terests . He was a man of great energy, and being misinformed that the Yankton

' Indians had relinquished their lands to the government ,

1 8 8 he started in the winter of 5 , from Sioux Falls, to claim the town site at Yankton . When he started , the weather was warm , the snow had melted , the streams were swollen , and he soon became thoroughly wet . Before night , however, a terribly cold storm set in . He found

n himself freezi g, and the nearest point for help was back at the settlement at Sioux Falls . He turned back with all haste , but before he reached the Falls he was very

f n badly roze , and it soon became evident that the only

20 2 SO UTH DAKOTA

hope for his life lay in amputating his limbs . Among the settlers was a young physician , Dr . James L . Phillips ,

i nstr u recently graduated , but he possessed no surgical ments . He amputated the legs of Mr. Brookings with c a common handsaw and butcher knife , and suc essfully nursed him back to health ; and Brooki ngs lived to become one of the most useful citizens of the territory . The first railroad in Dakota territory from the settlement at Yankton to Sioux City, was promoted and built by

Judge Brookings . He was for four years a justice of the Dakota Supreme Court ( 1 869 His death occurred

1 0 . at Boston , in June , 9 5

Dr . William Jayne , the first legally appointed territorial governor was at that time a young physician at

Springfield . He had attracted the attention of President

Lincoln and was employed in his family . Jayne was am

n bitio s to get into politics , and Lincoln sent him out as governor of Dakota . His offi cial conduct appears to have been wise and honest , but at the second election he de ter mi ned to become a candidate for delegate to Congress , and made the campaign upon the Republican ticket

- against General J . B . S . Todd , the non partisan candi

. O f but date Jayne secured the certificate election , the conduct of his campaign was a territorial scandal , which must always reflect upon his good name . Todd contested

’ Jayne s election and secured the seat . Jayne never came back to Dakota , but returned to Springfield .

Dr. Jayne was succeeded by Newton Edmunds a citizen of Yankton . Governor Edmunds was one of the wisest and most practical executives Dakota has had . THE GO VE RNO RS 203

His administration occurred during the trying time of

ne i a the War of the Outbreak , and he believed that got tion and not gunpowder was demanded to settle the disturbance . He was strongly opposed by the military

r depa tment , and not until he carried his views directly

1 86 to President Lincoln , in the spring of 5, was he able to get a respectful hearing . President Lincoln at once E agreed to the views advanced by Governor dmunds , and assisted in putting them forward . The result was the end of the war wi thin a few months . When Governor E fi dmunds came into of ce , it was the practice to grant divorces by act of the legi slature . He vetoed all di vor ce bills and put a stop to the scandalous practice . He had

i n the utmost faith in Dakota , even its darkest days , and did much to assist and encourage the settlers in building

i n up homes , and establishing themselves farming and stock growing .

Andrew J . Faulk , a Pennsylvanian , followed Governor Edmunds and held the Offi ce during the admi ni s tr ati on of President Andrew Johnson . He was a gentle man O f culture and great aff abil ity . There was little to demand a particular executive policy during his admi ni s t r ati on m , but his conduct was arked by wisdom and honesty . l John A . Burbank , of Indiana, fo lowed Governor Faulk He did not secure the general confidence and cooperation of the people . His administration cov Mk cCoo ered a troublous period during which General , secretary of the territory , was killed , and very strong factional feeling prevailed t hroughout the territor y . 2 04 SO UTH DAKOTA

John L . Pennington , of Alabama , was next appointed f governor He was blu f, strong, and practical , an d made a good executive . He died in 1 900 at his

Alabama home .

William A . Howard , of Michigan , was the next gov

f - er n o r Howard was a very e ficient , far sighted , an d capable man . He was advanced in years and hoped to make his administration of Dakota aff airs the crowning act in a long and useful life . He impressed himself for f good on most of the a fairs and enterprises of the territory , but at the beginning of 1 880 he died and George A .

n secr etar v n Ha d , , became acti g governor for a period

n n N . of six mo ths , u til the appointment of ehemiah G

N for Ordway of ew Hampshire , who served four years , with small satisfaction to the people .

. e President Arthur selected Gilbert A Pierc , of Illinois , to succeed Ordway Pierce was a veteran of the

Civil War and a newspaper man , having been connected editorially with the [ fi l er —O cean from its foundation in

1 8 2 . 7 He was a popular and conscientious governor, who did much in the interest O f safe and conservative

‘ management during the period O f the great Dakota boom . He was afterward United States senator from N orth Dakota, and was appointed by President Harrison

n n U ited States Mi ister to Sp ai n . He died in Chicago in

1 90 2 .

