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Geomorphological Observations Concernmg the Evolution of the Basin of Athens

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Geomorphological Observations Concernmg the Evolution of the Basin of Athens GEOLOGICA BALCANlCA, 20. 6, Sofia, Dccemb. 1990, p. 15- 24 Geomorphological observations concernmg the evolution of the Basin of Athens Theodoros Gournelos, Hampik Maroukian Deparlmenl of Geography and Climatology, Unil•ersily of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece (Accepted /or publication October 5, 1989) T . roypue;wc, X . MapyKmt - reoMoptjjonozu<lecKue na6n10oeuu11 omuocumeJibuo :>60.1101JUU AifjuucKoco 6acceima. TeKTOifH](a liBJUieTC.ll onpe.D,emuomHM 3neMeHTOM B CoBpeMeHHOM JTaH)J.IIlaljJTe rpeuHH. Oaa oljlopMJT.liCT 6om.­ moe 'iHCJTO B03BbJllleHHOCTeil: H .D,enpecCHH,a cne.D,OBaTeJTbHO H CHCTeMy pacceneHHil: B CTpaHe.0)llla H3 3THX nno­ ma.D,eA OTHOCHTC.ll K DOnblliOMy Alj>HHCKOM~ perHOHy- TpeyrOnbHOMY 6acceil:Hy, OTKPbiTOMy KMOpiO Ha ceoepo- 3ana.D, H OKPY)f(CHHOMY 'iCTbipbMll rOpHblMH MaCCHBaMH . IlpHCYTCTBHC .D,peaaeil: paBHHHbl B 06paMJI.liJOlilHX r opax, MO!llHblX naTepHTOBblX IlO'iB B 6accefu.le, nOKpbT­ TbiX MHOUeHOBbiMH H IlJTHOUeHOBblMH Mepren.HMH, fJTHHHCTblMH H3BecTHJJKaMH,nec'iaBHKaMH .II KOHfJTOMepaTa­ MH, nneACToueHOBble ljlJTIOBHO-IlOTOKOBbie oca.zu<H,annJOBHanbHble aeepa H ljlnroaHanbHbie H MOpCKHe reppaCbi­ Bee 3TO Il03BOJTHnO aayopaM HaATH CB.li3H B TpeTH'iHOH II qeTBepTll'iHOJ:i TeKTOHH'iCCKOH H reOMOpljlOJTOrH'iecKOH 3BOITJOUHH I>onblliOit Alj>HHCKO.fi TeppHTOPHH. · llaneoreorpaljluqecKa.H 3BOJTJOUHll ae.D,eT cnoe aa'iano a oepmnHoi-i ropHo:il. Tonorpalj>HH eme .D,O aaqana MHOueaa, xapaKTCpH3YJO!llefOC.ll IlO'iTH TpOilH'ieCKHMH ycnOBH.liMH. B paHHeM MHOueHe yl!Ce npOH30lllJTO HJTH Ha'iaJTOCh paCKanbiBaHHe Bb!COKHX MaCCHDOB, B pe3ynbTaTe 'iero B03HHK CODpeMeHHbiH6aCCe.fiH. Bo BpeM.Hil03)JJle­ fO MHOueHa :HMena MeCTO TpaacrpeccH.H MOp.!i, B 'iaCTHOCTH B 3aJTa.D,HYIO nOJlOBHHy 6acce:il.Ha. 3aTeM Cne.D,YIOT perpeccHH, 3p03Hll H Il03.D,HennHOUeHOBall TpaacrpeCCHH. B HCOfeHe H 'ieTBepTH'iJ\Oe BpCMl! npO)J_OJlJKaJlH HaKan­ nHBaTbCHijlJTHIO)J_anbHble H nOTOKOBble OCll,!l,KH B 'iepep_oBaHHH C MOpcKHMH ceAHMeHTaMH. B qeTBepTH'iHOCBpeM.H TeKTOHH'iecKal! aKTHBHOCTb CnerKa H MeMeHHO 3aTyXaCT H OCHOBHblMH lj>aKTOpaMH HaKOnneHJHI H 3p031UI H reo­ MOplj>OnOfH'iecKHX npoueccOB CTaHOBl!TCll y)f(e KJlHMaT, OC06eHHO B Il03)l,HeM nneJ.lCTOUCHC H rOJlOUeHe, H 30CTa­ TB3M, B 'iaCTHOCTH B)J_OJTb 30Hbl no6epeJKHll. Abstract. Tectonism is an important element in the determination of the present landscape of Greece. 1t has shaped and is shaping the numerous highlands and depressions and consequently settlement patterns of the country. One such area is the Greater Athens region, a triangular basin, opening to the sea in the southwest and surrounded by four mountain masses. The presence of an old planation surface on the surrounding mountains; of thick lateritic soils in the basin overlain by Miocene and Pliocene marls, marly limestones, sands and conglomerates; Pleistocene fluvio-torren­ tial deposits; alluvial fans; and fluvial and marine terraces, enabled the authors to put together the Tertiary and Quaternary tectonic and geomorphic evolution of the Greater Athens area. The paleogeographic evolution goes back to a probable mountainous topography before the Miocene with near tropical climatic conditions. In the Early Miocene, the breaking up of the highland area and the formation of today's basin begins or has already begun. During the Late Miocene, a transgression of the sea occurs, parti­ cularly in the western half of the basin. This is followed by regression, erosion and Late Pliocene transgression. During the Neogene and Quaternary we have continuous fluvio-torrential deposition intercalating with marine sediments. In the Quaternary, the tectonic activity in the area slowly subsides and climate, particularly in the late Pleistocene and Holocene and eustatism, especially along the coastal zone, affect more readily the deposi­ tional and erosional regime and geomorphic processes. Introduction Numerous'studies ofintermountane basins have been done in almost all parts of the world. There have always been a few locations of particular interest, however, which for various reasons have not been studied as thoroughly as necessary. One such basin is that of Athens (Fig. 1). 15 I \ r; rI -~ I f" I I ( I ', I I I I / Water div1de Contour 1ntervol 100 m Fig. 1. Topographic map of the Basin of Athens The intermountane Basin of Athens is one of the oldest inhabited by man in Greece. The oldest permanent settlements known thus far are about 5.000 years old and were situat­ ed near a spring on the northwest slopes of the Acropolis (Camp II, 1977, p. 33). 