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Pythontm CARLOS PEÑA ¿Qué Es Python? 2 1 PythonTM CARLOS PEÑA ¿Qué es Python? 2 Python es un lenguaje de programación interpretado cuya filosofía hace hincapié en una sintaxis que favorezca un código legible. Se trata de un lenguaje de programación multiparadigma, ya que soporta orientación a objetos, programación imperativa y, en menor medida, programación funcional. Es un lenguaje multiplataforma. Posee una licencia de código abierto, denominada Python Software Foundation License, que es compatible con la Licencia pública general de GPL (General Public License) a partir de la versión 2.1.1. El intérprete de Python estándar incluye un modo interactivo en el cual se escriben las instrucciones en una especie de intérprete de comandos: las expresiones pueden ser introducidas una a una, pudiendo verse el resultado de su evaluación inmediatamente. Historia de Python 3 • Su nombre se debe a la comedia 1969 británica Monty Python Flying Circus • El holandés y creador Guido van Rossum publica el código. 1991 • Version 0.9.0 • Python 3.X 2009 Video Usos típicos de Python 4 Web Development: Django, Pyramid, Bottle, Tornado, Flask, web2py GUI Development: tkInter, PyGObject, PyQt, PySide, Kivy, wxPython Scientific and Numeric: SciPy, Pandas, IPython Software Development: Buildbot, Trac, Roundup System Administration: Ansible, Salt, OpenStack Versiones de Python 5 Hasta la fecha (Julio 2017) existen dos versiones disponibles de Python: (descargables en www.python.org) Python Python 2.X 3.X Año de Año de lanzamiento lanzamiento 2000 2009 Ultima Ultima versión versión 2.7.13 3.6.2 ¿Cómo Trabajar con Python? 6 Se puede trabajar desde un archivo de texto Es necesario generado por un block de descargar alguna notas con extensión “.py”, •Sublime Text “.pyc”, “.pyd”, “.pyo” o (recomendado) versión de Python “.pyw” para luego •Block de notas desde la pagina ejecutarse en el símbolo de oficial e instalarla en sistema llamando previamente a Python. el sistema operativo No es necesario (en la Se puede trabajar desde •ipython mayoría de los casos) algún paquete de •Spyder desarrollo en entorno tener instalada alguna Python. •Jupyter versión Python pues el desarrollador ya lo trae incluido Desarrolladores para Python 7 Locales Es necesario instalarlos en nuestros ordenadores para poder ejecutarlos. Anaconda, Enthought Canopy, PyCharm, entre otros… Onlines Son ejecutables desde algún navegador web como Chrome, Safari… Codeskulptor, SourceLair, Codecademi, entre otros… Portables Pueden ser ejecutados desde un disco externo. WinPython, ZePyzo, entre otros… Librerías para Python 8 Algunas librerías mas comunes para la ingeniería son: NumPy Bokeh np SciPy as Bokeh Math Numpy Random import MatplotLib Filosofía Python 9 Bello es mejor que feo. Explícito es mejor que implícito. Simple es mejor que complejo. Import Complejo es mejor que complicado. Plano es mejor que anidado. Disperso es mejor que denso. La legibilidad cuenta. this Los casos especiales no son tan especiales como para quebrantar las reglas. Lo práctico gana a lo puro. Los errores nunca deberían dejarse pasar silenciosamente. A menos que hayan sido silenciados explícitamente. Frente a la ambigüedad, rechaza la tentación de adivinar. Debería haber una -y preferiblemente sólo una- manera obvia de hacerlo. Aunque esa manera puede no ser obvia al principio a menos que usted sea holandés.15 Ahora es mejor que nunca. Aunque nunca es a menudo mejor que ya mismo. Si la implementación es difícil de explicar, es una mala idea. Si la implementación es fácil de explicar, puede que sea una buena idea. Los espacios de nombres (namespaces) son una gran idea ¡Hagamos más de esas cosas! Tipos de Datos 10 Tipo Clase Notas Ejemplo str Cadena Inmutable 'Cadena' unicode Cadena Versión Unicode de str u'Cadena' Mutable, puede list Secuencia contener objetos de [4.0, 'Cadena', True] diversos tipos Inmutable, puede tuple Secuencia contener objetos de (4.0, 'Cadena', True) diversos tipos Mutable, sin orden, no set([4.0, 'Cadena', set Conjunto contiene duplicados True]) Inmutable, sin orden, frozenset([4.0, frozenset Conjunto no contiene 'Cadena', True]) duplicados Grupo de pares {'key1': 1.0, 'key2': dict Mapping clave:valor False} Tipos de Datos 11 Tipo Clase Notas Ejemplo Precisión fija, int Número entero convertido en long en 42 caso de overflow. 42L ó 45696678615198 long Número entero Precisión arbitraria 7643L Coma flotante de float Número decimal 3.1415927 doble precisión Parte real y parte complex Número complejo (4.5 + 3j) imaginaria j. Valor booleano bool Booleano True o False verdadero o falso ¿Cuál versión de Python usaremos? 