Governor Pierce resigned as governor of Dakota ter r ito r 1 88 y in January , 7 , and was followed by Governor

o u . L is K Church , under appointment from President

Clevelan d . Church was the on ly Democrat who was

206 SO UTH DAKOTA

governor of Dakota territory . He was appointed from N e ew York, wh re he had been a member of the legisla ture while President Cleveland was governor of that

coO er ati on state , and where , in p with Theodore Roose

had i i velt , he rendered much assistance in br ng ng about the legislative reforms of Cleveland ’ s administration in

New York . His position in Dakota was a trying one . The territory and the legislature were overwhelmingly

Republican , and the Democratic party , too , was divided into two strong factions . Under these circumstances

’ i i Governor Church s adm n stration fell in troublous times . w n He was not tactful in getting along ith his oppo ents , but his honesty and good intentions were never questioned .

He died in Alaska in 1 899.

Arthur C . Mellette , of Watertown , South Dakota, was

n a the last gover or of Dakota territory , having been p pointed to that position by President Harrison at the very beginning of his administration Mellette was a man of large ability and strict integrity . His administra tion as governor of Dakota territory was very brief, as the territory was divided and both states admitted within

exer a few months , and little devolved upon him but the cise of great care in the separation of the aff airs of North and South Dakota . He was elected the first governor d of South Dakota , and his a ministration covered the first f three years of the life O the young state . He was a stickler fo r f economy in public a fairs , believed in small salaries fo r fi public of cials , and demanded the most rigid honesty in all of his appointees . The period of his administration

1 88 —1 8 0 was marked by the great drought of 9 9 , which O R DWAY PI ERCE

CHU RCH M ELLE'I‘TE

DAKOTA GO VERN O RS

507 2 08 SO UTH DAKOTA

bro ught so much hardship to the new settlers , and by the

Me ssiah I ndian War . In the establishment of the prece f de n ts which were to guide his successors in o fice , as

i n n well as the ge eral administration , he was wise and

1 8 6 prudent . He died at Pittsburg , Kansas , in 9 , and his

shes repose in the cemetery at Watertown .

n Charles H . Sheldo was the second state governor

r Mr . Sheldon was a farmer, residing at Pie pont i n Day Cou n ty . He was a public speaker of great ability

-H e 1 8 and o f very pleasi ng address . e was re lected in 94 and died soon after the close O f his second term .

Andrew E . Lee followed Governor Sheldon

“

He was the only Populist to occupy the position . Gov

r no r e Lee was a trained business man of strict integrity, an d he tried to carry his business methods into the ad mi nistration . He was governor during the Spanish War

“ and rendered the state excellent service in providing for the equipment of the state ’ s quota before it was mustered into the federal service . h C arles N . Herreid was elected governor in 1 900 . His administration fell in the pleasant years of great n ‘ational prosperity in which South Dakota led . The state has

n w k own no better period , and the tact and isdom of Gov er no r Herreid contributed to that end .

0 Samuel H . Elrod succeeded Governor Herreid in 1 9 5.

f w isel a nel wa He filled the O fice y My, and s fol A

‘ 1 0 . lowed in 9 7 by Coe I Crawford , during whose term man y progressive laws were passed for the regulation of corporation s and the prevention of corrupt practices in politics .

T T 2 I O SO U H . DAKO A

‘ f t - Rober S . Vessey S ue l

cee de d G ov e r nor / Cr aw

' ford in 1909 ; zmd Craw / ford wa s ele ct e d U nited

S ta es senator . Each of the govern ors o f South Dakota has been supported by an efficient corps of state

ffi o f o cers , all whom have made creditable fi Of cial re cords , exce pt W W illiam . Taylor , state CRAW FORD i n 1 - treasurer 89 1 189 5. At the e n d of his term he found himself about

i n n an d short his accou ts , upon the advic e o f a firm o f Chicago attorneys , he carried away the remai n de r of n the state mo ey , aggregating i n the belief that the state would compromise with him . Finding af ter sev eral mon ths that a com promise could n o t be

ff d s e ecte , he urrendered an d served a term i n the

n n pe ite tiary . V ESS EY CHAPTER XXXIII

THE U NI TE D STATE S S ENATO RS

TH E provisional legislature which met in Huron , tem

o r ar 1 88 p y capital , under the constitution of 5, elected

Gideon C . Moody and Alonso J . Edgerton United States

senators . They went to Washington and made applica

tion for admission to seats in the Senate . They were

courteously given the privileges of the floor, but were not

. Of Mpermitted to qualify Upon the admission the state , in l (s Edgerton was made judge of the United States

district court for the South Dakota district , and Moody

and Richard F . Pettigrew were elected to the United

States Senate . In the choice of terms Judge Moody drew the Short

term , which expired the succeeding year . He therefore

had little time to develop a senatorial policy. During

‘ tar iff on of his term the revision of the , the lines the historic MK i c i nl e l cons d y Bil , was the principal measure under

e r ati o n . , and he supported the administration policy

Coming from a mining region , he favored the largest

Of use of silver, and was active in support the well

known Sherman Silver Act . Owing to the wave of popu

' e . ) 1 b z MA 9 re lected Hv a u z ! + 21! 2 I 2 SO UTH DAKOTA

and i n d Senator Pettigrew served for twelve years , , a di tion to securing a large amount of federal legislation and institutions for South Dakota , was distinguished in the Senate for his advocacy of the free coinage of silver and for his opposition to the annexation of the Hawaiian

