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Universidad De Sevilla / Facultad De Comunicación Trabajo Fin De Máster La Propaganda Politíca Del Estado Islámico En Iraq

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Universidad De Sevilla / Facultad De Comunicación Trabajo Fin De Máster La Propaganda Politíca Del Estado Islámico En Iraq UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA / FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIÓN TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER LA PROPAGANDA POLITÍCA DEL ESTADO ISLÁMICO EN IRAQ (2006/2016): EL “OTRO” COMO ENEMIGO BACHIR MOHAMED LAHSEN Dirección: Dr. MIGUEL VÁZQUEZ LIÑÁN Dr. SALVADOR LEETOY MÁSTER EN COMUNICACIÓN Y CULTURA Sevilla, 2016 La propaganda política del Estado Islámico… Bachir Mohamed Lahsen 2016 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS …………………………………………………………………………………...………... 06 RESUMEN (ABSTRACT) …………………………………………………………………….………...………... 07 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ……………………………………………………………………………….…...………..... 07 2. CONSIDERACIONES METODOLÓGICAS ………………….……………………....………... 13 2.1 Descripción del objeto de estudio ………………….………………………………….………... 13 2.2 Preguntas de investigación ………………….…...…………………………………………..……... 13 2.3 Hipótesis ………………….…...……………………………………………………………………………... 14 2.4 Limitaciones: 2.4.1 Idioma …….…...……………………………………………………………….…………... 14 2.4.2 Tiempo y recursos ……………………………………………………….……..……... 15 2.4.3 Bibliografía especializada y riesgos ……………………………..…………... 15 2.4.4 Las fuentes online ……………………………………………………….……..……... 15 2.5 Objetivos generales y específicos …………………………………………………..…………... 16 3. MARCO EÓRICO …………………………………………………..………………………………………….... 17 3.1 “Otredad” y propaganda: La construcción de la imagen del “otro” .………....... 17 3.2 Eurocentrismo y propaganda .…………………………………………………………………....... 20 3.3 Miedo, violencia y propaganda ………………………………………………………………....... 22 3.4 Propaganda y lenguaje ……………………………………………………………………………....... 25 3.5 Argumentación ………………………………………………………………………………….……....... 27 3.6 Persuasión ………………………………………………………………………………………………....... 28 3.6.1 La teoría de la respuesta cognitiva ………………………….……………....... 29 3.6.2 La teoría del modelo heurístico ………………………….…………...……....... 30 3.6.3 La teoría del modelo de la probabilidad …………….…………...……........ 30 3.7 Manipulación …………….…………...………………………………………………………………........ 30 3.8 Discurso religioso y propaganda …………….…………...……………………….…………....... 33 3.8.1 El Islam como alternativas suprema ...………………….....………….…....... 33 3.8.2 Autoculpabilidad ...……………………………………………..…………………........ 34 3.8.3 El discurso de la retórica sectaria ...………….……………………………....... 34 3.9 Propaganda y liderazgo ...………………………………….................................................................. 37 3.10 El liderazgo carismático en la tradición islámica ...................................................... 38 2 La propaganda política del Estado Islámico… Bachir Mohamed Lahsen 2016 4. MARCO CONTEXTUAL ................................................................................................................................ 41 4.1 Origen, organización y evolución del Estado Islámico ................................................ 41 4.1.1 De Afganistán a Iraq: la nueva yihad internacional ............................. 41 4.1.2 Azarqaui y la división de la yihad ..................................................................... 45 4.1.3 Nace el Estado Islámico ............................................................................................ 50 4.1.4 El Estado Islámico en Siria ..................................................................................... 53 4.2 Geopolítica de la guerra en Iraq ..................................................................................................... 61 4.2.1 División sectaria y otredad ..................................................................................... 63 4.2.2 La marginación política de la secta suní en el nuevo orden político iraquí .................................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Intervención internacional en Iraq y la emisión de los conflictos internos ... 66 5. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA PROPAGANDA DEL ESTADO ISLÁMICO EN IRAQ .................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.1 Terrorismo, medios y espectáculo ............................................................................................... 69 5.2 La distribución de los mensajes: Canales de la propaganda del Estado Islámico En Iraq ......................................................................................................................................... 72 5.3 Medios de comunicación tradicionales ..................................................................................... 73 5.3.1 Radio Albayan .................................................................................................................. 73 5.3.2 Agencia de noticias “Aamaq Agency” ........................................................... 74 5.3.3 Televisión ............................................................................................................................. 75 5.4 Productoras ..................................................................................................................................................... 75 5.4.1 Oficiales …………………………………………………………………………………… 75 5.4.1.1 Alforkan ............................................................................................................... 76 5.4.1.2 Aletisam ............................................................................................................... 76 5.4.1.3 Aynad .................................................................................................................... 77 5.4.1.4 Alhayat ................................................................................................................. 77 5.4.2 Productoras “no oficiales”....................................................................................... 78 5.5 Ritual y comunicación ........................................................................................................................... 79 5.6 Rituales en la propaganda del Estado Islámico en Iraq ................................................ 79 5.7 Las redes sociales ...................................................................................................................................... 81 5.8 La distribución de los mensajes ...................................................................................................... 83 5.8.1 Distribución externa ..................................................................................................... 83 5.8.1.1 Difusión de la propaganda ..................................................................... 84 3 La propaganda política del Estado Islámico… Bachir Mohamed Lahsen 2016 5.8.1.2 Reclutamiento ................................................................................................. 84 5.8.1.3 Desmentir la propaganda en contra del Estado Islámico en Iraq .................................................................................................................... 84 5.8.2 Distribución interna ...................................................................................................... 84 5.9 A cerca del organigrama ...................................................................................................................... 85 6. EL ORIGEN DE LOS ENEMIGOS DEL ESTADO ISLÁMICO EN SU PROPAGANDA ......................................................................................................................................................... 89 6.1 Enemigos comunes con los demás grupos yihadistas .................................................... 90 6.1.1 El comunismo .................................................................................................................... 90 6.1.2 Occidente .............................................................................................................................. 92 6.1.3 La representación de Occidente en la propaganda del Estado Islámico en Iraq ............................................................................................................... 94 6.1.4 Los judíos ............................................................................................................................. 95 6.1.5 Los gobiernos “nacionalistas” en los países musulmanes ............... 97 6.1.6 La representación de los gobiernos “nacionalistas” musulmanes en la propaganda del Estado Islámico en Iraq ....................................... 100 6.1.7 El político suní en Iraq como traidor ............................................................ 101 6.2 Enemigos “propios” del Estado Islámico en Iraq .......................................................... 103 6.2.1 Los chiís .............................................................................................................................. 103 6.2.2 La representación del chiita en la propaganda del Estado Islámico en Iraq ............................................................................................................ 104 6.2.2.1 El chiita como abusador del poder y traidor iraní ............. 105 6.2.2.2 El chiita como infiel ................................................................................ 106 6.2.3 Los grupos yihadistas rivales .............................................................................. 107 6.2.4 Los kurdos ......................................................................................................................... 108 6.2.5 Los yazidíes ..................................................................................................................... 110 6.2.6 Los aficionados al futbol
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