12 www.codeskulptor.org Desarrollado en Texas, USA por Scott Python 2.X Rixner, Profesor de Rice University Browser: Chrome, Posee las librerías Especial para la Safari, Mozilla. No OnLine necesarias para enseñanza compatible con comenzar Explorer Entorno Codeskulptor 13 URL: La ruta cambia cuando se presiona el botón de guardado Ejecutar: en este Documentación e botón se ejecuta información útil el código escrito acerca de en el editor funciones, librerías, estructuras, Guardado: en objetos. este botón se genera el URL único del código Modo VIZ: es una Descarga: forma de correr el permite la programa paso a descarga del paso desglosando código al cada secuencia. ordenador Útil para hallar errores Abrir: en este botón se abre el código guardado en el Demo: Contiene ordenador una buena cantidad de Refrescar: en ejemplos y códigos que pueden ser de este botón se Limpiar pantalla: en Pantalla de Pantalla de utilidad para el genera un nuevo este botón se limpia edición de ejecución de programador en URL para el la pantalla de comandos comandos código ejecución (derecha) etapa de aprendizaje Librerías Standard Modules 14 Disponibles Math Module Random Module en Collections Module – Default Dictionaries Codeskulptor Collections Module – Counters Regular Expression (re) Module Time Module Urllib2 Module Graphics Modules SimpleGUI Module – Frame SimpleGUI Module – Control Objects SimpleGUI Module – Canvas SimpleGUI Module – TImers SimpleGUI Module – Images SimpleGUI Module – Sounds SimpleGUI Module – Constants SimpleGUI Module – Maps SimpleGUI Module – Markers SimpleGUI Module – Lines SimplePlot Module Other Modules Numeric Module – Matrices CodeSkulptor Module 16 Python 2.7.13 SINTAXIS Y CONCEPTOS Nociones básicas 17 La representación de números en Python contempla los enteros, los decimales o punto flotantes: Enteros: Int >>> 1 -2 102 Decimales: Float >>> 2.0 11.5 0.1334 La function type() determina el tipo de objeto que se está manejando print type(4.0) <type ‘float’> La function int() convierte un número en entero mientras que float() lo convierte en decimal. print int(4.7), float(-19) 4 -19.0 Nociones básicas 18 Para imprimir en pantalla en la version Python 2.X se dispone del comando print: Por ejemplo para imprimir en pantalla una cadena de caracteres (string) se hace uso de comillas dobles o simples: print “hola” “hola” print ’hola’ ’hola’ Si deseamos imprimir algún número o varios al mismo tiempo se tienen dos posibilidades: 1. Se colocan tantos print como datos diferentes se tengan 2. Se separan los datos a imprimir por comas (,) de esta forma se imprimiran los datos de forma independiente pero uno al lado del otro. print -3 -3 print 5, 8.5, -102 5 8.5 -102 Nociones básicas 19 Para la definición de variables se tienen las siguientes reglas: 1. Se permite el uso de letras, números y underscore 2. No se puede comenzar un nombre con un número 3. Se distinguen minúsculas de mayúsculas 4. El símbolo “=“ le asigna el valor a la variable 5. Se puede modificar el valor de la variable a lo largo del código Cierto_Falso=True print Cierto_Falso True Edad_Raul=12 print Edad_Raul 12 Los comentarios en python se hacen con el símbolo “#”. Todo lo que sea escrito en la linea de código después de “#” no será tomado en cuenta por Python. Nociones básicas 20 Para la definición de variables se tienen las siguientes reglas (cont): 6. Se pueden definir más de una variable en una misma linea de código de la siguiente forma: #Variable1, Variable2,…, VariableN = Valor_Var1, Valor_Var2,…, Valor_VarN #Por ejemplo: X,Y=1, 5 P, Q, Z = 9.8 , -4 , 9+3 print Y 5 print Z 12 print Q -4 print X 1 Notemos que deben haber tantos valores como variables. De lo contrario obtendremos un error en la ejecución. Otra forma para crear dos variables con iguales valores: A=B= -3.1416 Nociones básicas 21 Palabras reservadas para Python* And exec Not Assert finally or Break for pass Class from print Continue global raise def if return del import try elif in while else is with except lambda yield *Estas palabras no pueden ser usadas como identificadores (nombres) de variables Nociones básicas 22 Operadores elementales Operación Símbolo Ejemplo Suma, 푎 + 푏 + 6+11 Resta, 푎 − 푏 - 7-2 Producto, 푎. 푏 * -5*4 División, 푎 푏 / 4.0/3.0 o 4/3 División entera, 푎 푏 // 4.0//3.0 o 4//3 Potencia, 푎푏 ** 5**7 Resto de la división de a % 5%4 y b (módulo) a%b Es importante destacar que Python en su versión 2.X arroja un valor entero de la división de dos enteros (por ejemplo 4/3=1), mientras que si al menos uno de los dos valores es decimal arrojará un valor decimal (por ejemplo 4.0/3 o 4/3.0 ambos=1.333333333). En la versión 3.X no es necesaria la distinción. Nociones básicas 23 Símbolo Operación > Mayor que >= Mayor o igual que < Menor que Relacionales <= Menor o igual que == Igual que != Distinto que <> Distinto que Operadores Operador Descripción A and B Retorna True si ambas expresiones son verdaderas A or B Retorna True si A o B es verdadera Lógicos not A Negado
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