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Paper 3 Weimar and Nazi Germany Revision Guide and Student Activity Book
Paper 3 Weimar and Nazi Germany Revision Guide and Student Activity Book Section 1 – Weimar Republic 1919-1929 What was Germany like before and after the First World War? Before the war After the war The Germans were a proud people. The proud German army was defeated. Their Kaiser, a virtual dictator, was celebrated for his achievements. The Kaiser had abdicated (stood down). The army was probably the finest in the world German people were surviving on turnips and bread (mixed with sawdust). They had a strong economy with prospering businesses and a well-educated, well-fed A flu epidemic was sweeping the country, killing workforce. thousands of people already weakened by rations. Germany was a superpower, being ruled by a Germany declared a republic, a new government dictatorship. based around the idea of democracy. The first leader of this republic was Ebert. His job was to lead a temporary government to create a new CONSTITUTION (SET OF RULES ON HOW TO RUN A COUNTRY) Exam Practice - Give two things you can infer from Source A about how well Germany was being governed in November 1918. (4 marks) From the papers of Jan Smuts, a South African politician who visited Germany in 1918 “… mother-land of our civilisation (Germany) lies in ruins, exhausted by the most terrible struggle in history, with its peoples broke, starving, despairing, from sheer nervous exhaustion, mechanically struggling forward along the paths of anarchy (disorder with no strong authority) and war.” Inference 1: Details in the source that back this up: Inference 2: Details in the source that back this up: On the 11th November, Ebert and the new republic signed the armistice. -
Was Hitler a Darwinian?
Was Hitler a Darwinian? Robert J. Richards The University of Chicago The Darwinian underpinnings of Nazi racial ideology are patently obvious. Hitler's chapter on "Nation and Race" in Mein Kampf discusses the racial struggle for existence in clear Darwinian terms. Richard Weikart, Historian, Cal. State, Stanislaus1 Hamlet: Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel? Shakespeare, Hamlet, III, 2. 1. Introduction . 1 2. The Issues regarding a Supposed Conceptually Causal Connection . 4 3. Darwinian Theory and Racial Hierarchy . 10 4. The Racial Ideology of Gobineau and Chamberlain . 16 5. Chamberlain and Hitler . 27 6. Mein Kampf . 29 7. Struggle for Existence . 37 8. The Political Sources of Hitler’s Anti-Semitism . 41 9. Ethics and Social Darwinism . 44 10. Was the Biological Community under Hitler Darwinian? . 46 11. Conclusion . 52 1. Introduction Several scholars and many religiously conservative thinkers have recently charged that Hitler’s ideas about race and racial struggle derived from the theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), either directly or through intermediate sources. So, for example, the historian Richard Weikart, in his book From Darwin to Hitler (2004), maintains: “No matter how crooked the road was from Darwin to Hitler, clearly Darwinism and eugenics smoothed the path for Nazi ideology, especially for the Nazi 1 Richard Weikart, “Was It Immoral for "Expelled" to Connect Darwinism and Nazi Racism?” (http://www.discovery.org/a/5069.) 1 stress on expansion, war, racial struggle, and racial extermination.”2 In a subsequent book, Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress (2009), Weikart argues that Darwin’s “evolutionary ethics drove him [Hitler] to engage in behavior that the rest of us consider abominable.”3 Other critics have also attempted to forge a strong link between Darwin’s theory and Hitler’s biological notions. -
Hard Hearts; the Volksgemeinschaft As an Indicator of Identity Shift Kaitlin Hampshire James Madison University