Islands . The legislature of m 1 891 elected Rev . Ja es

H . Kyle , of Aberdeen , senator to succeed

Judge Moody ; Mr . K v l e was a man of fine educational attain

ments , but untrained

in politics . He sup ported the general poli cies of the Democratic

party in Congress , but was most distinguished for his work upon the committee upon edu E N T MB LE S A OR GA cation , and as chair man o f the Joint Industrial Commission . He was r ef elected in 1 897 by a fusion of Populist and Republican votes and thereafter supported the general Republican policies . He was intensely interested in industrial economic questions and was devoting much attention to the work of the Indu str i al Commission when his death

1 1 0 1 . occurred , July , 9

The 1 0 1 t . Ga legislature of 9 elected Rober J mble, of

2 14 SO UTH DAKOTA and soon became the leading authority on all questions relating to the Isthmian canal in the Senate . — — a h m d i h - ha s been is os t is ti ngu shed s er v iee, m ne glected nothi ng that pertained to the interests of the South Dakota

9 1 ' 7 0 ‘7 “7 ” people. 7 I A S O U TH DA KOTA CHRO N O LO Gv .

i i d S io a s t u f r s i h 1683 . Le Sueur pr o bably v s te ux F ll o b y u wh ch e

shipped by flat boat to the mo uth o f M i ss is s i ppi . ’ ’ 1 . e r s r ader s fr o m o r L Hu il li e r M an a o M i n ne 7 00 Le S u u t F t ( k t , so ta) tr aded on Big Si o ux River at Flandr eau and S i o ux

Falls . i si ed wes er n ar of S o a o a and c aimed 17 43 . Ver endr ye v t t p t uth D k t l i s oil for Fr e nch ki ng . Pl an t ed l ead plate i ns cr be d with

ar ms f r an ce r o bab n ear i er r e . o F , p ly P i i n a t a i n n i ens ed 17 45. De Lusigan vis t ed B g S to e L ke o c ll u l c

trader s . T n i at ab i s da e a i n dr i en O ma as fr o m e to S o ux out th t , h v g v h Bi S i o and ame s r i er a e s r eac e d Mi s so r i Ri er g ux J v v ll y , h u v ’ and engaged R e es i n fo r ty yea r s war . n i r a i s an d s o n af e r war d dr i e 1 7 7 5 . Ogl ala Te to s d scove Bl ck H ll o t v

Ki o was fr om th at r egi o n .

1 80 . Yan o n and Yan o nai s S i o abo i s da e h av i n b ee n 7 kt kt ux, ut th t , g r i n fr m wes e r n Io wa b O o s cam e u and se ed i n d ve o t y tt , p ttl

J ames Ri ver v all ey .

1 8 . i er r e o r i on af er war d ide t o Lewis an d C ar mar r i ed 7 5 P D , t gu l k, a Y ankto n w o man and se ttl e d i n tr ade at mo uth of J ames

Riv er .

i r r ar r ea s ed wi R ee s at mo o f G r and Ri er . 1 7 90 . P e e G u ettl th uth v dr i m fr m ei r s r o n 1 7 92 . S i oux fi nally conq u er Rees and v e the o th t g h e r r ea u posi ti o n i n n eighbor h oo d o f Pi er r e . T e R es e t t p

r iv er an d s e ttl e with r el atives at mo uth of Gr a nd Rive r . ’ 1 6 . Loi se or L O i s ell e b i ds o s o n Cedar Is and be w een 7 9 l , , u l p t l , t

Pi er r e and B ig B e nd . Fi r s t r ecor de d po s t i n S o uth

D akota . “ 1 . T r d a i wn H n eas S id f the Mis ! 7 97 u e u bu lds P a ee ou se o t e o

l r i r R n a i n ar es Mi x n . o so o o s i e o a d C Co 2 u , pp t F t ll , h l u ty

1 804. Le wis and Cl ar k expl or e M i s so u r i vall ey thr ough S outh

a o a aci c . D k t , en route to P fi 2 15 2 16 SOUTH DAKOTA

f S io i efs t Pi er r e D or i onco ndu cts par ty o ux ch o S t . Louis . L C r e r n fr o m aci c as si n r o S o e wi s an d lark tu P fi , p g th ugh uth

