History of Warfare Warfare in Eastern Europe

History ofWarfare Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1500-1800 Editors Kelly DeVries Loyola University Maryland Editedby John France Brian J. Davies University of Wales, Swansea Michael S. Neiberg United States Army War College, Pennsylvania Frederick Schneid High Point University, North Carolina VOLUME 72 BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON The titles publishedin thisseries arelisted at brill.nllhw 2012 Coverillustration: Detail of the Viewofthe Siege ofPolotsk by Stephen Bathory (1533-86) in 1579 (engraving), Mack, Georg the elder (c.1556-1601).Image ID: CZA 228782. © Czartoryski Museum, Cracow, Poland / The Bridgeman Art Library. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1500-1800/ edited by Brian 1. Davies. Introduction 1 p. em. -- (History ofwarfare, ISSN 1385-7827; v. 72) Brian Davies Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-22196-3 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Europe, Eastern--History, Military--16th Economic Effectiveness of the Muscovite Pomest'e System: century. 2. Europe, Eastern--History, Military-vlZth century. 3. Europe, Eastern--History, Military--18th century. I. Davies, Brian 1.,1953- II. Title. An Examination of Estate Incomes and Military Expenses DJK47.W372012 in the Mid-16th Century 19 355.020947'0903--dc23 Janet Martin 2011042137 The Habsburg Defense System in Hungary Against the Ottomans in the Sixteenth Century: A Catalyst of Military Development in Central Europe 35 GezaPaljfy The Polish-Lithuanian Army in the Reign of King Stefan Bathory (1576-1586) 63 Dariusz Kupisz Guliai-gorod, Wagenburg, and Tabor Tactics in 16th-17th Century Muscovy and Eastern Europe 93 ISSN 978 9004 22196 3 (hardback) Brian Davies ISSN 978 9004 22198 7 (e-book) ISBN 1385-7827 The FlodorfProject: Russia in the International Mercenary Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NY, Leiden, The Netherlands. Market in the Early Seventeenth Century 109 Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus NijhoffPublishers and VSP. Oleg A. Nozdrin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in Food and Supply: Logistics and the Early Modern a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Russian Army 119 photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Carol B. Stevens Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, Crimean Tatar Long-Range Campaigns: The View from 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Remmal Khojas History ofSahib Gerey Khan 147 Victor Ostapchuk The Siege of Azov in 1641: Military Realities and r« MIX Paper from Literary Myth 173 " ...,.J responsible sources £.~~ FSC" C004472 Brian J. Boeck PRIl'.'TEDBY DRUKKERIJ WILeO B.V. - AMERSFOORT. THE NETHERLANDS vi CONTENTS The Generation of 1683:The Scientific Revolution and Generalship in the Habsburg Army, 1686-1723 199 ErikA. Lund INTRODUCTION Command and Control in the Seventeenth-Century Brian Davies Russian Army 249 Peter B. Brown Scholars in Central and Eastern Europe have produced a rich literature Ottoman Military Power in the Eighteenth Century 315 on the military history of Eastern Europe-Polish and German histo Virginia Aksan rians have been especially prolific-but until recently little of it was made available in English. Anglophone readers are therefore less famil List of Contributors 349 iar with the ways in which resource mobilization for war, the conduct Bibliography 353 of war, and the impact ofwar on the state and society differed in Eastern Index 357 from Western Europe. This has perpetuated some misunderstandings about the geopolitical centrality of Western European military con flicts in the early modern period and the extent to which Western European techniques ,!:ssociated with "Military Revolution" had already become essential prescriptions for the military success of states. We hope that the essays in this volume will help address these misconcep tions. These essays reveal the scale of destructiveness of Eastern European wars over the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries and the enor mous consequences these wars had for the balance of power elsewhere, in the West and in Asia; they also provide knowledge useful for criti cally unpacking two of the prevailing paradigms in early modern mili tary history, the concepts of Military Revolution and Fiscal-Military State, testing how far either is applicable to early modern Eastern European experience. In comparing Western and Eastern European military practice in the 16th-18th centuries it is first important to recognize that there could have been no Single, monolithic Eastern European "mode