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Summer 2017 Hard times; Hard duties; Hard hearts; The Volksgemeinschaft as an indicator of identity shift Kaitlin Hampshire James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the European History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other German Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hampshire, Kaitlin, "Hard times; Hard duties; Hard hearts; The oV lksgemeinschaft as na indicator of identity shift" (2017). Masters Theses. 488. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/488 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hard Times; Hard Duties; Hard Hearts; The Volksgemeinschaft as an Indicator of Identity Shift Kaitlin Hampshire A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History August 2017 FACULTY COMMITTEE: Committee Chair: Dr. Christian Davis Committee Members/ Readers: Dr. Michael Gubser Dr. Gabrielle Lanier To Mom and Dad, I do not know how I could have done this without you! II Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my director Dr. Christian Davis for his support of my Master’s Thesis. Besides my director, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr. Michael Gubser and Dr. Gabrielle Lanier. My deepest thanks goes to my Graduate Director and Mentor Dr. -
Swastika Night, Woman on the Edge of Time and the Handmaid's Tale
humanities Article Spatial and Psychophysical Domination of Women in Dystopia: Swastika Night, Woman on the Edge of Time and The Handmaid’s Tale Elisabetta Di Minico HISTOPIA Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] Received: 14 January 2019; Accepted: 21 February 2019; Published: 26 February 2019 Abstract: Analyzing Burdekin’s Swastika Night Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time and Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale the article aims to examine the relations between space, gender-based violence, and patriarchy in women’s writing. Hitlerdom in Swastika Night, the mental hospital and the future dystopian New York in Woman on the Edge of Time, and Gilead in The Handmaid’s Tale are spatial and social nightmares. The authorities that rule these dystopias imprison women in restricted spaces first, limit their vocabulary and daily actions, deprive them of their beauty, freedom and consciousness, and impose maternity or sexuality upon them. My analysis will connect the limitation of space with the psychophysical domination the objectification and the disempowerment of the female gender. Hoping also to shed light on the dynamics and the reasons for contemporary real gender-based violence and depreciation, the study will be focused on: 1. the ways space contributes to the creation, the stability and the dominion of dystopian powers; 2. the representation and the construction of female figures, roles and identities; 3. the techniques of control, manipulation and oppression used by patriarchal powers against women; 4. the impact of sex, sexuality and motherhood on women’s bodies; and 5. -
The White Rose in Cooperation With: Bayerische Landeszentrale Für Politische Bildungsarbeit the White Rose
The White Rose In cooperation with: Bayerische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildungsarbeit The White Rose The Student Resistance against Hitler Munich 1942/43 The Name 'White Rose' The Origin of the White Rose The Activities of the White Rose The Third Reich Young People in the Third Reich A City in the Third Reich Munich – Capital of the Movement Munich – Capital of German Art The University of Munich Orientations Willi Graf Professor Kurt Huber Hans Leipelt Christoph Probst Alexander Schmorell Hans Scholl Sophie Scholl Ulm Senior Year Eugen Grimminger Saarbrücken Group Falk Harnack 'Uncle Emil' Group Service at the Front in Russia The Leaflets of the White Rose NS Justice The Trials against the White Rose Epilogue 1 The Name Weiße Rose (White Rose) "To get back to my pamphlet 'Die Weiße Rose', I would like to answer the question 'Why did I give the leaflet this title and no other?' by explaining the following: The name 'Die Weiße Rose' was cho- sen arbitrarily. I proceeded from the assumption that powerful propaganda has to contain certain phrases which do not necessarily mean anything, which sound good, but which still stand for a programme. I may have chosen the name intuitively since at that time I was directly under the influence of the Span- ish romances 'Rosa Blanca' by Brentano. There is no connection with the 'White Rose' in English history." Hans Scholl, interrogation protocol of the Gestapo, 20.2.1943 The Origin of the White Rose The White Rose originated from individual friend- ships growing into circles of friends. Christoph Probst and Alexander Schmorell had been friends since their school days. -
Life in Nazi Germany Revision Guide
