STUDY ON P LANNING OF WATER RESOURCES OF RAJASTHAN
INRM Consultants Pvt Ltd
Final Report No. 4.4
Ground Water Study by Agroclimatic Zones
Main Report
July 2014
STUDY ON PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCES OF RAJASTHAN
STUDY ON PLANNING OF WATER RESOURCES OF RAJASTHAN
Contents Page Contents i Abbreviations and Acronyms vii 1. Executive Summary ...... 1 2. Introduction ...... 11 3. Objectives ...... 11 4. Methodology ...... 11 4.1 Data Collection...... 11 4.2 Data Validation...... 12 4.3 Completion of Missing Data ...... 14 4.3.1 Data Synchronization With Different Files ...... 14 4.3.2 Data Correction ...... 14 4.3.3 Data Gaps ...... 14 4.4 Long Term Groundwater Levels and Predictions ...... 14 4.5 Groundwater Quality ...... 16 4.5.1 Creation of Time Series ...... 18 4.5.2 Data Analysis ...... 18 4.6 Ground water Suitability for Agriculture ...... 19 4.7 Groundwater Abstraction Village-wise ...... 20 4.8 Assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources ...... 20 4.9 Assessment of Static Ground Water Resources ...... 21 5. Geology of Rajasthan ...... 22 5.1 Introduction ...... 22 5.2 Aravalli Super Group ...... 24 5.3 Delhi Super Group ...... 24 5.4 Vindhyan Super Group ...... 24 6. Hydrogeological Units...... 26 7. Agro Climatic Zones of Rajasthan ...... 29 7.1 ACZ Ia- Arid Western Plain ...... 32 7.2 ACZ Ib - Irrigated North-Western Plains ...... 32 7.3 ACZ Ic - Hyper-Arid and Partly Irrigated Western Plain ...... 33 7.4 ACZ IIa - Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage...... 33 7.5 ACZ IIb - Transitional Plain of Luni Basin ...... 34 7.6 ACZ IIIa - Semi-arid Eastern Plain ...... 34 7.7 ACZ IIIb - Flood-Prone Eastern Plains ...... 35 7.8 ACZ IVa - Sub-humid Southern Plains and the Aravalli Hills ...... 35 7.9 ACZ IVb - Humid Southern Plains ...... 36 7.10 ACZ V - Humid South-Eastern Plains ...... 36 8. Groundwater Study in Agro Climatic Zones of Rajasthan ...... 37 8.1 Depth to Groundwater ...... 39 8.2 Groundwater Levels and Flow Directions ...... 39 8.3 Groundwater Level Fluctuation ...... 40 8.4 Long-Term Water Level Trends ...... 41 8.5 Long-Term Drafts ...... 41 8.6 Groundwater Quality ...... 42 8.6.1 Ground Water Quality- Village-Wise ...... 42 8.7 Static Groundwater Storage ...... 44 8.8 Dynamic Groundwater Resources...... 66 8.9 Stage of Groundwater Development ...... 86 8.10 Categorization of Assessment Units ...... 86 9. Detailed Groundwater Study by Agro Climatic Zones ...... 87 9.1 Ground Water Study of ACZ Ia ...... 87 9.2 Ground Water Study of ACZ Ib ...... 87 9.3 Ground Water Study of ACZ Ic ...... 87
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9.4 Ground Water Study of ACZ IIa ...... 87 9.5 Ground Water Study of ACZ IIb ...... 87 9.6 Ground Water Study of ACZ IIIa ...... 87 9.7 Ground Water Study of ACZ IIIb ...... 87 9.8 Ground Water Study of ACZ IVa ...... 88 9.9 Ground Water Study of ACZ IVb ...... 88 9.10 Ground Water Study of ACZ V ...... 88 10. Life Expectancy of Aquifer Systems ...... 88 11. Recommendations for New Exploratory Wells ...... 97 12. Sample Survey of Groundwater Monitoring Stations ...... 107 12.1 Hydrograph Network Stations ...... 107 12.2 Visited Hydrograph Stations ...... 107 12.3 Status of Hydrograph Network Stations Visited ...... 116 12.4 Comments and Suggestions ...... 148 13. Optimization of Groundwater Monitoring Network ...... 159 14. Recommendations ...... 159 14.1 Action Plan for Long Term Management of Aquifer Systems ...... 169
List of Figures Page Figure 4.1 Schematic Description of the Process and Main Stages of data 13 Validation Figure 4.2 Correlation between TDS and EC. (Sample from Tonk District) 17 Figure 4.3 Correlation between Cl and EC (Sample from Tonk District) 18 Figure 5.1 Geological Map of Rajasthan Following 22 Figure 6.1 Hydrogeological Map of Rajasthan Following 28 Figure 7.1 Agro Climatic Zones of Rajasthan 31 Figure 7.2 Map of Blocks and Districts within Agro-climatic Zones Following 34 Figure 8.1 Depth to Ground Water Level Map of Rajasthan State (Pre At the end Monsoon 2010) Figure 8.2 Depth to Ground Water Level Map of Rajasthan State (Post At the end Monsoon 2010) Figure 8.3 Static Water Level Map of Rajasthan State (Pre Monsoon 2010) At the end Figure 8.4 Average Ground water Level Fluctuation 1984-2010 At the end Figure 8.5 Long Term Ground Water Level Trends Pre Monsoon 1984-2010 At the end Figure 8.6 Long Term Ground Water Level Trends Post Monsoon 1984-2010 At the end Figure 8.7 Annual Average Draft 1995-2009 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.8 Annual Average Draft Per Unit Area 1995-2009 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.9 Relative Change in Drafts 1995-2009 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.10 Distribution of Chloride in Ground Water (Pre Monsoon 2010) At the end Figure 8.11 Distribution of Electrical Conductivity of Ground Water (Pre At the end Monsoon 2010) Figure 8.12 Distribution of Nitrate in Ground Water (Pre Monsoon 2010) At the end Figure 8.13 Distribution of Fluoride in Ground Water (Pre Monsoon 2010) At the end Figure 8.14 Fresh Static Ground Water Storage, 2010 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.15 Saline Static Ground Water Storage, 2010 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.16 Dynamic Fresh Ground Water Availability, 2010 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.17 Dynamic Saline Ground Water Availability, 2010 (Block Wise) At the end
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Figure 8.18 Stage of Ground Water Development, 2010 (Block Wise) At the end Figure 8.19 Categorization of Blocks As Per Ground Water Assessment, 2010 At the end Figure 10.1 Life Expectancy of Aquifer At 50% Utilizable Saturated Thickness At the end Level Figure 10.2 Life Expectancy of Aquifer At 100% Utilizable Saturated Thickness At the end Level Figure 11.1 The conceptual process for locating new exploratory wells 99 Figure 11.2 Aquifer Map of Rajasthan Showing Location of Proposed At the end Exploratory Tube Wells Figure 14.1 Schematic illustration of the conceptual model for the recovery plan 171 of aquifer units in over exploited blocks – groundwater draft Figure 14.2 Schematic illustration of the conceptual model for the recovery plan 171 of aquifer units in over exploited blocks – groundwater levels
List of Tables Page Table 4.1 Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation in respect of SAR Levels 19 Table 4.2 Groundwater Quality Classification for Irrigation 19 Table 4.3 Classification of irrigation water 20 Table 4.4 Various Parameters adopted for Estimation of Static Groundwater 22 Resources Table 5.1 Geological Succession of Rock Formations in Rajasthan 23 Table 6.1 Major 19 Hydrogeological Formations with the area covered by each 27 Unit in Rajasthan Table 6.2 General Aquifer Characteristics of 19 Hydrogeological Formations 28 Table 6.3 Aquifer-wise Ground Water Level Fluctuation in Rajasthan 29 Table 7.1 Summary of Agroclimatic Zones of Rajasthan 30 Table 8.1 ACZ wise Aquifer Units and their Areas 37 Table 8.2(a) Groundwater Suitability Norms for Drinking Purpose 43 Table 8.2(b) Groundwater Suitability Norms for Livestock and Poultry 43 Table 8.3 ACZ wise Number of villages under suitable and unsuitable category for 44 Drinking, Irrigation and Livestock Purposes Table 8.4 Block wise details of static ground water storage in Agro Climatic Zones 46 of Rajasthan Table 8.5 Block wise details of dynamic ground water availability in Agro Climatic 67 Zones of Rajasthan Table 10.1 Life Expectancy of the Aquifer Units – predicted available saturated 92 thickness (with respect to 2010 saturated thickness levels) Table 11.1 Summary of Proposed New Exploratory Wells by ACZ's and Aquifer 100 Units Table 11.2 Proposed Locations of New Exploratory Wells 101 Table 12.1 Agroclimatic Zone Wise number of Hydrograph Stations Checked in 107 Rajasthan Table 12.2 District-wise List of Hydrographs Station Checked in Agro Climatic 108 Zones Table 12.3 Present Status of Hydrograph Stations 117 Table 14.1 Action Plan based on Recommendations 163 Table 14.2 Block-wise Long-term Management of Aquifer Systems 173
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List of Annexes (end of the report) Annex 1 Data Validation of observation wells (CGWB/RGWD) in State Annex 2(a) Data of Exploratory wells/ Piezometer wells of CGWB/RGWD for ACZs in State Annex Location/Village details of Hydrogeological Characteristics of Aquifer Units 2(b) for ACZs in State Annex 2(c) Ground water level Data (1984-2010) of observation wells (CGWB/RGWD) of State Annex 3(a) Time-series of hydrochemical data of various ACZs in State Annex 3(b) Hydrochemical data-computation of SAR values of well waters for various ACZs in State Annex 4 Village-wise Suitability of ground water for drinking irrigation/livestock use in State (ACZ wise) Annex 5(a) Procedure for assessment of ground water abstractions Annex 5(b) Village-wise ground water abstraction in various ACZs of State Annex 6(a) Procedure of assessment of Dynamic ground water recharge, availability, stage of ground water development in various blocks/districts (ACZ-wise) in State Annex 6(b) Village-wise assessment of dynamic ground water resources (fresh/saline) by ACZs in State Annex 7(a) Procedure for assessment of static ground water resources Annex 7(b) Village-wise assessment of static ground water (fresh/saline), ACZ-wise in State Annex 8 Long term Groundwater Draft in ACZs of Rajasthan Annex 9 Supportive Data of Long-term groundwater level trends Annex 10 Supportive Data of Long-term groundwater quality trends
