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Siege of Sarajevo Endangered Civilians
BALKAN January 8, 2004 Page 6 VIEW FROM THE HAGUE SIEGE OF SARAJEVO ENDANGERED CIVILIANS On 5 December this year, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia sentenced General Stanislav Gali ć to 20 years in prison for spreading terror among the civilian population during the siege of Sarajevo. The city of Sarajevo was under siege for about three and a half years. For almost two years of that time, from September 1992 to August 1994, General Gali ć was the commander of a branch of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), called the Sarajevo Romanija Corps, or SRK, which had virtually encircled Sarajevo. Parts of the city were controlled by the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Prosecution alleged that the SRK under General Gali ć's command conducted a campaign of sniping and shelling attacks on civilians in Sarajevo. Under international humanitarian law war as such is not considered unlawful. However, certain principles of warfare apply that military commanders must respect. One such principle obliges military commanders to distinguish between military objectives, on the one hand, and civilians, on the other, and not to attack civilians under any circumstances. And yet, the SRK's campaign resulted in a large number of deaths and injuries to civilians. The Tribunal Prosecution alleged that the SRK, under General Gali ć's command deliberately killed and injured civilians in order to terrorize them. Terrorising civilians Terrorising civilians during armed conflict is specifically prohibited by Article 51 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949. The former Yugoslavia ratified this protocol in 1978. -
Worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security
Worlds Apart Swanee Hunt Worlds Apart Bosnian Lessons for GLoBaL security Duke university Press Durham anD LonDon 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Charis by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. To my partners c harLes ansBacher: “Of course you can.” and VaLerie GiLLen: “Of course we can.” and Mirsad JaceVic: “Of course you must.” Contents Author’s Note xi Map of Yugoslavia xii Prologue xiii Acknowledgments xix Context xxi Part i: War Section 1: Officialdom 3 1. insiDe: “Esteemed Mr. Carrington” 3 2. outsiDe: A Convenient Euphemism 4 3. insiDe: Angels and Animals 8 4. outsiDe: Carter and Conscience 10 5. insiDe: “If I Left, Everyone Would Flee” 12 6. outsiDe: None of Our Business 15 7. insiDe: Silajdžić 17 8. outsiDe: Unintended Consequences 18 9. insiDe: The Bread Factory 19 10. outsiDe: Elegant Tables 21 Section 2: Victims or Agents? 24 11. insiDe: The Unspeakable 24 12. outsiDe: The Politics of Rape 26 13. insiDe: An Unlikely Soldier 28 14. outsiDe: Happy Fourth of July 30 15. insiDe: Women on the Side 33 16. outsiDe: Contact Sport 35 Section 3: Deadly Stereotypes 37 17. insiDe: An Artificial War 37 18. outsiDe: Clashes 38 19. insiDe: Crossing the Fault Line 39 20. outsiDe: “The Truth about Goražde” 41 21. insiDe: Loyal 43 22. outsiDe: Pentagon Sympathies 46 23. insiDe: Family Friends 48 24. outsiDe: Extremists 50 Section 4: Fissures and Connections 55 25. -
Record of the Istanbul Process 16/18 for Combating Intolerance And
2019 JAPAN SUMMARY REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS EVENT SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 3 PLENARY SESSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 7 LAUNCHING THE 2019 G20 INTERFAITH FORUM.......................................................................... 7 FORMAL FORUM INAUGURATION – WORKING FOR PEACE, PEOPLE, AND PLANET: CHALLENGES TO THE G20 ............................................................................................................... 14 WHY WE CAN HOPE: PEACE, PEOPLE, AND PLANET ................................................................. 14 ACTION AGENDAS: TESTING IDEAS WITH EXPERIENCE FROM FIELD REALITIES ........... 15 IDEAS TO ACTION .............................................................................................................................. 26 TOWARDS 2020 .................................................................................................................................... 35 CLOSING PLENARY ............................................................................................................................ 42 PEACE WORKING SESSIONS ................................................................................................................ 53 FROM VILE TO VIOLENCE: FREEDOM OF RELIGION & BELIEF & PEACEBUILDING ......... 53 THE DIPLOMACY OF RELIGIOUS PEACEBUILDING .................................................................. -
France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.)