Life in Nazi Germany Revision Guide Name: Key Topics 1. Nazi control of Germany 2. Nazi social policies 3. Nazi persecution of minorities @mrthorntonteach The Nazi Police State The Nazis used a number of Hitler was the head of the Third ways to control the German Reich and the country was set up to population, one of these was follow his will, from the leaders to the Police State. This meant the the 32 regional Gauleiter. Nazis used the police (secret and regular) to control what the As head of the government, Hitler people did and said, it was had complete control over Germany control using fear and terror. from politics, to the legal system and police. The Nazis use of threat, fear and intimidation was their most powerful tool to control the German All this meant there was very little people opposition to Nazi rule between 1933-39 The Gestapo The Gestapo, set up in 1933 were the Nazi secret police, they were the most feared Nazi organization. They looked for enemies of the Nazi Regime and would use any methods necessary; torture, phone tapping, informers, searching mail and raids on houses. They were no uniforms, meaning anyone could be a member of the Gestapo. They could imprison you without trial, over 160,000 were arrested for ‘political crimes’ and thousands died in custody. The SS The SS were personal bodyguards of Adolf Hitler but became an intelligence, security and police force of 240,000 Ayrans under Himmler. They were nicknamed the ‘Blackshirts’ after their uniform They had unlimited power to do what they want to rid of threats to Germany, The SS were put in charge of all the police and security forces in Germany, they also ran the concentration camps in Germany. -
'Just Like Hitler': Comparisons to Nazism in American Culture
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 5-2010 'Just Like Hitler': Comparisons To Nazism in American Culture Brian Scott Johnson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Brian Scott, "'Just Like Hitler': Comparisons To Nazism in American Culture" (2010). Open Access Dissertations. 233. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/233 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘JUST LIKE HITLER’ COMPARISONS TO NAZISM IN AMERICAN CULTURE A Dissertation Presented by BRIAN JOHNSON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2010 English Copyright by Brian Johnson 2010 All Rights Reserved ‘JUST LIKE HITLER’ COMPARISONS TO NAZISM IN AMERICAN CULTURE A Dissertation Presented by BRIAN JOHNSON Approved as to style and content by: ______________________________ Joseph T. Skerrett, Chair ______________________________ James Young, Member ______________________________ Barton Byg, Member ______________________________ Joseph F. Bartolomeo, Department Head -
The Gold Star Journal 2011 the Gold Star Journal 2011
The Gold Star Journal 2011 The Gold Star Journal 2011 ii The Gold Star Journal 2011 Dedication to Major General Roger C. Poole Major General Roger C. Poole is a 1959 graduate of The Citadel. One of only ten English majors in his class, General Poole was also an Army contract. During his time as a cadet, he participated in both of the campus publications, which at that time consisted of The Brigadier and The Sphinx. Upon graduation, General Poole commissioned in the Army. His experiences in the military lasted 32 years. He was able to pursue both his master’s degree and his doctorate, in Management and Finance, respectively, from the University of South Carolina. The Citadel Class of 1959 is widely considered to maintain the highest level of unity throughout graduating classes. Therefore, it was a great honor when the class named its scholarship after General Poole. The award is always used to complement a military contrast, resulting in a full scholarship. This year’s recipients are Cory Moyer, a Marine contract, and Ian Berdeau, an Army contract. General Poole was recognized as the Alumnus of the Year in 1999. He currently teaches in the School of Business Administration. The Editors of the 2011 Gold Star Journal to dedicate this year’s journal to General Poole, in honor of his commitment to this school and its success. Without his selflessness, this publication would not be possible. Fifteen years ago, during his time as Vice President for Academic Affairs, General Poole allocated funds for the Gold Star Journal. His strong affirmation that cadets should be proud of their school’s literary publications should not go unnoticed. -
Essay Revision Notes for Nazis in Power How Far Was (Isolated Factor) Responsible for the Survival of the Nazi State Between 1933 and 1939?