Volume 2 Appendices
Appendix No. Agroclimatic Zone Volume 2a 1 Agroclimatic Zone Ia 2 Agroclimatic Zone Ib 3 Agroclimatic Zone Ic 4 Agroclimatic Zone IIa Volume 2b 5 Agroclimatic Zone IIb 6 Agroclimatic Zone IIIa 7 Agroclimatic Zone IIIb Volume 2c 8 Agroclimatic Zone IVa 9 Agroclimatic Zone IVb 10 Agroclimatic Zone V
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Volume 3 Maps Atlas
Sr. No. Basins 1 Agroclimatic Zone Ia 2 Agroclimatic Zone Ib 3 Agroclimatic Zone Ic 4 Agroclimatic Zone IIa 5 Agroclimatic Zone IIb 6 Agroclimatic Zone IIIa 7 Agroclimatic Zone IIIb 8 Agroclimatic Zone IVa 9 Agroclimatic Zone IVb 10 Agroclimatic Zone V
Volume 4
Ground Water Monitoring Network Optimization
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACZ Agro-Climatic Zone amsl Above Mean Sea Level
BDO Block Development Office bmp Below Measuring Point
CAD Computer Added Design CGWB Central Groundwater Board Cl Chloride CWC Central Water Commission C4S4, C4S1 etc. Class of Irrigation Water
DD Drawdown DWLR Digital Water Level Recorder
EC Electrical Conductivity ENE East North East EU European Union EW Exploratory Well
F Fluoride
GIS Geographical Information System GPS Global Positioning System GSI Geological Survey of India
ha Hectare HCO 3 Bicarbonate hr Hour HS Hydrograph Stations
IMD India Meteorological Department INRM Integrated Natural Resources Management
Km 2 Square kilometre
Lpd Litre per day Lps Litre per second
m metre m2 Square metre m3 Cubic metre Max. Maximum
mg/l Miligram per litre m3/hr Cubic metres per hour Mm 3/ MCM Million cubic metres Mm 3/yr Million cubic metres per year vii
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Min. Minimum mm millimetre
N North Na Sodium na (or n.a.) Not applicable, or: Not available NE Northeast NO 3 Nitrate NR Non-Reporting / Natural Replenishment NW Northwest
ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation OW Observation wells
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PWD Public Works Department PZ Potential Zone PZ Piezometer
Q Specific Discharge q Hourly Discharge
RGWD Rajasthan Groundwater Department RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate RSMML Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited
S South / Storativity SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SE Southeast SH Slim Hole SO 4 Sulphate SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SW South-west SWL Static Water Level SWRPD State Water Resources Planning Department
T Tonne; Transmissivity TA Total Alkalinity TDS Total Dissolved Solids TH Total Hardness as CaCO3 ToR Terms of Reference
WAPCOS Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Ltd. WRPD Water Resources Planning Department
yr Year
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1. Executive Summary The report deals with the groundwater situation of the 10 agro climatic zones (ACZ) of Rajasthan. The agro climatic zones have been defined according to the prevailing climatic conditions in each zone, i.e. hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, sub-humid and humid - and according to the crops grown in the zone, irrigation, etc. The main objective of the report is to present up-to-date status of ground water conditions in the state by Agro Climatic Zones. Methodology adopted includes data collection, data validation, data verification and data processing that resulted in preparation of ground water resource characteristic maps as well as compilation and assessment of dynamic and static ground water resources. The methodology comprised access to and visualization and analysis of primary data as well as desk study of available maps and published information. Given the information an analysis was undertaken for characterization of aquifer system and evaluation of long-term decline in levels of ground water, changes in ground water resources and ground water quality. The analysis has been done by taking into consideration the geology and hydrogeology of complex aquifer systems of various ACZs. Detailed assessment of ground water availability in alluvial, sedimentary and hardrock aquifers includes present status of ground water resources and changes in these resources over the period of time. Extensive agricultural land use and dynamic hydrologic connection between land surface and ground water has inversely rendered the aquifers vulnerable to chemical contamination as revealed through nitrate and fluoride levels of ground water in the area in relation to land use practices and geo- genic factors. Groundwater observation-well data of Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) and Rajasthan Groundwater Department (RGWD) were compiled and used for the purpose of preparing depth to groundwater level maps, groundwater quality maps (salinity, chloride, nitrate and fluoride), groundwater level contour maps, and more. All the data are enclosed in annexes and presented as tables and maps along with this report. The data of a total 7611 observation wells of RGWD and 1588 observation wells of CGWB were considered for preparation of water-table contour maps, pre-monsoon and post- monsoon depth to water level and groundwater quality maps for year 2010. The entire state is classified into 19 hydrogeological units and described ACZ-wise. The locations, extent and nature of aquifer units have been determined; groundwater recharge and abstraction quantities evaluated; potential yield of wells and aquifers estimated; and groundwater chemical quality parameters described. Block-wise and Aquifer-wise condition of ground water level trends have also been analysed for each of the ACZs. The long-term declining trend in the ground water levels have been analysed for the period 1984-2010. Rates of ground water decline vary widely from a minimum of 0.01m/yr in Kumher block to a maximum of 1.88m/yr in Behror block of Alwar district. Periodic rise in ground water levels for years of good rainfall have also been observed. Ground water quality maps based mainly on four parameters chloride, fluoride, nitrate and electrical conductivity levels have been prepared for each ACZ. Seasonal changes in ground water quality based on hydro- chemical time-series data have been prepared and annexed. Mixed changes in chemical characters of ground water are noticed between pre and post monsoon analytical results.
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The net dynamic fresh ground water availability for the state is assessed as 10613.83 Mm 3. It varies from 456.54 Mm 3 in ACZ Ic to 1907.60 Mm 3 in ACZ IIIb. The total saline dynamic ground water availability in the state is assessed as 3621.96 Mm 3 and it ranges from 2.75 Mm 3 in ACZ V to 1613.75 Mm 3 in ACZ Ib. Similarly, the static ground water resource in the state (fresh) is assessed as 32914.17 Mm 3 and saline as 29725.51 Mm 3. The static (fresh) ground water resources range from 87.67 Mm 3 in ACZ IVb to as high as 8787.44 Mm 3 in ACZ Ic. The village wise suitability of ground water quality for different uses is also assessed. Out of 41,704 villages (as per census 2001) in various ACZs, 21041 have been found suitable for drinking water use, 26191 suitable for irrigation water use and 36827 suitable for livestock water use. Summary of individual Agro Climatic Zone is given below: ACZ Ia The Agro Climatic Zone Ia covers an area of 45,577.83 km 2 in the south western part of the state includes 15 blocks in district Barmer and Jodhpur. The main hydrogeological formations of the ACZ are Younger & Older Alluvium of Quaternary to Recent age Vindhyan Sandstone and Bilara Limestone of Marwar Super Group Tertiary Sandstone, Jalore Granite and Rhyolite of post Delhi age. The average depth to water during pre-monsoon 2010 ranges between 5.00 and 60.00 meters bgl with an overall average of 40.00 m. At some locations the depth to water level have been recorded below 150 meters from ground level in western and south- western part of Barmer, central and northern part of Jodhpur district. The average fluctuation (1984-2010) in the ACZ varies between 0.61 m and 2.72 meters. Long term groundwater level (1984-2010) trend indicate the rate of decline as -0.14 m/yr in Barmer district whereas the rate of decline in Jodhpur district is -0.22 m/yr which is almost double the rate recorded in Barmer district. Majority of blocks covering both the district show declining trend up to -0.25 m/yr expect Bap block of Jodhpur district and Barmer block of Barmer district show slightly rising trend. The maximum declining rate of -0.78 to -0.95m/yr was observed in Bawari and Phalodi block of Jodhpur district respectively. Groundwater draft between the year 1995 and 2009 indicates 8.76% increase in draft in Barmer district, whereas in Jodhpur district it has increased to more than 111% in the same period. Groundwater in the major part of the ACZ is found unsuitable for drinking as per the values of all 4 parameters of Chloride (Cl), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Nitrate (NO3) and Fluoride (F). Out of total 15 blocks only two blocks viz Barmer block of Barmer district and Bap block of Jodhpur district have the stage of groundwater development and categorised as "safe", Luni block of Jodhpur district having stage of development of 82.42% is categorised as "semi-critical". Two blocks viz Chohtan and Sindhari of Barmer district have stage of development 99.22% and 98.41% respectively are categorised as "critical". The remaining blocks have stage of development of more than 100% and are categorised as "Over-exploited".