of warfare" any more than there was a comprehensive, uniform Western mode. Differences in terrain, length of campaign season, population densities, and above all in the constellations of warring powers make it necessary to speak here of at least two great military theaters in Eastern Europe in the early modern period, each with its own distinctive reper tory of military practices. They were not the only identifiable theaters in Eastern Europe, but they were the two most significant, and they present a striking contrast in terms of military praxis. The Baltic theater ofwar extended across northern Eastern Europe from the Oresund into Ingria and Karelia, and from Scania and Karelia 146 CAROL B. STEVENS resolve the particular problems posed by the terrain and the demogra phy of the west Eurasian theater. Supplying large and distant campaigns remained formidable, if not crippling, problems in military supply. CRIMEAN TATARLONG-RANGE CAMPAIGNS: Nonetheless, Muscovy's limited system, supported by private supply, THE VIEW FROM REMMAL KHOJXS HISTORY OF SAHIB the market, and foraging, sustained in the breach a very large army for GEREYKHANl much of the seventeenth century. Only in Peter's time, at great cost to the contemporary soldier, was a more regular and permanent supply Victor Ostapchuk system instituted. In terms of military prowess, longevity, and historical impact, the Crimean Khanate (1440s-1783) was the most successful ofthe Ching gisid successor states to the Mongol Empire in the West (the Ulus [uchi), One of the greatest claims to fame of the Chinggisid states in general was their manner of waging war. Thus in their initial advance through most of Europe Mongols and Tatars were able to inflict an uninterrupted sequence of crushing defeats upon every army or state that stood in their way. Even in the 14th-16th centuries, that is, roughly until the effectiveintroduction of gunpowder weapons, the Tatars were overwhelming in their military prowess. Certainly until the 16th cen tury they won many more battles than they lost. Even with the intro duction of gunpowder weaponry-muskets and cannons-it would still be a long time before the Tatars were no longer a force to be reck onedwith. Despite the clear achievements of the Mongols and Tatars in the art and science of war, there are many aspects that elude us. Aside from prowess in actual combat, they were masters at the technique of long-range campaigns. To give an extreme example, the western cam paign of 1221-1223 led by the Mongol generals [ebe and Subedei in which a relatively minor force of about twenty, thirty thousand men on what was basically a reconnaissance mission, rode nearly fifteen thou sand kilometers, winning more than a dozen major battles, usually against superior numbers. James Chambers, the author of a book on the Mongol conquests, has called this campaign "the most outstanding cavalry achievement in the history of war"? Of course the Crimean Khanate and its military were much differ ent entities than the initial Mongol Empire and its war machine. I This chapter originally appeared in Festschrift in Honorof EleazarBirnbaum, ed. Virginia Aksan (Cambridge: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, 2005) = Journal of Turkish Studies 29 (2005): 271-287 and is reprinted here with the author's revisions and permission. 2 James Chambers, The Devils Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe (New York:Atheneum, 1979), 17. 148 VICTOR OSTAPCHUK CRIMEAN TATAR LONG-RANGE CAMPAIGNS 149 Nonetheless, the Tatars of the Crimea too were masters oflong-range also other topics. Although the chronicle of Remmal Khoja has been military expeditions. And though their forte in mounting long known to scholars since the 19th century," only in the past generation range expeditions were those that took them across the Black Sea have scholars begun to more fully appreciate its value. It was published steppes and into Muscovy or into the Ukrainian lands of Polish by Ozalp Gokbilgin in 1973, a useful text and translation edition albeit Lithuania, they also carried out operations in less familiar territory with frequent misprints and mistakes and with only a rudimentary not only in the Caucasus but, at the behest ofthe Ottomans, in central commentary.' In the same year Gokbilgin published a monograph on Europe on the Hungarian and in Eastern Anatolia on the Iranian the political history ofthe Crimean Khanate during the reigns ofSahib fronts. All such expeditions required skill in organization, some knowl Gerey and Devlet Gerey which for the reign of the former khan is edge ofpaths and ofhostile territory,

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