France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of History August 2015 © “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis examines French relations with Yugoslavia in the twentieth century and its response to the federal republic’s dissolution in the 1990s. In doing so it contributes to studies of post-Cold War international politics and international diplomacy during the Yugoslav Wars. It utilises a wide-range of source materials, including: archival documents, interviews, memoirs, newspaper articles and speeches. Many contemporary commentators on French policy towards Yugoslavia believed that the Mitterrand administration’s approach was anachronistic, based upon a fear of a resurgent and newly reunified Germany and an historical friendship with Serbia; this narrative has hitherto remained largely unchallenged. Whilst history did weigh heavily on Mitterrand’s perceptions of the conflicts in Yugoslavia, this thesis argues that France’s Yugoslav policy was more the logical outcome of longer-term trends in French and Mitterrandienne foreign policy. Furthermore, it reflected a determined effort by France to ensure that its long-established preferences for post-Cold War security were at the forefront of European and international politics; its strong position in all significant international multilateral institutions provided an important platform to do so. -
Bosnia to War, to Dayton, and to Its Slow Peace – European Council On
REPORT BOSNIA TO WAR, TO DAYTON, AND TO ITS SLOW PEACE Carl Bildt January 2021 SUMMARY The international community was gravely unprepared for the conflicts that followed the dissolution of Yugoslavia. In particular, it neglected the challenge of Bosnia. Europe alone was not enough to bring peace, and the United States went from disinterested to disruptive and finally to decisive for a credible peace process. Russia in those days was a constructive actor. The war in Bosnia lasted years longer than it should have more because of the divisions between outside powers than because of the divisions within the country and the region itself. The fundamentals of the Dayton Agreement in 1995 were not too dissimilar from what had been discussed, but not pursued, prior to the outbreak of the war. It is a solution that is closer to the reality of Belgium than to the reality of Cyprus. After the war, many political leaders in Bosnia saw peace as the continuation of the war by other means, which has seriously hampered economic and social progress. Ultimately, it will be difficult to sustain progress for Bosnia or the region without a credible and clear EU accession process. INTRODUCTION It was a quarter of a century ago that the most painful conflict on European soil since the second world war came to an end. Peace agreements are rare birds. Most conflicts end either with the victory of one of the sides or some sort of ceasefire that is rarely followed by a true peace agreement. The map of Europe shows a number of such ‘frozen conflicts’. -
Bomber Command Free
FREE BOMBER COMMAND PDF Sir Max Hastings | 544 pages | 17 Sep 2010 | Pan MacMillan | 9780330513616 | English | London, United Kingdom Bomber Command - Official TerraTech Wiki Most who flew were very young, the Bomber Command majority still in their late teens. It took astonishing courage to endure the conditions. Flying at night over occupied Europe, running the gauntlet of German night fighters, anti-aircraft fire and mid-air collisions, the nerves of these young men were stretched to breaking point. RAF Bomber Command was formed in At the time, it was argued that a strong bomber force provided a deterrent to aggression, as bombing would result in complete and inescapable destruction on both sides. The reality was very different. War came despite the threat of the bombers. To Winston Churchill, and to most of Bomber Command British people, only the bombers offered a chance to take the fight to the Nazis. Initially the prospects were bleak. Bomber Command Command was compelled to switch to inaccurate night bombing in an effort to reduce casualties. Harris was appointed as commander in chief of Bomber Command in Februarywith a mandate to begin attacking German industry, much of which was located in large cities. To understand these intentions, the mood and desperation of the country has to be Bomber Command. Times were hard. U-Boats were roaming the Atlantic, sinking merchant shipping in an effort to starve Britain into submission. Harris' promise to make the German people "reap the whirlwind" resonated with a desire to strike back at the mighty Nazi war machine, no matter what the cost. -
Skinny Puppy Éÿ³æ¨‚Űˆè¼¯ ĸ²È¡Œ (ĸ“Ⱦ‘ & Æ—¶É—´È¡¨)