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Looking to the high rate of extraction of groundwater gradual reduction of extraction is recommended in order to return to sustainable management. Starting from the year 2020 groundwater pumping should be reduced by ~ 5% each year, meanwhile the water sources may either be developed, conserved, augmented and or imported. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 465.10 Mm 3. The static ground water resource availability in the ACZ is 11009.88 Mm 3 out of which fresh static groundwater availability is 7413.16 Mm3 and static (saline) groundwater resource is 3596.72 Mm 3. Out of total 2,713 villages in ACZ, 303 are fit for drinking, 407 for irrigation water use and 1,811 for livestock water use. ACZ Ib The Agro Climatic Zone Ib covers Ganganagar and Hanumangarh district, having an area of 20,620.77 km 2 in the northern part of the state. The main hydrogeological formation in the ACZ is Younger & Older Alluvium of Quaternary to Recent Age. The depth to groundwater level pre-monsoon 2010 ranges from 5.00 to 40.00 meters below ground level with in average of 15 m. Average fluctuation of ground water (1984-2010) ranges from -0.11 m to +0.77 m. Long term groundwater level trend recorded in Ganganagar district is 0.40 m/yr whereas in Hanumangarh district the rise is moderate i.e. at the rate of 0.19 m/yr. In both the districts, groundwater level trend show moderate rise, except in Tibi block of Hanumangarh district which show average decline at the rate of upto 0.09 m/yr. Groundwater draft between the year 1995 and 2009 in Ganganagar is stable and stays almost unchanged whereas in Hanumangarh district it has increased by 27%. In respect of chemical quality of groundwater the values of Cl are within permissible limit (except in the western part in Raisinghnagar, Anupgarh, Suratgarh block in the central part of the Ganganagar district) and suitable for drinking purpose whereas EC values indicate that isolated patch distributed all over the ACZ are unsuitable for drinking purpose. Values of F and NO 3 vary widely from permissible to unsuitable limits. The Stage of groundwater development in most part of ACZ is below 75%. Only Suratgarh block of Ganganagar district and Hanumangarh, Nohar and Tibi blocks of Hanumangarh district exhibits the value from 75% to 90% but still comes under "safe" category, as no decline in water levels either in pre-monsoon or in the post-monsoon have been observed. ACZ Ib presents a moderate increase in drafts during 1995-2009 due to the developed surface water irrigation system. Significant leaks from the canal to the sub surface are responsible for the rising trends of the water table in this dry desert (in both Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts). Accordingly, the category of most blocks in this ACZ is ‘Safe’. The chloride concentration and Electrical Conductivity are high but typical to the irrigated north western parts of the state. In order to reduce the salinization process it is recommended to implement advanced irrigation system such as “Drip Irrigation”. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 488.12 Mm 3. The static resources are assessed as 5808.66 Mm 3, out of which 4588.18 Mm 3 are saline ground water resources. Report # 4.4 IN-24740-R13-075 July, 2014 Groundwater Study by Agroclimatic Zones 3
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Out of total 4,957 villages in ACZ, 2091 are fit for drinking water use, 1851 for irrigation use and 4077 for livestock water use. ACZ Ic The Agro Climatic Zone includes 12 blocks in Bikaner, Jaisalmer and part of Churu district. It covers an area of 77,001.84 km 2. The main hydrogeological units are Younger & Older alluvium of Quaternary to Recent age, Tertiary sandstone, Jurassic sandstone, Nagaur Sandstone and Bilara Limestone of Marwar Super Group and Phyllite & Schist of Delhi Super Group. The depth to groundwater level pre-monsoon 2010 ranges between 10.00 and 60.00 m bgl with an average of 49.00 m bgl. Maximum fluctuation in the area has been observed as 9.50 m. The long term groundwater trend indicates rise at the rate of 0.10 and 0.14 m/yr in Bikaner and Jaisalmer district respectively whereas in Churu district area moderate decline at the rate of -0.06 m/yr has been recorded. Comparison of groundwater draft between the year 1995 and 2009 shows increase of >100% in all the blocks except Ratangarh and Sardarshahar blocks of Churu district. In respect of groundwater quality the values of Cl are within permissible limits for drinking purpose except south-western part of Bikaner and Jaisalmer district, eastern part of Bikaner district and western part of Churu district. As regards the other parameters like EC, F and NO 3 the values are not within permissible limits and hence unsuitable for drinking purpose. Regarding the groundwater development in the ACZ, only 4 blocks have stage of development below 82% and are categorised as "safe" viz Kolayat and Lunkaransar blocks of Bikaner district and Ratangarh and Sardarshahar of Churu district. One block i.e. Sam block of Jaisalmer district having stage of development of 94.70% comes under "Critical" category whereas the remaining 6 blocks are categorised as "Over- exploited" and have stage of development more than 100%. ACZ Ic presents rapid growth of groundwater drafts from the year 1995 to 2009. In spite of this the draft ratio per unit area are still low in most of the blocks. Like in ACZ Ib, the IGNP canal system keeps a positive ground water balance in the aquifer due to heavy seepage from the canal. This positive water balance is reflected by a moderate increase of the groundwater level in 4 blocks which are under "safe" category. Yet, the western edge of the ACZ, close to Churu district, is effected by the over-exploitation in ACZ IIa reflected by the water table decline. Significant salinization, especially in the western side of the ACZ is taking place. The nitrate concentrations are also high. The pattern of positive water balance and high levels of chlorides and nitrates is typical to the north western ACZ’s. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 456.54 Mm 3. The static resources are assessed 27301.34 Mm 3, out of which 18513.90 are saline ground water resources. Out of total 1,961 villages in ACZ, 407 are fit for drinking water use, 494 for irrigation use and 1469 for livestock water use.
