Applying Single-Cell Analysis to Gonadogenesis and Dsds (Disorders/Differences of Sex Development)
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When Stem Cells Grow Old: Phenotypes and Mechanisms of Stem Cell Aging Michael B
© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2016) 143, 3-14 doi:10.1242/dev.130633 REVIEW When stem cells grow old: phenotypes and mechanisms of stem cell aging Michael B. Schultz and David A. Sinclair* ABSTRACT Thus, a stark collapse of the hematological system does not occur All multicellular organisms undergo a decline in tissue and organ during normal aging. However, when murine HSCs with long-term + − function as they age. An attractive theory is that a loss in stem cell repopulating ability were isolated by selecting for c-Kit , lineage + number and/or activity over time causes this decline. In accordance (multiple markers), Sca-1 cells (KLS) (Ikuta and Weissman, 1992; with this theory, aging phenotypes have been described for stem cells Spangrude et al., 1988), the number of HSCs was found to steadily of multiple tissues, including those of the hematopoietic system, increase with age (de Haan et al., 1997; Morrison et al., 1996). Only intestine, muscle, brain, skin and germline. Here, we discuss recent when function was measured on a per-cell basis were old advances in our understanding of why adult stem cells age and how immunophenotypic HSCs shown to have a greatly reduced ability this aging impacts diseases and lifespan. With this increased to engraft and properly differentiate in new hosts (Dykstra et al., understanding, it is feasible to design and test interventions that 2011; Liang et al., 2005; Morrison et al., 1996). Furthermore, in delay stem cell aging and improve both health and lifespan. both mice and humans, the proportion of differentiated blood cells arising from just a few HSC clones increases, suggesting that the KEY WORDS: Age-related diseases, Hematopoietic stem cells, number of active, functional HSCs declines with age (Beerman Multicellular organisms et al., 2010; Genovese et al., 2014; Jaiswal et al., 2014). -
Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System Visual
Biology 202: Sexual Reproduction & the Reproductive System 1) Label the diagram below. Some terms may be used more than once. Spermatozoa (N) Mitosis Spermatogonium (2N) Spermatids (N) Primary Oocyte (2N) Polar bodies (N) Ootid (N) Second polar body (N) Meiosis I Primary spermatocyte (2N) Oogonium (2N) Secondary oocyte (2N) Ovum (N) Secondary spermatocytes (2N) First polar body Meiosis II Source Lesson: Gametogenesis & Meiosis: Process & Differences 2) Label the diagram of the male reproductive system below. Seminal vesicle Testis Scrotum Pubic bone Penis Prostate gland Urethra Epididymis Vas deferens Bladder Source Lesson: Male Reproductive System: Structures, Functions & Regulation 3) Label the image below. Rectum Testis Ureter Bulbourethral gland Urethra Urinary bladder Pubic bone Penis Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens Epididymis Prostate gland Anus Source Lesson: Semen: Composition & Production 4) Label the structures below. Inner and outer lips of the vagina Mons pubis Vaginal opening Clitoris Anus Urethral opening Perineum Vulva Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 5) Label the diagram below. Some terms may be used more than once. Clitoris Vulva Labia majora Labia minora Perineum Clitoral hood Vaginal opening Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 6) Label the internal organs that make up the female reproductive system. Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries Cervix Vagina Endometrium Source Lesson: Female Reproductive System: Structures & Functions 7) Label the diagram below. LH Follicular -
Chapter 28 *Lecture Powepoint
Chapter 28 *Lecture PowePoint The Female Reproductive System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The female reproductive system is more complex than the male system because it serves more purposes – Produces and delivers gametes – Provides nutrition and safe harbor for fetal development – Gives birth – Nourishes infant • Female system is more cyclic, and the hormones are secreted in a more complex sequence than the relatively steady secretion in the male 28-2 Sexual Differentiation • The two sexes indistinguishable for first 8 to 10 weeks of development • Female reproductive tract develops from the paramesonephric ducts – Not because of the positive action of any hormone – Because of the absence of testosterone and müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF) 28-3 Reproductive Anatomy • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of the ovary – Trace the female reproductive tract and describe the gross anatomy and histology of each organ – Identify the ligaments that support the female reproductive organs – Describe the blood supply to the female reproductive tract – Identify the external genitalia of the female – Describe the structure of the nonlactating breast 28-4 Sexual Differentiation • Without testosterone: – Causes mesonephric ducts to degenerate – Genital tubercle becomes the glans clitoris – Urogenital folds become the labia minora – Labioscrotal folds -