D ako ta . M L nder a es r ade wi Indian s at ead of Mis anuel isa u t k t th h

er ean N a a ni e r o r a em s t o co nd c B i s ou r i . S g t th l P y tt pt u t g Ma n dan ' chi ef wh o is i ed W as i n o n wi L ewi s i a Wh te, v t h gt th

and C ar t o hi s o me an d i s a ac ed an d dr i en b ac b l k , h tt k v k y R es assi s ed b Mi n n eco n o T e o n S i o nder ac e , t y j u t ux u Bl k

ffa o . Fo r w i es i ed n i ne wo nded . Bu l u h t k ll , u L i M i r i F u r Co m an o r a ni zed fo r r ade o n 1808. S t . o u s s so u p y g t is ed os i n oi se o s e o n U pper M i s so u r i . E s tabl h p t L l h u

Cedar Is land .

~ Man e Li sa for S t . Lo i s M i s s o r i Fur Co m an safe c0n u l , u u p y, ly m r i n du cts B ig White t o hi s h o e i n N o th D ako ta . F ds

R ees fr i en dly .

Lo is el pos t bur n ed with l ar ge s to ck o f fu r s . t r i an ar u Mi s s o r i to G r a nd Ri e r w er e e As o p ty go p u v , h th y buy h o r ses o f R ees an d go th e nce up Gr an d Ri v er to war d ir r r i o n f n r e r n a i Pacifi c . F s t r eco ded expl o at o o th Bl ck H ll s

r egio n . “ ” Manue l Lisa fi nds S io ux ex cited o ve r P r o ph e t cr aze and

beli eves it due to h os til e E ngl is h i nflu e n ce . R epor ts co n

di i o n to G e n er a C ar Indi an a e n . t l l k, g t Red T nder a ead Ya n o nai s c i e f fr o m El m Ri er hu , Fl th kt h v ,

r own Co n wi s o n Wane a an d twe n - tw o S i ss e B u ty, th , t , ty

o ns en i s t o s er e E n i s i n war a ai ns A me r i ca ns . t , l t v gl h g t Manu el Li sa made s ubage n t for M is s our i Ri ver S i oux an d m r n n keeps the f i e dly to A mer i can i ter es ts . Te to n Si oux S ign t r eaty of fr i ends hip at Por tage des

i . S oux Black B uflalo di es th er e July 14. Giv en militar y f n u er al . awne P e H o use bur ns . F ur tr ade r evi v es . J os eph La Fr amboise builds F or t Teton

at si e of o r i r r . i n i n t F t P e e F r s t co t u o us s e ttl e men t . La Fr amboi s e bui lds tr adi ng pos t at G r eat Bend of B ig S i o ux ( FIandr eau)

For Tec mse b i at si e of For i err e b Co mbia Fur t u h u lt t t P , y lu

Co mpany .

For Reco er b i o n A me r i can Is and a C am er ai n t v y u lt up l t h b l ,

b is so r i F u s y M u r Co mpany . ( It i s po s s i bl e this post wa

2 18 SOUT H DAKOTA

r . ose N . N i co e accom anied b o n C . Fr emon D J ph ll t, p y J h t, i i s t he co ea r e io n o f eas er n S o a o a ma i n v s t t u g t uth D k t , pp g

an d nami ng the l akes .

N i o e a nd r emo n a ai n is i S o a o a co mi n u c ll t F t g v t uth D k t , g p the r i er t o o r i e r r e e nce as s i n o er to ame v F t P , th p g v J s

Ri er and na to the Minneso a . v , fi lly t Fath er Pi e r r e J o h n D e S me t vi sits th e r enegade ban d of W ak e kuta S io nder W amdesa a t o t r to ffec a p ux u p , y e t peace be tween th em and the P o tawato mi es of cen t r al

Iowa .

D r . S e e n R Ri s ce eb r a ed missi o nar fr o m Mi n ne a t ph . gg , l t y so t

Ri er i si s or i er r e an d r eac es r s s er mo n i n v , v t F t P p h fi t

Dako ta . A d bo n the na r a i s i s i ed the s ec i o n on a r ofes u u , tu l t , v t t up p s i o nal t r ip and o bs er ved and n o te d mos t of t he bir ds and

ani mal s . Fath er Al exan der Rav ou x vi si ts Fo r t Pi er r e and bapti zes n i ma y In d an s and hal f bl oo ds . i Fath er Rav o u x vis ts F ort V er mili o n .

Mr s . s e La ar e mes to r i r r e wi h er s and o co o e b J ph B g F t P , th hu ,

Ca ai n La ar e o f th s eam oa Mar t/m. i r s w i e pt B g e t b t F t h t

w man to i si o a a . The Mar t/l a a ac ed b o v t S uth D ko t tt k y

Yankt o n Indians at C r ow Cr eek . Ink aduta s o n o f th r e ne ade W a mdesa a massacr es his p , e g p ,

cou si n W a mu ndiyakapi and s ev e ntee n o th er W akpeku tas .