ESSAY REVISION NOTES FOR NAZIS IN POWER HOW FAR WAS (ISOLATED FACTOR) RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SURVIVAL OF THE NAZI STATE BETWEEN 1933 AND 1939? IN OTHER WORDS WHY WAS HITLER ABLE TO MAINTAIN CONTROL IN GERMANY? Hitler aimed to create a genuine Volksgemeinschaft to help win support and targeted all areas in Nazi Germany. However, he would not have been in a position to do this if he had not consolidated him power when he became Chancellor in 1933 DICTATORSHIP AND CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933 – January 30th Hitler became Chancellor with only 37% of the vote, the fact that the Nazis did not have a majority highlight that his grip on Germany was not yet secure. Hitler was one of only three Nazis in a Cabinet of twelve, and President Hindenburgh had the power to dismiss Hitler at any time. Yet, Hitler managed to destroy German democracy and set up a dictatorship and consolidate his power. How did he do this? Seizure of power begins: The Reichstag Fire 27th February the Reichstag burned to the ground, Dutch communists, Marinus Van Der Lubbe was found at the scene and accused of arson. Goring ordered the mass arrest of Communist Reichstag deputies and party officials. Overnight 4000 Communist Party officials were arrested. The March Elections and the Enabling Law 28th February Due to the Reichstag Fire President Hindenberg was persuaded to issue an Emergency Decree suspending civil freedoms and allowing the government to imprison political opponents indefinitely. The Nazis exploited the new law in the final days before the Reichstag elections and made it next to impossible for their opponents to campaign freely. -
1. Weimar Republic A. the Unofficial Name of the German State Between 1919 and 1933
1. Weimar Republic a. The unofficial name of the German state between 1919 and 1933. b. Semipresidential representative democracy that came into existence after the German Revolution of 19181919 2. Social Democrats a. Those who support a socialist system of government based on democracy b. Variation of fascism c. Stalin described fascism and social democracy as “twin brothers” 3. Postwar German inflation a. When WWI started, the Reichsbank (German Central Bank) stopped redeeming its notes with gold. The government did not want to tax its people heavily, so it began to borrow copious amounts of money that it planned to gain back by winning the war and making the loser pay reparations. However, when Germany lost the war, they had a large deficit, which was not goldbacked, and tried to fix the problem by printing more and more money. b. Remember the example of the woman using bills as wallpaper and the kids playing with blocks of cash for toys. 4. Dawes Plan (1924) a. The Dawes Plan, written by American Charles Dawes, was the plan to take Weimar Germany out of hyperinflation. b. Here were the stipulations i. Ruhr to be returned to the control of the Germans and that French and Belgian troops would need to evacuate ii. The reparation payments restructured so that Germany would only have to give 1 billion marks the first year and would give 2.5 billion marks every following year. (the hope was that the German economy would pick up after the first year) iii. Restructuring of Weimar’s national bank, the Reichsbank, which would be supervised by the Allies. -
Die Meistersinger Through the Lens of the Third Reich
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons History: Faculty Publications and Other Works Faculty Publications 2003 "The Most German of All German Operas": Die Meistersinger through the Lens of the Third Reich David B. Dennis Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/history_facpubs Part of the Ethnomusicology Commons, European History Commons, Musicology Commons, and the Music Performance Commons Recommended Citation Dennis, David B.. "The Most German of All German Operas": Die Meistersinger through the Lens of the Third Reich. Wagner's Meistersinger: Performance, History, Representation, , : 98-119, 2003. Retrieved from Loyola eCommons, History: Faculty Publications and Other Works, This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © 2002 Nicholas Vazsonyi Die Meistersinger through the Lens of the Third Reich 99 6 this summary continues. "The Wagnerian motif was apparently suggested by Riefenstahl but was a natural and appropriate choice." 3 Such claims are generally taken for granted: students, general readers, and even scholars have little difficulty accepting associations between Wagner's nationalistic music drama and National S?cia~ist .self-promotion in film. However, the main premise of this content10n 1s simply not true: "The Most German of all while Triumph des Willens later refers to Die Meistersinger, 4 the film does not open with music from Wagner's opera. -
Psychology Under the Third Reich
Nicholas Vine 8.10.2009 Psychology IQP Psychology Under the Third Reich Introduction The brief existence of the Third Reich had innumerable effects on the world, many of which we still feel today. This essay will focus on the effects on the field of psychology, the scientists who researched and practiced it, and its uses in the Third Reich. Psychology began to go through a number of changes throughout the beginning of the 20 th century. Many new theories were presented while older ones were being disproven. An excellent case study for this is the research that was being done on the causes of homosexuality. Much of what defined psychological theories and beliefs on the causes of homosexuality was the contemporary attitudes towards these topics. Many scientists devoted their lives to researching the human psyche and Germany in particular was the nexus of psychological research during this time. Unfortunately many of these advancements came to a halt when the Nazis came to power in 1933 much of this changed. As Jews were driven from their posts and replaced with scientists more empathetic to Nazi ideology, psychology, like many other branches of science, came under direct control of the state and became thoroughly integrated into the German military. Many psychiatrists became the first perpetrators to use eugenics to weed out mental and psychical defects in their patients and the race as a whole as a means of bettering the German race. These practices eventually expanded to include entire races and societal groups to become what is now known as the Holocaust.