Skinny Puppy 音樂專輯 串行 (专辑 & 时间表) Weapon https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/weapon-7978041/songs The Process https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/the-process-7758446/songs VIVIsectVI https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/vivisectvi-7907100/songs The Greater Wrong of the Right https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/the-greater-wrong-of-the-right-1761720/songs Rabies https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/rabies-7278724/songs The Greater Wrong of the Right https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/the-greater-wrong-of-the-right-live-7738017/songs Live Remix Dystemper https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/remix-dystemper-7311955/songs Bootlegged, Broke, and In Solvent https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/bootlegged%2C-broke%2C-and-in-solvent-seas- Seas 16244609/songs https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/mind%3A-the-perpetual-intercourse- Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse 10585691/songs Twelve Inch Anthology https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/twelve-inch-anthology-7857610/songs The Singles Collect https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/the-singles-collect-7764468/songs Remission & Bites https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/remission-%26-bites-7311918/songs B-Sides Collect https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/b-sides-collect-4833705/songs https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/doomsday-%28skinny-puppy-album%29- Doomsday (Skinny Puppy album) 3714061/songs Bites https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/bites-1761169/songs Cleanse Fold and Manipulate https://zh.listvote.com/lists/music/albums/cleanse-fold-and-manipulate-5130586/songs -
Downloads of Technical Information
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2018 Nuclear Spaces: Simulations of Nuclear Warfare in Film, by the Numbers, and on the Atomic Battlefield Donald J. Kinney Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES NUCLEAR SPACES: SIMULATIONS OF NUCLEAR WARFARE IN FILM, BY THE NUMBERS, AND ON THE ATOMIC BATTLEFIELD By DONALD J KINNEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Donald J. Kinney defended this dissertation on October 15, 2018. The members of the supervisory committee were: Ronald E. Doel Professor Directing Dissertation Joseph R. Hellweg University Representative Jonathan A. Grant Committee Member Kristine C. Harper Committee Member Guenter Kurt Piehler Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For Morgan, Nala, Sebastian, Eliza, John, James, and Annette, who all took their turns on watch as I worked. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Kris Harper, Jonathan Grant, Kurt Piehler, and Joseph Hellweg. I would especially like to thank Ron Doel, without whom none of this would have been possible. It has been a very long road since that afternoon in Powell's City of Books, but Ron made certain that I did not despair. Thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..............................................................................................................................................................vii 1. -
Never Again: International Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina1
Never again: 1 International intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2017 David Harland2 1 This study is one of a series commissioned as part of an ongoing UK Government Stabilisation Unit project relating to elite bargains and political deals. The project is exploring how national and international interventions have and have not been effective in fostering and sustaining political deals and elite bargains; and whether or not these political deals and elite bargains have helped reduce violence, increased local, regional and national stability and contributed to the strengthening of the relevant political settlement. This is a 'working paper' and the views contained within do not necessarily represent those of HMG. 2 Dr David Harland is Executive Director of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. He served as a witness for the Prosecution at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the cases of The Prosecutor versus Slobodan Milošević, The Prosecutor versus Radovan Karadžić, The Prosecutor versus Ratko Mladić, and others. Executive summary The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the most violent of the conflicts which accompanied the break- up of Yugoslavia, and this paper explores international engagement with that war, including the process that led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Sarajevo and Srebrenica remain iconic symbols of international failure to prevent and end violent conflict, even in a small country in Europe. They are seen as monuments to the "humiliation" of Europe and the UN and the -
Chasing Success
AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Chasing Success Air Force Efforts to Reduce Civilian Harm Sarah B. Sewall Air University Press Air Force Research Institute Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Project Editor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dr. Ernest Allan Rockwell Sewall, Sarah B. Copy Editor Carolyn Burns Chasing success : Air Force efforts to reduce civilian harm / Sarah B. Sewall. Cover Art, Book Design and Illustrations pages cm L. Susan Fair ISBN 978-1-58566-256-2 Composition and Prepress Production 1. Air power—United States—Government policy. Nedra O. Looney 2. United States. Air Force—Rules and practice. 3. Civilian war casualties—Prevention. 4. Civilian Print Preparation and Distribution Diane Clark war casualties—Government policy—United States. 5. Combatants and noncombatants (International law)—History. 6. War victims—Moral and ethical aspects. 7. Harm reduction—Government policy— United States. 8. United States—Military policy— Moral and ethical aspects. I. Title. II. Title: Air Force efforts to reduce civilian harm. UG633.S38 2015 358.4’03—dc23 2015026952 AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS Director and Publisher Allen G. Peck Published by Air University Press in March 2016 Editor in Chief Oreste M. Johnson Managing Editor Demorah Hayes Design and Production Manager Cheryl King Air University Press 155 N. Twining St., Bldg. 693 Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6026 [email protected] http://aupress.au.af.mil/ http://afri.au.af.mil/ Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the organizations with which they are associated or the views of the Air Force Research Institute, Air University, United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or any AFRI other US government agency. -
The Art of War: the Protection of Cultural Property During the "Siege" of Sarajevo (1992-95)
DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law Volume 14 Issue 1 Special Section: Art and War, 2004 Article 5 The Art of War: The Protection of Cultural Property during the "Siege" of Sarajevo (1992-95) Megan Kossiakoff Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/jatip Recommended Citation Megan Kossiakoff, The Art of War: The Protection of Cultural Property during the "Siege" of Sarajevo (1992-95), 14 DePaul J. Art, Tech. & Intell. Prop. L. 109 (2004) Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/jatip/vol14/iss1/5 This Case Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kossiakoff: The Art of War: TheCOMMENT Protection of Cultural Property during the "S THE ART OF WAR: THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY DURING THE "SIEGE" OF SARAJEVO (1992-95) I. INTRODUCTION Throughout the night of August 25, 1992, shells from Serb gunners fell on the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. The attack set off a blaze fueled by a collection representing hundreds of years of Bosnian history and culture. Librarians and community members, risking sniper fire, formed a human chain to move books to safety.' Despite emergency efforts, ninety percent of the collection was ash by daybreak.2 Unfortunately, this incident was not unique. The destruction of cultural artifacts during the "Siege" of Sarajevo was a loss not only to Bosnia,3 but also to the heritage of the world which now suffers a gap that cannot be closed. -
1 T H E T Akes C< in N Ontrol E T,. L Over I Hong Kong
1 ■T h e T i n n e t , . T WKJ : T w in Falls, Idaho,hQ/92nd year. N o. 18282________________ Tuesday, J 50 ccnts 'G o o d m oiRNING r ■ G j h i n a t ^akes c<ontroll over HongI Kong W e a t h e r Today: Partly cloudyr withw: a slight r. chance of showers thrchrough BBritish end coli)lonial mle aminid celebrationns, pageantry: MH tonight. West winds; nearne 15 mph. le Atioclated Preii_____________ ' th e worl3rid stage, although Prince:e Highs in the low 70s.5. LowsL near ~ 7 U.S. attltudt u d e - A 5 ;s. along with Chris Patten.n. 45. Page A2 ^ ^ '4 HONG KONG ~ With aJ n iid - th e la sIt t, British governor, m an ag ed:d H ^nj|5<3RlK l niglight change of flags, an anXiiiXioui, ' What's lienfieXt - A7 to turnn 1their retreat into a digni-li- jV/MHSIffin - Xcited Hong Kong ended itsIS :1 5 6 - _________________^_____________________ fied, restsstniined spectacle of Britisiiill ear British colonial era < ;ism. ■ M a g i c V a l l e y “ “".‘I mdconTV.ntlminisinistered the coup Ht EY W m mbarked Tuesdoy on a uncen Hong Kong’s 6.3 million peo-0- i-century colonial- - , ew'age under the sovereignc: S '” ' '» le biggest question was still11 d of an era: - . ism arid erased wh».chinmwl .B o n1 ee X u lta n t C om m unist China. ivered: Can a free capitalist ur genera- The few pro-democracy protiri.csK »lw»ss rcsardcd as 0 fimdamentol „dctysr survive in the embrace of a nd the humiliation — Bnts.mam’s seizure of Xommur tnsofstu- K n H BBST ■ "'erere sparse and peaceful, and ■unist p o w er, e v e n o n e th aIt t jpimc.