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ACZ IIa Agro Climatic Zone IIa covers an area of 37,054.95 km 2 in the north eastern part of the state. It includes 30 blocks in 4 district viz. Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, and part of Churu districts. The main hydrogeological formation in the area is Younger & Older Alluvium of Quaternary to Recent age, Tertiary Sandstone, Vindhyan Sandstone and Limestone of Marwar Super Group, Phyllite & schist and Quartzite of Delhi Super Group. General depth to water level pre-monsoon 2010 ranges between 20.00 m bgl to 80.00 m bgl with an average of 44.00 m bgl. Average fluctuation is 0.45 m with minimum of -0.94 m and maximum of 4.47 m. The long term (1984-2010) water level indicates decline of -0.38 to -0.55 m/yr in 3 districts viz. Jhunjhunu, Nagaur and Sikar. Churu district displays stable groundwater levels. Comparison of Groundwater draft from the year 1995 to 2009 indicates that Sikar district have recorded minimum increase of 15% where as Nagaur and Jhunjhunu districts have recorded maximum increase of 70% while Churu district display highest increase of 157.50% The Agro Climatic Zone displays wide variation in the chemical quality in respect of all 4 major ions from permissible limit to unsuitable for drinking purpose. Only in few blocks viz. Khetri, Nawalgarh, Piprali, Sri Madhopur and Udaipurwati the groundwater has been found suitable for drinking. In respect of groundwater development, only 4 blocks have stage of development less than 100% out which one block i.e. Churu block of Churu district comes under "safe" category one block i.e. Fatehpur block of Sikar district comes under "Semi-Critical" category and two blocks viz Ladnu and Nagaur of Nagaur district are categorised as critical. Rest 21 blocks have stage of development more than 100% and are considered as “Over Explored”. Entire Taranagar block of Churu district have saline groundwater. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 1082.83 Mm 3. The static resources are assessed 6988.51 Mm 3, out of which 1829.14 Mm 3 are saline ground water resources. Out of total 3,828 villages in ACZ, 1220 are fit for drinking water use, 1736 for irrigation use and 2954 for livestock water use. ACZ IIb The Agro Climatic Zone IIb occupies an area of 31,656.93 km 2 in the south western part of the state on the western flank of Aravalli hill range. The ACZ includes 24 blocks in 4 districts viz. Pali, Jalore and part of Jodhpur district (Bilara and Bhopalgarh blocks) and Sirohi district (Sirohi, Sheoganj and Reodar blocks). The main hydrogeological units of the area are Phyllite and Schist and Gneisses of Delhi Super Group, Erinpura and Jalore Granites of post Delhi’s and Younger and Older Alluvium of Quaternary to Recent age. In general the depth to groundwater levels pre-monsoon 2010 in the ACZ ranges from 5.00 to 60.00 metres bgl with an average of 26 m. The fluctuation of water level has an average of 3.82 m. The long term water level trend (1984 to 2010) show decline is almost entire zone area. The maximum rate of decline of -1.17 m/yr has been recorded in Bhinmal block of
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Jalore district. The only exception is Chitalwana block of Jalore district where long term water level shows rising trend of 0.01 m/yr. In all it ranges from -0.08 m/yr in Pali district to -1.10 m/yr in Barmer district. The total annual draft in this ACZ is 1788.69 Mm 3, which is very high value and is the main cause of water level decline in the zone area. Only two blocks, Siwana of Barmer district and Sheoganj of Sirohi district have recorded significant increase in groundwater draft of more than 100%. The chemical quality of groundwater has been studied in respect of 4 parameters i.e. EC, Cl, F and NO 3. As per the analysis of chemical quality data Cl value in 16 blocks and NO 3 values 13 blocks are within permissible limits for drinking purposes. However the values of NO 3 in 7 blocks out of 13 have exceeded the maximum permissible limits of 100 mg/l in the last 5 years. In case of EC values, 19 blocks have recorded above permissible limits. F values in 22 blocks have been found above permissible limits. Rani block in Pali district is the only block where long term average levels of all parameters are suitable for drinking purpose. Out of 24 blocks 21 blocks have stage of groundwater development above 100% and are categorised as "Over-Exploited". Sumerpur and Rohat blocks of Pali district comes under "Critical" category whereas Pali block of Pali district is categorised as "Semi- Critical". ACZ IIb presents a high annual draft of over 1788.69 Mm3. The draft per unit area ratio is also high, especially around the alluvial plains of the Luni basin and in northern blocks of Jodhpur district. Significant (>0.22 m/yr) groundwater level decline was recorded in most blocks. It is assumed that the unusual decline in drafts in the last 15 years in 15 blocks is a result of operational limitations due to the declining water levels in the wells. Extremely high chloride levels were recorded mainly in the blocks on the western periphery of Pali district. Correlation was found between the chloride distribution pattern and the depth to the water table. The dynamic resources in the ACZ are limited therefore; considerable amounts of the annual consumption are being pumped from the static storage. As these volumes are not renewed in the aquifer, the over-draft is growing higher year by year. The only way for returning back to balanced conditions is a long term plan, for gradual decrease of the water requirements for agriculture and other uses and by using advance irrigation technologies. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 1041.51 Mm 3. The static resources are assessed 5061.29 Mm 3, out of which 606.97 are saline ground water resources. Out of total 2,249 villages in ACZ, 397 are fit for drinking water use, 845 for irrigation use and 1695 for livestock water use. ACZ IIIa The Agro Climatic Zone is located in the central part of the state on the eastern flank of Aravalli hill range which runs NE-SW. It includes 31 blocks covering 4 districts viz Ajmer, Dausa, Jaipur and Tonk, and covers an area of 29,512.93 km 2. The main hydrogeological formations in the ACZ are Younger and Older Alluvium of Quaternary to Recent age, Phyllite & Schist, Quartzites and Gneisses of Delhi Super Group and Gneisses(B.G.C.) of Bhilwara Super Group.
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The depth to groundwater pre-monsoon 2010 ranges between 5.00 m and 60.00 m bgl with an average of 21 m. The average fluctuation of groundwater ranges from less than 1 m to 9.20 m bgl. The maximum fluctuation recorded in the zone is 10.70 m. All the blocks in the ACZ exhibit declining trend in respect of long term water level trend from the year 1984 to 2010. In the ACZ, Tonk and Ajmer district have recorded moderate decline of the order of -0.04 to -0.24 m/yr, whereas Jaipur and Dausa district show significant decline of -0.58 to -0.65 m/yr. The groundwater draft comparison from the year 1995 to 2009 show significant increase in the year from 1698.84 Mm3 in the year 1995 to more than 2585.23 Mm3 in 2009. Among the district, Ajmer and Jaipur have recorded 58% and 60% increase in draft respectively. Increase in draft is 30% in Dausa and Tonk districts. The chemical quality of ground has been studied on the basis of 4 parameters i.e. EC, Cl, F and NO 3. Only 8 blocks have been found suitable as per the criteria of drinking water in all 4 parameters. Although values of Cl are well within permissible limit in all the blocks, but the on basis of other 3 parameters the groundwater has been found unsuitable for drinking purpose. Regarding groundwater development a large portion of ACZ covering 27 blocks is under "Over Exploited" Category. Two blocks each are under "Critical" and "Semi- Critical" categorise. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 1591.61 Mm 3. The static resources are assessed as 2138.73 Mm 3, out of which 53.05 Mm 3 are saline ground water resources. Out of total 5,272 villages in ACZ, 2671 are fit for drinking water use, 3675 for irrigation use and 4929 for livestock water use. ACZ IIIb The Agro Climatic zone covers an area of 24,431.80 km 2 in north eastern part of the state. It includes 35 blocks covering Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur, Karauli and parts of Dausa (Mahuwa block) and Sawai Madhopur district (Bonli, Bamanwas and Gangapur City blocks). Main hydrogeological formations in the zone area are Younger and Older alluvium of Quaternary to Recent age, Slate, Phyllite & Schist, Limestone and Quartzite of Delhi Super Group and Bhander Sandstone of Vindhyan Super Group. Average depth to groundwater per-monsoon 2010 ranges from 5.00 m (bgl) to 40.00 m (bgl) and average fluctuation in the ACZ is 2.12 m. The long term groundwater level trend (year 1984 to 2010) show declining trend in the zone ranging from minimum of 0.03 m/yr in Kumher block, district Bharatpur to 1.33 m/yr in Behror block of Alwar district during pre-monsoon season. During the post monsoon season the rate of decline varies between -0.02 m/yr (Deeg block district Bharatpur) to -1.38 m/yr in Behror block of Alwar district. This is the highest rate of decline in water level (-1.38 m/yr) in the entire ACZ. The groundwater abstraction for agriculture use between the year 1995 to 2009 shows rising trend in the zone area. Alwar district have recorded highest draft. It is steadily rising in the year 1995 from 948 Mm3 to 1,232 Mm3 in the year 2009. Other district of the zone also exhibit steady rise in draft from the year 1995 to 2009. Report # 4.4 IN-24740-R13-075 July, 2014 Groundwater Study by Agroclimatic Zones 7
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The chemical analysis of groundwater indicates that about 50% of the ACZ area is having potable quality of groundwater in respect of chloride. The maximum poor quality area 90% to 100% occurs in Behror and Rajgarh block of Alwar district.