16 One of the reasons that made the Basin of Athens a favourable settlement location was its physical setting. lt is trending northeast-southwest, has a plain sloping gently towards the sea, and is surrounded by three mountain masses. In the east, there is the elongated Ymit­ tos with it s highest elevation, 1026 meters, in its northern half. The mountain is divided in a northern higher mass and in a southern lower one. In the northeast of the basi n, there is a more massive mountain, though smaller in extent, named Pendeli. The highest peak, 1107 meters, is near the middle. In the north-northwest, there is the third and highest area, Par­ nitha, with a height of 1413 meters, although it is a little farther from the plain than the previous two. A fourth lower "mountain" mass is Egaleo, 468 meters, located in the west and much closer to the plain than Parnitha. In addition to thest;; important highlands surrounding the Athens basin, there is a group of alligned hills in the basin trending northeast-southwest with decreasing elevations to the southwest. These are Tourkovounia (323 meters), Lykavitos (265 meters), Acropolis (142 meters) and Filopappou (161 meters). It is around these hills that the first permanent settle­ ments occurred, particularly around Acropolis where a number of springs were issuing. The present study attempts to reconstruct the physical environment of the Basin of Athens from ancient geologic time to the present day. It is apparent that, as one moves to more recent times, the geo-evolutionary stages become more and more detailed and better documented. Hence, this study concentrates more heavily upon the Neogene and Quaternary evolution of the basin and the surrounding mountains. Most of the study was done in the field (city). Almost the whole basin has been built up today. This is unfortunate because it is impossible to get a general picture of the topogra­ phy"au nature!" but also fortunate because a large number of buildings,new roads, sewerage systems, and underground tunnels are under construction providing a relatively good pic­ ture of the subsurface geology and landforms that exist in the basin. In addition to field work, various geologic maps, old and new topographic sheets having scales ranging from 1:5.000 to 1:200.000, and airphotos were utilized. Some laboratory analysis of sediment samples and fossil identifications were also carried out. Many scientists have studied the geology and tectonics of Attica. The most important studies are considered to be those by L e p s i u s (1893), K ten as (1907), Negri s (1912-1915), Kober (1929), Sind ow ski (1949), Philipps on (1954), Re n z (1955), T r i k k a I in o s (1955), Marinos (1955, 1956) and Kat s i kat so s (1976). The main geologic formations recognized in the Basin of Athens are (Fig. 2): 1. The Metamorphic system (Ymittos) 2. The Sedimentary system (Egaleo, Parnitha) 3. The Athenian schists and Cretaceous limestones, and 4. The Neogene and Quaternary deposits The structural relations between these units have not been fully understood or explain­ ed. L e p s i u s (1893), T r i k k a I i n o s (1955) and others maintain that the age of the metamorphic system is pre-Paleozoic because it underlies Paleozoic formations (Parnitha). K o b e r (1929), who was the first to describe Attica as a tectonic window, believed to the mesozoic age of the metamorphic system, as the more recent scientists Marinos (1955) and K at s i k at s o s (1976) did. Few scientists have studied the geomorphology of the basin of Athens and the surroun­ ding highlands. Renier is (1933, 1937, 1938) studied the lateritic and terra-rossa soils of the Attiki area in general. But more importantly, it was M i s tar d i s (1954, 1959f61a, 1959 f61b, 1964a, 1964b, 1964c) who studied the Quaternary formations of the basin and the adjacent areas. In both cases, however, the studies were mostly de scriptive. Other studies related to the geomorphology and evolution of the Athens area are by R o u bani s (1961), Higgin s (1962), Van de Weer d (1972), Mit saki (1973), De B r u i j n and Van der Meulen (1975), Symeonidi sand Zapfe (1977) , Symeonidi sand De V o s (1977) and K. Doukas (1981). 2 Geologica Balcanica, 20.6 17 SARONIKOS GULF 4 bkm LEGE ND At ~ '2"fl '- hcstn water div ide au at~rna ry olluvk .: c ones ani.J ton:;. ---- :..c ca l w a t er ciiv ide- Pr ~ - Quate-rnary e ro~ionn : s<Jrk,.;:es Reot r e o ti ;-,g coost1in• St~p SlO P ~ • Advanc ing co'Jst ti n~ ~;k '~r= i ed m ont• slope-s S chists ot A t;~,.-r. ~_. Nf."'§ f!' n ~ one! Se dim(-· n~a r y uni:: Ou : ~ . ~~ :-,o r:,- d~ pc .1 ·!s (t: ~a ! Q C Porn; t !"".::: ) r::-------:-~ MC't~ l"',(' rr- 1· · -:: L· . t_ L--L~d :~ · r-. ; ~! ;:-.s . r .: .- : :..i; t ld Fig. 2. Geologic and geomorphologic sketch map of the areas studied in the basin of Athens Geology, tectonism and geomorphology of the basin of Athens Geology The Basin of Athens is surrounded by the metamorphic system of Attica (Ymittos, Pandeli) in the east and northeast, and by the sedimentary formations of Egaleo and Parnitha in the west and northwest.
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