Fath er D e S me t vi si ts th e Teto n S i o ux . S an tee S i o ux r eli nq uis h ti tl e t o all land e as t of Big Sio ux i er r ea f Tr a r s d s S i R v by t ty o v e e e oux .

Go er nme n b s r i er r . G e ner a W S Har ne af er v t uy Fo t P e l . . y, t ba e o f A s h Ho o w i n N eb r as a br i n s ar m of w e e ttl ll , k , g y t lv

n dr e d men to i er r e . Li e enan C . . W ar r e n af er hu P ut t K , t war d famo s i n Ci i War e ami nes and ma es o o u v l , x k t p

gr aphi cal sur v ey O f mu ch o f S outh D akota .

S e emen be n at S i o a s andr ea and M edar . ttl t gu ux F ll , Fl u , y ” The N o bl e R oad bui lt acr oss th e s tate fr om Lake Ben to n to r ow r C C eek . Fo r an t R dall co mpl e ted and occupie d . I nk aduta the r ene ade m ssacr es for - two s e er s at p , g , a ty ttl S i r i La e Iowa and r e r ea s i n o S o a o a wi p t k , , t t t uth D k t th w th r ee h ite wpmen captiv es . CHRON OLOGY 2 19

Yankto n In dians make t r eaty r eli nqui s hi ng titl e t o l ands

b etween B ig S io ux and M i ss o u r i .

Mr s . G oo dwi n r s w i e w oman se er ar r i es at i o , fi t h t ttl , v S ux

Fal l s . S e emen at M edar des r o ed b S m ear Yan on ttl t y t y y utty B , kt

Si oux . i i n f S e ttl er s at S o ux Fall s bu ld a d o r tify F or t S od . i Pr o vi si o nal go v er nmen t or gani zed . Leg s latur e el ected an d

co nv en ed . A lph eus G . Full er s en t as del egate to Co n

r ess . enr M as er s o er no r . g H y t , g v

i d . 10 In di n r n Yankto n tr eaty r at fi e July a s s ur e der lands .

Yan o n V er mi io n an d B o n o mm e fo n ded . kt , l , H u

w a a i D a kot a D em ocr a t n e s p pe r e s t bl s h ed by S amu el J . Al br ight . Go ver n or M as t er s di es . N e w l egis l atu r e e l ected

at S i oux F alls . J effer s o n P . K idder e l e cte d del egate to

C n r W i m W . r o i n s r i s i na r n r . o g ess . l o t B ok g p o v o l go ve o

i r ni z a r mi i n r 1860 . Fi r s t chur c h s oc ety o ga ed t V e l o by P esby

t er i ans .

Fi r s t s ch o o l ope ned at V er mil i o n .

Fi r s t s ch oolh o us e built at B o n H o mme .

r r r r n r s . W m 186 1 . D ak o ta T e i t o y e ected by C o g e s M ar ch 2 D r . illia

i m r ar a J ayne appoi n ted go v e r nor . E s tabl s h es t e po y c pi tal i n f r e i a r nd at Y an kto n . Calls e l ect o o l g s l tu e a del egate

t o Co ngr ess . J o h n B . S . T o dd e l ec te d de l egat e . “ i r s er r i o r ia e is a r e t h e o n Co n r es s mee s F t t t l l g l tu , P y g , t

M ar ch 1 7 .

C o m an A a o a ca al r o r ani ze d at Y an o n . p y , D k t v y, g kt

Gr ea In di a n O br ea i n M i nn es o a A s 18. T he t ut k t , ugu t i r fl i n wi A mi do ns m as s acr ed at S ou x Fall s . S ettl e s e e ld

t an n . l m n al ed t ar m panic . S tock ade a Y kto Al e c l o s .

w n m n ~ G o ver nor J ayne goes t o Co ngr es s . N e to E d u ds ap

po i nted g o ver n or .

Com an a o a ca a r o r ani zed at E oi n . p y B , D k t v l y, g lkp t

W ar o f O utbr ea k e nded by tr eaty at Fo r t Pi er r e . M o n tana

r oad o r de r ed bui lt . w i n Red Cl oud ar beg s . A ndr ew J . Fanlk s u ccee ds N ewt on Edmunds . G r eat afll i cti on of gr ass hopper s . Cr ops eate n up.

. i r v a i n r ea e d b 1868. Red Cl oud war ends Gr eat S o ux r es e t o c t y tr eaty . 220 SOUTH DAKOTA

“ Fanlk su cceeded by J o h n A . Bur ban k . Wild and woo lly

” - r a fa io na oo d r o o i n s e i n . per io d . G e t ct l M y B k g fight b g s

' Fi r s t r ail r oad i n S o uth D ako ta ; D ako ta S outh er n bui lt fr o m

S io ux Ci ty t o Yankto n .