High range of NO 3 levels in groundwater (>100 mg/l) occur in isolated patches in Bharatpur and Sawai Madhopur districts. Fluoride concentration of more than 1.5 mg/l also occur in isolated patches throughout the zone area. In respect of EC a large portion of the ACZ is having poor quality of groundwater especially in Bharatpur, Alwar, Dhaulpur and Sawai Madhopur districts where it ranges between 2250 and 5000 micromhos/cm. The stage of groundwater development in Alwar district is above 100% and in 4 blocks viz Behror, Kathumar blocks of Alwar district and Hindaun and Todabhim blocks of Karauli district it even reaches more than 200%. The consumption pattern clearly indicate that the ground water declines are high in the northern part of the ACZ while in the southern and eastern parts of the ACZ the rate declines is significantly moderate. In general the ACZ is under “Over Exploited” category. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 1907.60 Mm 3. The static resources are assessed 3021.19 Mm 3, out of which 525.79 Mm 3 are saline ground water resources. Out of total 5,697 villages in ACZ, 3229 are fit for drinking water use, 3449 for irrigation and 5026 for livestock uses respectively. ACZ IVa The Agro Climatic Zone covers a large area of 37,563.35 km 2 in Southern part of the state. It includes as many as 44 blocks in 6 district viz Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Rajsamand, Udaipur and part of Sirohi district (Pindwara and Abu Road blocks) and Pratapgarh district (Chhoti Sadri and Pratapgarh blocks). The main hydrogeological unit of the ACZ are Gneisses(B.G.C.), of Bhilwara Super Group, Phyllite and Schists of Aravalli and Delhi Super Group, Gneisses of Delhi Super Group, Lime-stone of Aravalli Super Group and Deccan Traps Upper cretaceous to Lower Eocene age. In general the depth to water pre-monsoon 2010 in this ACZ ranges between 5.00 and 40.00 meters bgl with an average of 15m bgl. The fluctuation of ground water level (1984-2010) varies between 1.80 m to 10.50 m with an average of 5.44m. The range of long term groundwater trend from the year 1984 to 2010 shows that except Pratapgarh block of Pratapgarh district, Kotra and Rishabhdeo blocks of Udaipur district all blocks of other districts have recorded declining trend up to -0.23 m/yr. The groundwater draft pattern between the years 1995 to 2009 presents relatively stable trend between year 1995 & 2004. The draft has drastically increased to almost 1800Mm3 in the year 2007. In the last two years it has come down to ~1500 Mm3. The chemical quality in the ACZ has been established on the basis of 4 parameters i.e. Cl, F, NO 3 and EC. Only chloride levels have been found suitable for drinking purpose in the entire ACZ. Regarding the other 3 parameters as many as 20 blocks are unsuitable for drinking purpose.
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Average Cl levels are within permissible standards in most of the blocks, however, the other 3 parameters exhibit a complicated picture in which some of the blocks fall below the maximum limits and some blocks are not suitable for drinking purpose. A total of 9 blocks are suitable for drinking purpose in respect of all the 4 parameters these are: Amet, Bhim, Deogarh, Jahazpur, Kapasan, Kumbhalgarh, Nimbahera, Kumbhalgarh, and Pindwara. The stage of groundwater development in "Over-Exploited" blocks ranges from 110.98 to 199.01%. The stage of Groundwater development in the ACZ, out of 44 blocks 37 blocks have stage of development above 100% and are "Over- Exploited" blocks 4 blocks are under "Critical" and 3 blocks are under "Semi-Critical" category. The total dynamic resources in the zone are 1204.28 Mm 3. The total static groundwater reserves are 280.05 Mm 3 out of which 7.17 Mm 3 contributes to saline groundwater. Out of total 7,051 villages in ACZ, approximately 4978 are fit for drinking water use, 6040 for irrigation use and 6903 for livestock water use. ACZ IVb The Agro Climatic zone IV b is located on the extreme southern part of the state and covers an area of 11,979.32 km 2. It includes 20 blocks of Dungarpur, Banswara and part of Pratapgarh district (Dhariawad & Peepalkhunt blocks) and Udaipur district (Bhinder, Salumber and Lasadiya blocks). The main hydrogeological formations of the area are Gneisses (B.G.C.) of Bhilwara Super Group Phyllite and Schist & ultra basic of Aravalli Super Group, Cretaceous Lime-stone and Deccan trap of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age. Average depth to groundwater in the ACZ has range between 2.00 and 20.00 meters bgl. The long term groundwater level trend (year 1984 to 2010) presents close to stable trends with minor decline of a few centimetre per year. In Banswara district 5 blocks have recorded rising trend with an average rise rate of 0.22 m/yr. The groundwater draft from the year 1995 to 2009 show erratic trend in this ACZ. Initially it has increased from ~200 Mm3 in 1995 to more than ~500 Mm3 in the year 2007. After that it has come down to ~300 Mm3 in the year 2009. The average chemical quality of this ACZ is relatively good as compared to other ACZs of this state in respect of all 4 parameters. Unsuitable quality of groundwater was recorded in the blocks Peepalkhunt (Cl and NO 3) Lasadiya and Salumber (NO 3) and Sagwara (F). The entire ACZ is occupied by crystalline and metamorphic rocks and hence static and dynamic groundwater reserves are exceptionally low. This is attributed to the low transmissivity of the aquifers. Never the less, the stage of groundwater development is less than 100% in all the blocks of ACZ except Arnod block of Pratapgarh district and Bhinder block of Udaipur district which has been categorized as Over Exploited, 6 blocks are under “Semi Critical” and 2 blocks are under “Critical” category. All other blocks are in ‘Safe’ category.
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The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 507.17 Mm 3. The total static resources are assessed 87.67 Mm 3. Out of total 3,053 villages in ACZ, 2572 are fit for drinking water use, 2981 for irrigation use and 3053 for livestock water use. ACZ V The Agro Climatic Zone has a total area of 26,864.08 km 2 in the south eastern part of the state. There are 25 block in the zone and covers the districts, Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar, Kota and 2 blocks of Sawai Madhopur district, viz Khandar and Sawai Madhopur. The main hydrogeological units of this ACZ include older alluvium, Bhander Limestone, Bhander sandstone, Shale, Deccan Traps, Gneisses(B.G.C.) and Phyllite & Schist. in general the depth to water table in the ACZ ranges from 5.00 to 20.00 meters below ground level with an average of 14 m below ground level. Average fluctuation range from 0.46 m to 10.12 m. The maximum fluctuation of 10.60 m has been observed in the ACZ. The long term ground water level trend (1984-2010) indicates decline in water level at the rate of -0.03 m/yr to -0.77 m/yr. A comparison of ground water draft from the year 1995 to 2009 shows increase in the draft from ~1000 Mm3 in the year 1995 to ~2000 Mm3 in the year 2009. Districts like Baran, Jhalawar and Kota are the areas of high ground water draft of the order of ~500 Mm3 each. Itawa, Keshorai Patan, Kishanganj, Sultanpur and Talera blocks have recorded maximum increase in draft of the order of over 250% in the last 15 years. Study of the chemical analysis of groundwater indicates that in general the quality of groundwater is relatively good and suitable for drinking purposes in majority of the blocks. The average values of NO 3, Cl and EC are within permissible limits. A large area in Kota, Baran and Jhalawar districts of unsuitable quality has been recorded in respect of occurrence fluoride in groundwater. Dynamic groundwater resources in the ACZ vary between 54.23 Mm3 (Atru block district Baran) and 128.32 Mm3 (Itawa block district Kota). Static groundwater resources are below 50 Mm3 in most blocks. Itawa block of Kota district exhibit exceptionally high values of the order of 155.11 Mm3. The stage of groundwater development in the ACZ range from 80% to 187 %. A total of 11 blocks comes under safe category, 5 block fall in Semi Critical, 2 block in Critical category whereas 17 blocks have been categorized as Over-Exploited. The dynamic fresh ground water availability in ACZ is assessed as 1869.08 Mm 3. The total static resources are assessed 942.35 Mm 3, out of which 459 Mm 3 contributes to saline groundwater. Out of total 4,923 villages in ACZ, 3,173 are fit for drinking water use, 4,713 for irrigation use and 4,910 for livestock water use.
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2. Introduction The State hydrogeological map has been divided into Agro Climatic Zones, by super imposing ACZ boundaries on it and information groundwater is presented in this report accordingly. For the preparation of this Report, the Consultants have gathered information from various sources, including State Revenue Department, Rajasthan State Water Resources Department, the Central Groundwater Board and Rajasthan Groundwater Department.
3. Objectives The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the status of groundwater conditions in the State of Rajasthan by ACZs. The ACZ-wise information of groundwater resources is mainly aimed to serve as input and to plan future crop production possibilities, crop water requirements and cropping patterns.
4. Methodology 4.1 Data Collection Two main sources of groundwater data were used for the purpose of this work: (1) data from the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB), which includes 1,588 observation wells and (2) data from Rajasthan Groundwater Department (RGWD), which includes 7611 observation wells (see Annex 1). The data includes exploratory tubewells and peizometer drilling data of CGWB which contains information on depth of well drilled, static water level, well yield, aquifer parameters such as transmissivity and storativity of the aquifers and chemical quality of groundwater. Data also includes information on depth of exploratory tubewells and peizometers drilled by State Ground Water Department, their water yielding capacity, drawdown and chemical quality etc. Well data were rearranged into the following main databases. ∗ General Information , including Well code, coordinates, administrative location (District, Block, village), ground elevation, formations tapped, type of well, source of data. ∗ Hydrologic Parameters Parameters of aquifers collected from results of pumping tests, previous work and published reports of CGWB and RGWD (complete data given in Annex 2(a)). ∗ Groundwater Levels Groundwater level data of pre and post monsoon seasons, both as depth to water below the ground level and ground water elevations in respect of above mean sea level (amsl) for the period 1984 to 2010, were collected from CGWB and RGWD. (complete data given in Annex 2(c)).