Expression Pattern of Delta-Like 1 Homolog in Developing Sympathetic Neurons and Chromaffin Cells
Published in "Gene Expression Patterns 30: 49–54, 2018" which should be cited to refer to this work. Expression pattern of delta-like 1 homolog in developing sympathetic neurons and chromaffin cells ∗ Tehani El Faitwria,b, Katrin Hubera,c, a Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albert-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany b Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya c Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland ABSTRACT Keywords: Delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like family and an atypical notch Sympathetic neurons ligand that is widely expressed during early mammalian development with putative functions in the regulation Chromaffin cells of cell differentiation and proliferation. During later stages of development, DLK1 is downregulated and becomes DLK1 increasingly restricted to specific cell types, including several types of endocrine cells. DLK1 has been linked to Adrenal gland various tumors and associated with tumor stem cell features. Sympathoadrenal precursors are neural crest de- Organ of Zuckerkandl rived cells that give rise to either sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system or the endocrine Development ffi Neural crest chroma n cells located in the adrenal medulla or extraadrenal positions. As these cells are the putative cellular Phox2B origin of neuroblastoma, one of the most common malignant tumors in early childhood, their molecular char- acterization is of high clinical importance. In this study we have examined the precise spatiotemporal expression of DLK1 in developing sympathoadrenal cells. We show that DLK1 mRNA is highly expressed in early sympa- thetic neuron progenitors and that its expression depends on the presence of Phox2B. -
The Cyclist's Vulva
The Cyclist’s Vulva Dr. Chimsom T. Oleka, MD FACOG Board Certified OBGYN Fellowship Trained Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologist National Medical Network –USOPC Houston, TX DEPARTMENT NAME DISCLOSURES None [email protected] DEPARTMENT NAME PRONOUNS The use of “female” and “woman” in this talk, as well as in the highlighted studies refer to cis gender females with vulvas DEPARTMENT NAME GOALS To highlight an issue To discuss why this issue matters To inspire future research and exploration To normalize the conversation DEPARTMENT NAME The consensus is that when you first start cycling on your good‐as‐new, unbruised foof, it is going to hurt. After a “breaking‐in” period, the pain‐to‐numbness ratio becomes favourable. As long as you protect against infection, wear padded shorts with a generous layer of chamois cream, no underwear and make regular offerings to the ingrown hair goddess, things are manageable. This is wrong. Hannah Dines British T2 trike rider who competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics DEPARTMENT NAME MY INTRODUCTION TO CYCLING Childhood Adolescence Adult Life DEPARTMENT NAME THE CYCLIST’S VULVA The Issue Vulva Anatomy Vulva Trauma Prevention DEPARTMENT NAME CYCLING HAS POSITIVE BENEFITS Popular Means of Exercise Has gained popularity among Ideal nonimpact women in the past aerobic exercise decade Increases Lowers all cause cardiorespiratory mortality risks fitness DEPARTMENT NAME Hermans TJN, Wijn RPWF, Winkens B, et al. Urogenital and Sexual complaints in female club cyclists‐a cross‐sectional study. J Sex Med 2016 CYCLING ALSO PREDISPOSES TO VULVAR TRAUMA • Significant decreases in pudendal nerve sensory function in women cyclists • Similar to men, women cyclists suffer from compression injuries that compromise normal function of the main neurovascular bundle of the vulva • Buller et al. -
The Morphology, Androgenic Function, Hyperplasia, and Tumors of the Human Ovarian Hilus Cells * William H
THE MORPHOLOGY, ANDROGENIC FUNCTION, HYPERPLASIA, AND TUMORS OF THE HUMAN OVARIAN HILUS CELLS * WILLIAM H. STERNBERG, M.D. (From the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tulane University of Louisiana and the Charity Hospital of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.) The hilus of the human ovary contains nests of cells morphologically identical with testicular Leydig cells, and which, in all probability, pro- duce androgens. Multiple sections through the ovarian hilus and meso- varium will reveal these small nests microscopically in at least 8o per cent of adult ovaries; probably in all adult ovaries if sufficient sections are made. Although they had been noted previously by a number of authors (Aichel,l Bucura,2 and von Winiwarter 3"4) who failed to recog- nize their significance, Berger,5-9 in 1922 and in subsequent years, pre- sented the first sound morphologic studies of the ovarian hilus cells. Nevertheless, there is comparatively little reference to these cells in the American medical literature, and they are not mentioned in stand- ard textbooks of histology, gynecologic pathology, nor in monographs on ovarian tumors (with the exception of Selye's recent "Atlas of Ovarian Tumors"10). The hilus cells are found in clusters along the length of the ovarian hilus and in the adjacent mesovarium. They are, almost without excep- tion, found in contiguity with the nonmyelinated nerves of the hilus, often in intimate relationship to the abundant vascular and lymphatic spaces in this area. Cytologically, a point for point correspondence with the testicular Leydig cells can be established in terms of nuclear and cyto- plasmic detail, lipids, lipochrome pigment, and crystalloids of Reinke. -