N or thwes ter n r ail way built t o Lak e Kampeska .

w n S . McCo ok s e cr e ar o f a o a Ter r i r n . d i o s G e E , t y D k t t y, h o t

'

n i ed b e er . Wi n er m e re s o f fac i o na a d k ll y P t P t ut , ult t l po liti ca l fights

d n L enni n o n . Bur bank s u cce ede by J o h . P gt

G o ld dis co v er e d i n Bl ack H ill s .

S eco nd i nvasi o n of gr ass h o pp er s . i n f mi n Bl ack H i lls t r e aty commis s o fail s . R us h o e r s to

Cus ter .

m fr . G o ld disco v er ed i n D eadwo o d Gul ch . S ta pede om Cus ter

M i n er s es tabli s h l aw and o r der .

n i i . G r eat S ioux war . Battl es of R o s ebud a d L ttl e B g H o r n ’ Cu s ter s ar my des t r o yed .

Bl ack H ill s r el i n q uis h e d by Indian s . All ag ency S io ux di s

mou nt ed an d dis ar me d .

G r ea t D ak o ta b oo m begi ns .

d n n i n n . W illiam A . Howar d s u ccee s Pe gto

G r eat bo o m waxes s tr o ng . R ail r o ad buil di ng begi ns . N or thwes ter n r ail way bui lds to Pi e r r e ; t he Mi l wauk ee r each es

Ch amber l ai n .

G r eat O cto ber bli zzar d.

G o ver n o r H o war d di es and i s s u cceeded by N e h e mia h G .

O r dway.

f fl n i i n i s r . 1881 . A w ul o o ds o B g S o ux a d M s ou i

S o ed Tai no ed r e S i o i e d b eal o s w ar r i or . p tt l , t B ul ux. k ll y j u

r . Yankton C o ll ege e s tablis h ed by D r . J o seph W a d

1882 m r . . Capi tal r e mo ved fr o m Y ankto n to Bi s a ck

S tate U n i v er sity es tablis h e d . Divi s ion and admi s si o n mo vemen t ear ne s tly pr os ecut e d to

s ave s ch oo l l ands . Fir s t S i oux F alls co nstituti o nal co n

v e nti o n .

ian ni Pr es byt er U ver si ty open ed at Pi er r e . R emo ved to

r o n as r o n C o e e 18 . Hu Hu ll g , 99 S i o a ux F ll s Co ll ege fou nded . r i r C Ag cultu al oll ege fo u n ded at Br o oki ngs . adis n r ma M o N o l S c h ool fo u nde d.

S T AT E CE N S U S O F 190 5

S u mmar v o f fac ts r ev eal e d by t he S eco n d S ta t e Ce ns us of S o uth

a o a 1 0 D k t , 9 5

To tal populati o n

N mb er o f ma es w i e u l , h t

N mb er o f fe ma es w i e u l , h t

To tal fo r eign b o r n er cen a e o f fo r ei n bor n P t g g ,

Total bo r n i n S o uth D ako ta Total bo r n i n S o uth D ak o ta h avi ng native par en ts To tal b o r n i n S o uth D ak o ta h avi ng fo r eign par en ts

T o tal bo r n i n o th er s tates To tal bo r n i n o th er s tates h avi ng nati ve par en ts To tal b o r n i n o th er s tates h avi ng fo r e ign par e nts

To tal h avi ng n ati ve par en ts T o tal h avi ng fo r e ig n par ents

T o tal of s ch o o l age T o tal o f mil itar y age T o tal v o ter s

To tal lit er at e 10 year s an d o ver To tal ill iter ate 10 year s and o ver er cen a e o f i i er ac P t g ll t y,

T o tal m al es o v er 10 engaged i n us eful e mpl oyme n t T o tal fe mal es o ve r 10 engage d i n us e ful e mpl oyment To tal mal es u n em pl oyed To tal females u nempl o yed IN D E !

Ab o r i i ne s 1 . Dak ot a ca a r 12 1 0 1 g , 7 v l y, 5 , 3 , 34.

Ai r d am es . D a e Rev . C M 188: , J , 47 l y , . .,

A b r i S am e 1 10 200 . Deadwo o d ul ch 1 2 l ght, u l J , g , 5 .

A iso n W . B . 1 . D e S me 2 . ll , , 43 t , 9

Am i do n . B . i ed 1 2 . D e W i r an i n 108 , J , k ll , 4 tt, F kl , .

A n i ma ls r e i sto r i c 10 . Dic so n Ro b er t 6 . , p h , k , , 7 A r mad a e G r o e 1 D or i on Pi e r r e 2 6 8 0 l v , 9 . , , , 3 , 49 , 5 , 54.