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∗ Groundwater Quality Parameters Groundwater chemical analysis data in all 33 districts of the state for the periods 1984 to 2010 were collected from CGWB and RGWD. (complete data given in Annex 3a and 3b). ∗ Groundwater Draft (Abstraction) The information was collected from (1) CGWB and RGWD periodically published reports on “Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Rajasthan”, in the years 1995, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2009; (2) village-wise data of the existing wells/ tubewells were collected from respective Tehsil headquarters by the Consultants for the year 2010. A significant part of the data collected were in the form of hard copy. Efforts, of many months, were put into typing the data and to bring them into workable spreadsheets. Other data sets received in soft copy were also in different formats and received at intervals during the course of study. All the data compiled were carefully reviewed and grouped into "excel" format for the use in the preparation of the report. 4.2 Data Validation Special emphasis was given to data validation. During the screening of the raw data, several inaccuracies, missing data and mismatches in various raw files were found. Data validation included three main types, as schematically illustrated by the flowchart given in Figure 4.1. The different data validation processes applied by the Consultants are described in the following sub-paragraphs. Figure 4.1 Summarizes the main types of error and correction introduced into the database. These include: 1) Errors in well code, including: missing well code, incorrect well code and duplicate well code. 2) Completion of missing data, such as formations and location errors. 3) Filling of missing reduced-level This mainly included completion of missing data and unification of all values to the same units (meters); all values were modified upto 2 digits after the decimal point. Missing data gaps on reduced level values were filled-in using 90-meters resolution SRTM data. 4) Location errors Including: coordinates mismatching the administrative location; district name mismatching the block or village name and vice versa; missing district or block or village names; missing coordinates. Each value was cross-checked thoroughly by more than one person before final correction was introduced. Data that were updated during validation were sent for confirmation to the concerned area hydrogeologists of RGWD and CGWB. No value was erased from the database even after corrections were made. In order to be able to recover initial values, the original data sets were saved to the next new columns which were added to the spreadsheets that include the corrected value. The same method was adopted for updating of CGWB and RGWD databases, also.
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Figure 4.1 Schematic Description of the Process and Main Stages of data Validation
Data Validation
Well Code Completion of Reduced level Location missing data
Coordinate were correctedCoordinates basin were on: Missing Data (1)corrected DGPS databased later on: well code Groundwater levels missing Lon/Lat don’t provided(1) village by administrative RGWD of 2010 were match (2)layer Village (2001 administrative census, Groundwater recovered from administrative layercollected (2001) from census, DoIT) Incorrect levels of 2010 updated excel files location collected(2) settlement from DoIT) (3) Settlement well code were missing received in later boundaries of RSAC, Units boundariesJodhpur of RSAC, stages inconsistency Jodhpur
Duplicate Recovered from GIS Formation District/block/vil well codes maps with reference to Formation not defined based on lage name don’t RL recovered administrative location mentioned hydrogeological from Google match and coordinates Well codes (RGWD) map earth and SRTM were cross-checked digital elevation in different files data District/block/vil Recovered from GIS and recovered Reference location lage are missing maps from: was recovered based (1) updated files on GIS map and received in later Survey of India Grid. All units stages (2) according If village name is the converted Coordinates Location recovered to Survey of India Reference Correlated and take same the well is into meters missing (mainly with respect to Village Grid (3) For unique location missing from WL Data fixed within in water quality and Block names and identification of settlement boundary. data) Survey of India Grid well code, for more if not the well is fixed than one well within administrative located in each boundary of village. Grid, well code is suffixed with –n, where n is an integer (1, 2, 3, …)
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4.3 Completion of Missing Data For wells that appeared in the datasheet with partially missing data, such as coordinates, formation, district, block, village, etc., data were recovered from other sources or from the maps. 4.3.1 Data Synchronization With Different Files In some cases, well names and codes appeared slightly differently in different files. These mismatches could have occurred due to typing errors, differences in the spelling of locations, or errors in well identification. This necessitated a laborious task of matching between wells and giving them the same identity codes. 4.3.2 Data Correction Encountered errors in data, such as well coordinates, well formation, well code, district, block or village name, etc., were mostly found during the projection of the well database on the administrative and hydrogeological maps. 4.3.3 Data Gaps Groundwater throughout Rajasthan is being extensively monitored and recorded. The RGWD and CGWB data sources comprise together an impressive database of 9199 water level monitoring station. The main parameters being measured are groundwater levels and chemical quality of groundwater. However these sets, especially the groundwater quality database, have many gaps in some of the years, sometimes for few consecutive years, creating a large gap or discontinuity between the two measuring periods. The continuity of data is of prime importance for the sake of following groundwater trends and to enable to predict the future trend. Prediction might help prevention of reaching undesired deteriorated conditions. The most important missing groundwater parameter is the draft or abstraction. The only method for keeping a sustainable groundwater management requires knowing two factors: (1) the replenished volume and (2) the exploited volume. There is no way of keeping a balanced scheme without measuring the draft. The main problem in this respect is that well are not metered for extraction. (Discharge rates and pumping hours of wells in the state are not monitored). The published groundwater abstraction estimates are based on general figures and assumptions (not being calculated each year). Groundwater abstraction figures are being published after every 3 years in the Dynamic Resources Assessments periodic reports jointly by CGWB and RGWD (1995, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2009). Groundwater draft figures should normally be available for every year in order to be able to assess the impact of pumping on groundwater levels and qualities.
4.4 Long Term Groundwater Levels and Predictions The following procedure has been applied for analysing the long-term groundwater levels: • The well database was validated as above. • The depth to water table was converted to elevation above mean sea level using reference level (RL) of ground given in m amsl and depth to water level in each well.
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• All wells were classified according to Agroclimatic Zones, District- wise/block-wise and aquifer unit wise. • Groundwater levels data of 1984-2010 were attached to each well and divided into two series namely, for pre and post-monsoon measurements, separately. • In each Agroclimatic zone, wells with the fullest records were selected. This was done by using 2 criterion, (a) top 50% of the most complete series (wells with the largest dataset) and, (b) no less than 10 measurements for the entire period between 1984 and 2010 • Thiessen polygon method was used in order to define the influence area of each well. • Linear slope of the long term levels was calculated separately for each well. • Empty cells (missing data) were retrieved by linear interpolation using the long term slope of the well. • Weighted average of the groundwater level in every Agroclimatic Zone in each measurement period was calculated based on the Thiessen polygons. • Two average groundwater level series were produced for each Agroclimatic Zone (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) and were plotted on the same graph together with annual average rainfall. • The slope of the average series was calculated in order to gain the average long term rate of water table change. • Minimum, maximum and average rates per Agroclimatic Zone for pre and post-monsoon were summarised in tables. Prediction of future groundwater levels and drying of observation wells was done based on the following procedure: • The prediction was made based on the assumption that the average long term rates of rainfall and drafts will remain similar to the general trends observed in the last 27 years. • Accordingly, it is presumed that the general trends and average rate of change of groundwater levels will be similar to the average of the last 3 decades. • Predicted levels in RGWD & CGWB observation wells were calculated by linear interpolation of the average rate of change (slope) per well during the period 1984-2010. • The procedure was applied for pre and post-monsoon stages separately. • Predictions were estimated for the years 2020, 2040 and 2060. • The absolute elevation (amsl) of the bottom of RGWD & CGWB observation wells was calculated based on 'RL' values of ground given in m amsl and the total depth of each observation well. • Bottom elevation was then compared to the predicted future groundwater levels of the specific observation well. Report # 4.4 IN-24740-R13-075 July, 2014 Groundwater Study by Agroclimatic Zones 15
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• If the bottom elevation was found higher than the predicted level, the observation well was assumed to become dry by that year. • The above estimations are regarded as 'best case scenario' because, while mean rainfalls might remain similar to past long term trends, the drafts are expected to increase. As a result, the water table decline rate is expected to increase. However, in this exercise only current average rates were taken. • The above estimations include only the observation wells used for the current study (RGWD & CGWB). Therefore, the results of predicted levels and dry wells refer only to the monitoring and observation wells. • Predicted levels and estimation of dry observation wells in the next few decades are given only for CGWB & RGWD monitoring wells as a rough assessment. These assessments should be regarded to as a general index to evaluate the severity of water table depletion in each Agroclimatic Zone. • The predictions give a general indication for the future expected needs of deepening of existing observation wells and drilling of new ones.
4.5 Groundwater Quality Four main steps were conducted for all groundwater quality database: • Pre-processing; • Data validation; • Data sorting and creation of time series; • Graphs and tables preparation.
The pre-processing steps included: • Groundwater quality data were received in PDF format for the period 1984- 2010, containing some 17,500 sheets of data. • All PDF data sets were converted into EXCEL format, creating one large database with approximately 300,000 entities • QA was done to confirm that all data were successfully converted. • Unification of 'location' names in each district was carried out, partly automatically and partially manually. • Each sample was linked to a well and XY coordinated, using the location and block name.