Some Fundamentals of Gonadal Development and Function Richmond W
Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal Volume 8 | Number 3 Article 8 9-1960 Some Fundamentals Of Gonadal Development And Function Richmond W. Smith Jr. Raymond C. Mellinger Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Medical Specialties Commons, and the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Richmond W. Jr. and Mellinger, Raymond C. (1960) "Some Fundamentals Of Gonadal Development And Function," Henry Ford Hospital Medical Bulletin : Vol. 8 : No. 3 , 324-344. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal/vol8/iss3/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal by an authorized editor of Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION* RICHMOND W. SMITH, JR., M.D.** AND RAYMOND C. MELLINGER, M.D.** The traditional division of animal life into male and female forms is based on obvious biological differences, but these distinctions become less striking when we realize that life, in a sheer physico-chemical sense, is a spectrum of sexuality that maleness and femaleness are relative terms. Our conceptual devotion to a two compartment universe is apparent in many areas of life, sociologic, moral, legal, spiritual or biologic. Although reproductive obligations remain clear, albeit increasingly restricted, man's greater social sophistication is molding an order in which underlying biological distinctions of the two sexes are sometimes obscured by the potent solvents of culture, leisure and intellect. -
MR Imaging of Vaginal Morphology, Paravaginal Attachments and Ligaments
MR imaging of vaginal morph:ingynious 05/06/15 10:09 Pagina 53 Original article MR imaging of vaginal morphology, paravaginal attachments and ligaments. Normal features VITTORIO PILONI Iniziativa Medica, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Monselice (Padova), Italy Abstract: Aim: To define the MR appearance of the intact vaginal and paravaginal anatomy. Method: the pelvic MR examinations achieved with external coil of 25 nulliparous women (group A), mean age 31.3 range 28-35 years without pelvic floor dysfunctions, were compared with those of 8 women who had cesarean delivery (group B), mean age 34.1 range 31-40 years, for evidence of (a) vaginal morphology, length and axis inclination; (b) perineal body’s position with respect to the hymen plane; and (c) visibility of paravaginal attachments and lig- aments. Results: in both groups, axial MR images showed that the upper vagina had an horizontal, linear shape in over 91%; the middle vagi- na an H-shape or W-shape in 74% and 26%, respectively; and the lower vagina a U-shape in 82% of cases. Vaginal length, axis inclination and distance of perineal body to the hymen were not significantly different between the two groups (mean ± SD 77.3 ± 3.2 mm vs 74.3 ± 5.2 mm; 70.1 ± 4.8 degrees vs 74.04 ± 1.6 degrees; and +3.2 ± 2.4 mm vs + 2.4 ± 1.8 mm, in group A and B, respectively, P > 0.05). Overall, the lower third vaginal morphology was the less easily identifiable structure (visibility score, 2); the uterosacral ligaments and the parau- rethral ligaments were the most frequently depicted attachments (visibility score, 3 and 4, respectively); the distance of the perineal body to the hymen was the most consistent reference landmark (mean +3 mm, range -2 to + 5 mm, visibility score 4). -
Downloaded from Bioscientifica.Com at 09/30/2021 12:01:31AM Via Free Access 706 D BARON and Others · Foxl2 and Rainbow Trout Gonad Differentiation
705 An evolutionary and functional analysis of FoxL2 in rainbow trout gonad differentiation Daniel Baron1, Julie Cocquet2, Xuhua Xia3, Marc Fellous2, Yann Guiguen1 and Reiner A Veitia2 1INRA-SCRIBE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France 2INSERM E0021 & V361, Génomique fonctionnelle du Développement, Hôpital Cochin, 123 Bd de Port Royal, Paris, France 3Department of Biology and the Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Requests for offprints should be addressed to R A Veitia; Email: [email protected]) Abstract FOXL2 is a forkhead transcription factor involved in ovarian development and function. Here, we have studied the evolution and pattern of expression of the FOXL2 gene and its paralogs in fish. We found well conserved FoxL2 sequences (FoxL2a) and divergent genes, whose forkhead domains belonged to the class L2 and were shown to be paralogs of the FoxL2a sequences (named FoxL2b). In the rainbow trout, FoxL2a and FoxL2b were specifically expressed in the ovary, but displayed different temporal patterns of expression. FoxL2a expression correlated with the level of aromatase, the key enzyme in estrogen production, and an estrogen treatment used to feminize genetically male individuals elicited the up-regulation of both paralogs. Conversely, androgens or an aromatase inhibitor down-regulated FoxL2a and FoxL2b in females. We speculate that there is a direct link between estrogens and FoxL2 expression in fish, at least during the period where the identity of the gonad is sensitive to hormonal treatments. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology (2004) 33, 705–715 Introduction been detected (Cocquet et al. 2002, Pannetier et al. -
This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Isolation, Characterisation and In Vitro Potential of Oogonial Stem Cells Cheryl Elizabeth Dunlop BSc Med Sci (Hons), University of Edinburgh MBChB (Hons), University of Edinburgh Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) – The University of Edinburgh – 2016 Declaration This thesis has been composed by myself and the research described herein is my own, except where work by others has been duly acknowledged. The work described in this thesis has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Cheryl Dunlop 2016 i Abstract The longstanding belief that women are born with a finite ovarian reserve has been debated for over a decade, ever since the discovery, and subsequent isolation, of purported oogonial stem cells (OSCs) from adult mammalian ovaries. This rare cell population has now been reported in the mouse, rat, pig, rhesus macaque monkey and humans and, although a physiological role for the cells has not been proven, they do appear to generate oocytes when cultured in specific environments, resulting in live offspring in rodents. -
The Mythical G-Spot: Past, Present and Future by Dr
Global Journal of Medical research: E Gynecology and Obstetrics Volume 14 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4618 & Print ISSN: 0975-5888 The Mythical G-Spot: Past, Present and Future By Dr. Franklin J. Espitia De La Hoz & Dra. Lilian Orozco Santiago Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Colombia Summary- The so-called point Gräfenberg popularly known as "G-spot" corresponds to a vaginal area 1-2 cm wide, behind the pubis in intimate relationship with the anterior vaginal wall and around the urethra (complex clitoral) that when the woman is aroused becomes more sensitive than the rest of the vagina. Some women report that it is an erogenous area which, once stimulated, can lead to strong sexual arousal, intense orgasms and female ejaculation. Although the G-spot has been studied since the 40s, disagreement persists regarding the translation, localization and its existence as a distinct structure. Objective: Understand the operation and establish the anatomical points where the point G from embryology to adulthood. Methodology: A literature search in the electronic databases PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier, Interscience, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO was performed. Results: descriptive articles and observational studies were reviewed which showed a significant number of patients. Conclusion: Sexual pleasure is a right we all have, and women must find a way to feel or experience orgasm as a possible experience of their sexuality, which necessitates effective stimulation. Keywords: G Spot; vaginal anatomy; clitoris; skene’s glands. GJMR-E Classification : NLMC Code: WP 250 TheMythicalG-SpotPastPresentandFuture Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2014. -
WO 2013/002880 Al O O© O
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/002880 Al 3 January 2013 (03.01.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (74) Agents: LAURO, Peter C. et al; Edwards Wildman C12N 5/00 (2006.01) C12N 5/075 (2010.01) Palmer LLP, P.O. Box 55874, Boston, MA 02205 (US). (21) International Application Number: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/US2012/033672 kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (22) Date: International Filing CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, 13 April 2012 (13.04.2012) DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, (25) Filing Language: English HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (26) Publication Language: English MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (30) Priority Data: OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SC, SD, 61/502,840 29 June 201 1 (29.06.201 1) US SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, 61/600,529 17 February 2012 (17.02.2012) US TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (71) Applicants (for all designated States except US): THE (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION [US/US]; 55 kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 021 14 (US).