Ar ms r o n M o se s K . 1 2 . t g , , 3

A sh Ho o w b a e . d e r to n A o n so 1 6 2 11 ll , ttl , 97 E g , l J 9 . .

As e Gen. W . H. . Edm n ds Ne w o n 20 1 2 02 hl y , , 7 9 u , t , .

As o n 10 . r o d S a m e H 20 8 2 0 ht , 5 El , u l , 9 Asto r o n , J h J ., 53 .

As o r i a e x e di i o n . a Andr e w 202 20 . t p t , 53 F ulk , J , 3 At i nso n Ge n. Hen r 8 i r st b o o ds e d 1 k , y , 5 F l h , 5 .

i r s r e i m e nt 1 8 . F t g , 7

' Bad Lands 1 2 1 . , 9 , , 3 Fir st r me . hy , 99 Be ad e W . H . H.. 16 . l , 7 F an d r an C a r es E . 10 . l , h l , 4

e n e e n a o r 1 6 . B , M j , 4 o o ds 16 t Fl , 5 .

Bi Elk 6 . g , 7 o d S e r . C ar es 2 . Fl y , gt h l , 3 “ Bi e o w Go v . 1 1 8. , , o r t o f Ce e b r ation g l F u h July l 86 .

Bi W i e M andan c i ef 8. g h t , h , 4 r em o n t o h n C . 0. F , J , 9 B ac Bu ffa o 8 6 18 . l k l , 3 , 47 , 5 , 7 5 , 3 r en ch c ai m s 2 2 . F l , 5 , 7 B ac k i s t r e ati es 1 1 8. , 43 , 4 r o s A fr ed B . 18 . l H ll F t, l , 7

B ac M o o n 1 . l k , 45

Bo at r ace . Gal! 1 . , 55 , 45

Bo o m da s 1 6 Gal i n C ar es E 1 2 6 . y , 5 . p , h l

Br a c e nr i d e scie n i s 8 Ga mb e Ro b er t . 2 1 2 . k g , t t, 5 . l , J ,

Br a d e o n 8 Gar d ne r Ab b ie S a r 10 . l y , J h , 5 . , ( h p) , 3

B r i is t r a de 8 G ar r e a Pi er r e 26 . t h , 5 . u , , , 45

B r o o in s W . W Geo o . k g , l gy , 9

r o w n Me Giffo r d O scar S . 1 6 . B C . o 1 6 , . , p t, 3 . , , 9

Br o wn S a m e . 1 1 1 2 Go d dis co er ed in B ac Hi s 1 , u l J , 3 , 3 . l v l k ll , 43 ,

B r b a n o n A 20 20 1 0 . u k , J h ., 3 , 5 . 5

G o o dwi n Mr s . 1 1 , , 0 .

Ca ifo r ni a t r a i . G r ass o e r s 1 2 . l l , 95 h pp , 4

Cam b e H u 1 6 . G r a es Re e c ief p ll , gh J 9 y Ey , h , 59.

Ca i a o cati o n 12 0 16 1 . G r e fo o t 10 p t l l , , 9 , 95 y , 3 . ' Cat i n Ge o r e 0 0 . G r i sb s Co wb o s 1 . l , g , 7 , 9 g y y , 93 Char e r M ar i n 1 2 g , t , 7 .

Cho u e a u Pi e r r e S r Har ne W . S 86 6 . t , , ., 49, 53 . y , , 9

C o u ea u Pi er r e r . 8 . He r r ei d Go v . 20 8 2 0 . h t , , J , 9 , , , 9

C r c Gov . 2 0 2 0 o man o n 1 0 . hu h , , 4 , 7 . H l , J h , 9

C ar . Ca . \Vi l li am 0 . Ho m es C ar es E . 1 . l k pt , 3 , 33 l , h l , 3

Co ns i i o ns 16 . Ho war d W i i a m A . 10 2 0 20 . t tut , 9 , ll , 7 , 4, 5

Cr a z Ban d 1 2 . Hu hitt M ar i n 1 6. y , 7 g , v , 5 Cr a z Ho r se 1 m 18 y , 45 . Hu p , 3 .