The data validation was carried out based on the following four main steps: • Reaction Error : 'Reaction error' or the 'ion balance charge equation' was used to assess the precision of chemical analysis of a groundwater sample. Natural water should be chemically balanced, and this is commonly validated by dividing the sum of anions and cations by the difference of anion and cations, namely: (Ca +2 + Mg +2 + Na +1 + K +1 ) − (SO −2 + Cl −1 + NO +1 + HCO −1 ) RE [%] =100 ⋅ 4 3 3 +2 + +2 + +1 + +1 + −2 + −1 + +1 + −1 (Ca Mg Na K ) (SO 4 Cl NO 3 HCO 3 )
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Usually, RE factor of <5% is considered to be an acceptable result (“Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater”, Chapter 1030E. 21st Edition 2005). Cases in which RE is greater than 5% give evidence of measurement error or contamination. The calculation requires a complete chemical analysis and the availability of all major ions. • TDS vs EC correlation : TDS and EC are linearly correlated to each other. Graphs of TDS vs EC were produced and the linear regression line was found and examined. Most regression lines presented relatively high accuracy (R 2>0.75). Measurements falling more than 1 standard deviation away from the line were eliminated (Figure. 4.2).
Figure 4.2 Corr elation between TDS and EC (Samples from Tonk District)
• EC vs. Cl correlation : EC and Cl are also linearly correlated to each other, mainly in the lower range and up to a certain threshold. Results which were more than 1 standard deviation above the reg ression line, were removed (Figure 4.3).
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Figure 4.3 Correlation between Cl and EC (Sample s from Tonk District)
• Extreme values : For each of the 4 parameters (Cl, F, NO 3, EC) un- reasonable extreme low / high values which are not likely to be found in Rajasthan, were eliminated from the database. 4.5.1 Creation of Time Series • The original database included each measurement in a separate row, creating a long table with no ability to create a time series graph. • The entire database was re -arranged in a way where each measuring point (well) was linked to a continuous time series with as much as available measurements for each parameter. This enabled plotting a graph for each well for each parameter showing the change in concentration in time. • The database was then classified according to Agroclimatic Zone, District - wise/block-wise and aquifer unit wise. • Completion of missing data (blank cells) was carried using linear interpolation. • Influence radius for each well was calculated using the Thiessen polygon method.
4.5.2 Data Analysis • Weighted average value per each measurement between 1984 and 2010 was calculated for each parameter in every block of the districts covering the ACZs. • Datasets were plotted on a graph showing trend lines and rates of change for each parameter. • The average of the highest 5% values (wells) in the every block of the districts covering the ACZs was calculated and presented on the graph as well as the average of the lowest 5%.
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4.6 Ground water Suitability for Agriculture The suitability of groundwater for agricultural purposes depends on the effect of the mineral constituents of the water on the soil and the plants. There is a relationship between the SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) level in irrigation water and the extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soils. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in irrigation water represents the sodium hazard of water. The sodium adsorption ratio is defined as: Na + SAR = Ca+++ Mg ++ 2 where the concentration of ions are in equivalents per million (epm).
When SAR lies between 0 and 10, it is called Low Sodium Water (S 1); between 10 and 18 it is called Medium Sodium Water (S 2), between 18 and 26 - High Sodium Water (S 3). As for values of more than 26, it is called Very High Sodium Water (S 4). The suitability of these four kinds of water for irrigation is explained in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation in respect of SAR Levels S. No. Type of Water Suitability for Irrigation 1 Low Sodium Water (S 1) Suitable for irrigation on almost all soils SAR between 0 to 10 and crops except if they are very sensitive to sodium 2 Medium Sodium Water (S 2) Hazardous in fine texture soils and SAR between 10 to 18 organic soils with good permeability 3 High Sodium Water (S 3) Hazardous on all soils and require good SAR between 18 to 26 drainage 4 Very High Sodium Water (S ) 4 Not suitable for irrigation SAR above 26 Source: US Salinity Laboratory The water quality classification for irrigation water is developed based on criteria given in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Groundwater Quality Classification for Irrigation Sodium (Na) EC Water Class SAR % (micromhos/cm) Excellent <20 <250 <10 Good 20-40 250-750 10-18 Medium 40-60 750-2,250 18-26 Bad >60 >2,250 >26 Source: US Salinity Laboratory The % sodium (Na %), Electrical Conductivity (micromhos/cm) and SAR value together help classification of areas into various water quality classes for irrigation purpose based on this criteria the classification of irrigation water into various categories is summarised in Table 4.3 given below.
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Table 4.3 Classification of irrigation water S. No. Class Characteristics
1 C1S1 Low Salinity & Low Sodium
2 C1S2 Low Salinity & Medium Sodium
3 C1S3 Low Salinity & High Sodium
4 C1S4 Low Salinity & Very High Sodium
5 C2S1 Medium Salinity & Low Sodium
6 C2S2 Medium Salinity & Medium Sodium
7 C2S3 Medium Salinity & High Sodium
8 C2S4 Medium Salinity & Very High Sodium
9 C3S1 High Salinity & Low Sodium
10 C3S2 High Salinity & Medium Sodium
11 C3S3 High Salinity & High Sodium
12 C3S4 High Salinity & Very High Sodium
13 C4S1 Very High Salinity & Low Sodium
14 C4S2 Very High Salinity & Medium Sodium
15 C4S3 Very High Salinity & High Sodium
16 C4S4 Very High Salinity & Very High Sodium
4.7 Groundwater Abstraction Village-wise Data of existing wells (year 2010), village-wise have been collected for use in assessing village-wise groundwater abstraction in ACZs. The procedure for assessment of village wise ground water abstraction is outlined in Annex 5(a) and Annex 5(b) presents the collected data and the village-wise computation of groundwater abstraction in each ACZ. The procedure used include assessment of the potential zone area occupied by various aquifer units in a village, number of tube wells/openwells in operation for 120 days in a year and formation wise average yield in litres per day thereby assessing the total abstraction of ground water.
4.8 Assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources The methodology of village-wise dynamic groundwater resources assessment is based on application of GIS based analysis and adopting GEC (1997) methodology. The ground water resources estimation methodology (GEC’97) which utilises water level fluctuation method is used based as concept of storage change due to differences between input and output components, where input refers to recharge from rainfall and other sources and output refer to ground water drainage and abstraction. The methodology is as below. • Area of the hills having slope more than 20% was identified as Non-Potential Zones (NPZs) which was intersected with village layer and this area was not included in the assessment. • Hydrogeological unit layer was intersected with village layer to calculate the village area falling into different hydrogeological units. • Command area layer was intersected with village layer for identifying command and non command areas by village. • Saline area layer was intersected with above layers for identifying saline and non-saline areas by village. Report # 4.4 IN-24740-R13-075 July, 2014 Groundwater Study by Agroclimatic Zones 20
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• Water level fluctuation data of RGWD and CGWB observation wells for the past 5 year has been used for assessment and employing the interpolation technique in GIS platform (zonal statistics of spatial analyst tools) adopting 25m x 25m grid for the entire area of assessment, village-wise with respective hydrogeological unit. • Village-wise annual ground water draft considered at the time of assessment for irrigation and domestic (monsoon and non monsoon for the year 2010) based on the village-wise data collected on number of wells in year 2010. • Recharge considered in the assessment from other sources (Recharge from canals, surface and ground water irrigation and tank and ponds) both for the period of monsoon and non monsoon for the year 2010. • Similarly, the command area (monsoon and non monsoon recharge from canal) has been considered separately while carrying out the resource assessment. • Rainfall recharge calculated using Water Level Fluctuation (WLF) method for the monsoon season for year 2010. • Normalization of rainfall recharge calculated for monsoon season by WLF method has been done by using normal rainfall figures (1957-2010). • In areas where negative fluctuation (Post monsoon is deeper than Pre monsoon water level) is observed, Rainfall Infiltration method has been used. • Rainfall recharge calculated using Rainfall Infiltration Factor method both for the monsoon and non monsoon season. • Percentage of difference calculated to consider the accepted value between normal rainfall recharge (RIF Method) and normal rainfall recharge (WLF Method) for the monsoon season. • Finally recharge estimation computed village wise by adding (Adopted rainfall recharge and recharge from other sources both for monsoon and non monsoon season). • Resource assessment carried out separately for the saline areas in GIS environment. Further details on the procedure for assessment of village wise dynamic ground water resources is outlined in Annex 6(a) and Annex 6(b) presents the village-wise computation of dynamic ground water resources in each ACZ. 4.9 Assessment of Static Ground Water Resources The static groundwater resources have been estimated by applying the following formula: Static groundwater resources = effective potential zone area of the aquifer × utilizable saturated thickness × specific yield Central Groundwater Board has estimated the static groundwater resources block-wise, in each hydrogeological formation in the entire State, in the years 2004 and 2008. Average depth of the basement and utilizable saturated thickness of the different hydrogeological formations have been adopted on the basis of the values as reported by the respective field hydrogeologist of the respective areas and used in the static groundwater assessment, year 2008. The static groundwater resources for the year 2010 have been calculated by adopting same criteria as indicated above. The various parameters adopted for estimation of static groundwater resources are shown in Table 4.4. Further details can be seen in Annex 7(b).