Cus er G . A . n W a ter P . t , , Hu t, l ., 53 2 2 4 1N DEx

P r i me a a In k ad uta 10 2 106 1 . , C r es E . 1 2 . p , , , 45 u h l , 9

Pr o r S er ean . y , g t , 49 a ne W i i am 1 1 2 0 1 2 0 2 . J y , ll , 7 , , Ra i wa e xte ns io ns 1 l y , 57 . Ki dde r e ffe r so n P 1 1 1 . , J Re d C o u d w a r 1 . l , 3 5 K o wa s 18. i , Re e I n d a ns 1 6 1 82 . , , , , , ' i 7 45 49

K ttr ed e A fr e d B 2 1 . i g , l 3 Ren o M a o r 1 6 . , j , 4

K le a m e s H . 2 1 2 . , J , y Ri s D r . S . R. 2 10 gg , , 9 , 4

La B a r e o se h 100 . , J , g p S aca awe a 6 . j , 4

L a Fr a mb o i se o se 8 88. , J , , ph 7 S a n i n D r . 2 . gu , , 3 7 , 5

L ai d aw W l am 1 . l , i li , 99 S h a n n o n Ge o r e 1 , g , 5 , 3 5. L ak e T h o m s o n b att e 106 . , , he afe M a r k 1 p l S . , 93

Pla nt Lo u is 1 2 . La , , 9 S e d o n Ch a r es H . 2 08 20 h l , l , , 9 ,

L e a en wo r t Co l . Hen r 81 . v h , y , S h e ta k ca ti es 12 6. p v , ‘ e e A n d r e w E . 2 0 8 2 0 9 . L , , , S ob e r o n H . 1 2 0 h , J h , .

Le fth a n d Re e chi e f . , , 59 S o r B u 1 6 . h t ll , 7

L e S u e u r Cha r es Pie r r e 2 2 2 . , , , 3 i tti n B l 10 0 l S u 1 1 81 . g l , , 45 , La w s an d C a r 1 0 2 6 k , , , , 4 , , l 5 3 3 3 3 S m i t e d e di ah S . 8 . h , J , 3

S m utt y B e ar 10 1 1 . , 9 , 3

Li e n o n as 1 88. , J , S n o w b lo c a d e s 1 60 . k ,

L i sa M a n u e l 0 2 . , , 49 , 5 , 53 , 7 S o m e r s am e s 1 2 0 , J , .

L tt e Bi H o r n b attle 1 6 . i l g , , 4 S an is h w ar 1 8 . p , 7

Li tt e Ch e r r 2 . l y , 5 i r i Lak e m assacr e 10 2 S . p t , l r o 1 Li e C w , 0 , 106 . tt 5 S tac o e S a m ue 81 . kp l , l , l t Lo i se Po s , 2 6 6 . , 3 S ta e h o o d 1 6 . t , 7 Lo u si an a Pu r c ase 2 , 8. i h S o e r Co l . Le e 1 8 . t v , , 7

S r uc k b th e Re e 1 1 1 2 . y , 3 4 , 3 , 5 Mc K a W i i a m 1 0 t y , ll , 4 . M assac r e b Re e s 80 y , . l W 10 T a o r W i i a m 2 . y , ll M assacr e e t te r m an 1 8 , F , 3 . B 1 1 2 0 2 . To dd . . S . , J , 9 , M ast e r s He n r 1 2 00 0 . , y , 9 , i B a r t e 1 6 T r . pp , l tt, 9 Mnn il i a n ' ax 0 , 9 . T r de a s Po s 2 6 . u u t, M e d i ci n e o c 8 R k . , 7

M e ll e te Ar th r C . 1 6 2 0 6 2 0 a e oh n . t , u , 9 , , 7 . V ll , J , 45 M e s i s a wa r 1 . V an Ho te n C a to n C . 1 1 . h , 7 3 u , l y , 9 M i ner a t e s C . N o n 1 2 er e nd r e 2 , p l , 5 . V y , 5 .

M o o d Gid e o n C . 16 2 1 1 e r mi i o n 1 1 1 6 . y , , 9, . V l , 7 , 5 M o u n ds 1 —1 6 . , 4 W a m d e sa a 2 102 . p , 9 ,

N e ws a e r s e stab ish e d 1 10 1 1 W an e ta 68 6 8 . p p l , , 9. , , 9 , 7

N c o e o se N 0 W ar o f 1 81 2 6 . i ll t, J ph ., 9 . , 7 r f t h e utb r ea 12 W a o O k , 4. ’ O Fallo n D r B en a m . in 81 . , j , W a r d D r . o se 16 . , J ph 7 O th e r D a o h n 10 , J , . n D r 188. W a r e . R . C y 4 ,

W ar r e n G e n . G . K . , , 94 e a P r so n Jo n B . 1 2 . , h , 5 W i te Lo d e 1 2 6 . h g , P e n ni n to n o hn L 2 0 20 g , J ., 4, 5 W o u nd e d Kn e e b a t e 1 8 . , t l , 5 Pe tt r ew R . F . 2 1 1 . ig , , P hi i i ne w ar 1 88 . l pp , Ya n to n sto c a de 1 2 . k k , 5 P i e r ce G A 2 0 2 0 , 4, 7 . Yan kto n r e at 1 1 . t y , 3 i P c h e r o sh ua 81 . l , J , Pi nn e y Ge o r e M , 1 2 0 i e b ach r an M. 1 2 . ! g . . F k , 5