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Table 4.4 Various Parameters adopted for Estimation of Static Groundwater Resources
Parameters Alluvium Sandstone Limestone Hardrocks
Specific Yield 0.01 - 0.03 0.001 - 0.004 0.0015 - 0.004 0.001 - 0.003 Utilizable Percentage of 10 - 40 3 - 35 5 - 35 2 - 35 Saturated Thickness (%) Average depth of Adopted on the basis of groundwater exploration data basement (m bgl) Source: CGWB & RGWD The groundwater exploration data is given in Annex 2(a). The details on the procedure adopted for assessment of village wise static ground water resources is outlined in Annex 7(a). The village-wise computation of static ground water resources in each ACZ is presented in Annex 7(b). 5. Geology of Rajasthan 5.1 Introduction A geological map of Rajasthan prepared by Geological Survey of India is presented in Figure 5.1. The geological sequence of rock formations of the State is highly varied and complex, revealing the co-existence of the most ancient rocks of pre-cambrian age and the most recent alluvium, as well as wind-blown sands of the Quaternary to Recent age. A brief geological description of the important geological formations occurring in Rajasthan is discussed in the following paragraphs. The Archaeans are represented by Bhilwara Supergroup, which consists of high-grade metamorphites and gneisses (Banded Gneissic Complex), together with the associated low-grade metamorphites that represent the oldest metasedimentary sequence. This super group comprises a complex assemblage of metasemipelite, quartzite, conglomerates, metagraywackes, marble, dolomite, calc-silicate rocks, basic metavolcanics, migmatite, granite, granite-gneiss, granulitic rocks and ultramafics. Bhilwara Super group has a wide crescent-shaped distribution in eastern Rajasthan, from the south-western border of Bharatpur District to Banswara District. It occupies large areas, mainly in the districts of Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Ajmer, Bundi, Bhilwara, Udaipur, Chittaurgarh, Pratapgarh and Banswara. In the north, this super group is overlain by Delhi Super group and in the south – by Aravalli Super group. Granite and gneiss occur over a crescent-shaped area of about 100 km in length and 30 km in width, in central Rajasthan, in the Chittaurgarh and Bhilwara districts. Over a large part of the area the rock is essentially non-porphyric granite, medium grained and varying in colour from reddish pink to greenish yellow. The geological succession of rock formations in Rajasthan is shown in Table 5.1.
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Table 5.1 Geological Succession of Rock Formations in Rajasthan Geological Time Unit Lithostratigraphic Period Lithology Era Period Super group / Group Recent Alluvium and blown sand Cainozoic Eocene Mandai/ Akli/ Kapurdih/ Jogira/ Sandstone, (Tertiary) Banda/ Khuiala / Palana bentonitic clay and fuller’s earth Deccan Traps Basalt Cretaceous Abur / Fatehgarh Sandstone, limestone, clay and lignite Mesozoic Jurassic Parihar/ Bhadesar/ Baisakhi/ Limestone, Jaisalmer/ Lathi sandstone and shale Permo- Carboniferous Bhadura Sandstone and boulders Palaeozoic Marwar Nagaur/ Bilara/ Sandstone, Jodhpur gypsum, siltstone, limestone, dolomite and shale Bhander/ Rewa/ Sandstone, shale, Vindhyan Kaimur/ Semri limestone, Upper conglomerate and basic flows Proterozoic Acid, Basic and Ultrabasic Intrusives and Extrusives Malani Volcanics / Plutonics Kishangarh Syenite Ajabgarh/ Alwar/ Quartzite, schist, Delhi Sirohi/ Punagarh/ gneiss, marble, Raialo shale, slate, phyllite and basic flows Lower Granite, Basic and Ultrabasic Intrusives Proterozoic Jharol/ Bari/ Quartzite, schist, Aravalli Udaipur/ Debari phyllite, conglomerate, greywacke, metavolcanics and marble Granite and Basic Intrusives Ranthambore/ Phyllite, slates, Rajpura-Dariba schist, gneiss, Archaean Bhilwara /Hindoli granite gneiss and migmatites Source: GSI
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5.2 Aravalli Super Group The Aravalli Super group consists of a great thickness of phyllites and greywacks, with subordinate quartzite, conglomerates and dolomites intruded by granites and basic and ultrabasic rocks. The Aravalli Super group in Rajasthan has been divided into Debari, Udaipur, Bari and Jharol Groups. The rocks of Aravalli Super group are highly metamorphosed at certain places and occur in Udaipur, Dungarpur, Sirohi, and Banswara Districts. The rocks of this Super group also occur to a small extent in the south-western part of Bhilwara District and southwest of Jaipur and Alwar Districts in the north-east. Minerals of great commercial importance are associated with rocks belonging to the Aravalli Supergroup. The central part of the Aravallis is occupied by a great synclinorium composed of Aravalli and Delhi rocks. 5.3 Delhi Super Group The rocks of the Delhi Super group occur over a large part of central and north-eastern Rajasthan, and are exposed in the districts of Bharatpur, Alwar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Nagaur, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi and Jalore. However, their best occurrence is in the main Aravalli hill ranges near Ajmer and in western Mewar. Delhi Super group has been divided into Raialo, Punagah, Sirohi, Alwar and Ajabgarh groups. This Super group predominantly consists of quartzite, biotite schist, calc-schist, calc-gneiss, phyllite and marble, with subordinates conglomerate and chert. 5.4 Vindhyan Super Group The Delhis were succeeded by the Vindhyans after a time interval marked by a distinct erosional unconformity. The Vindhyans in Rajasthan were deposited in two separate basins on either side of the Aravalli hill range, constituting the main Vindhyan basin in eastern Rajasthan and Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan basin in western Rajasthan. In the main Vindhyan basin of eastern Rajasthan, especially in south-eastern Mewar, the Vindhyan succession is well developed. The sediments were deposited in a large basin extending from Dhaulpur in the northeast to Nimbhahera and Suket in the southwest. The north-eastern and southwestern outcrops are connected by narrow, disconnected patches extending from Sawai Madhopur to Bundi. In the south-western part of the Vindhyan basin of eastern Rajasthan the total stratigraphic thickness of Vindhyan Super Group formations is 2,400 m, out of this the lower and upper divisions have 1,000 m and 1,400 m, thickness respectively as per Geological Survey of India (G.S.I.). The Vindhyans have been affected by over-thrusts from the west, resulting in the Great Boundary Fault of about 800 km strike length, with a throw of about 700 m. This has brought the undisturbed Upper Vindhyan against the highly folded pre-Aravallis. The outcrops of Vindhyan in western Rajasthan are much interrupted by desert sands and alluvium, and consist of about 1,000 m thickness resting on the Malani Rhyolites and Phyllite & Schist of Delhi Super Group. These rocks are grouped into a new Super group called Marwar Super group and are divided into (a) Jodhpur Group, (b) Bilara Group, and c) Nagaur Group, consisting mainly of sandstones, limestones and sandstones, interbedded shale, gypsum and anhydrite respectively. The age of this Super group is Lower Palaeozoic. Igneous rocks are represented by a variety of rocks, ranging from to acidic to basic and ultra basic rocks.
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The Ultra basic rocks are represented by peridotite and pyroxenite, metamorphosed to talc-serpentine-chlorite rocks. These rocks occur in Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Pali and Ajmer Districts. The ultra basic and basic rocks are intrusive and have been assigned post-Aravalli and post-Delhi ages. Nepheline-syenite is exposed in the vicinity of Kishangarh town (Ajmer District) and is in the form of sheet-like intrusions into the pre-Aravallis and Banded Gneissic Complex along the margin of the Delhi Supergroup, giving rise to elongated ridges. On the basis of radiometric dating age the nepheline syenites (1,475 m/y) are considered of post-Delhi age. Erinpura Granite is the principal intrusive into the Delhi Supergroup. It occurs as bosses and sills of all sizes. The outcrops of the Erinpura Granite, isolated at places are found extending from Ajmer and Beawar in the north-east to the main belt of the type area of Erinpura and Mt. Abu in the southwest. The Malani suite of igneous rocks is represented by the Siwana and Jalore granites, with their acid volcanic representatives known as the Malani Rhyolites, which is composed of felsites and pyroclastic material. The Malani rocks are intrusive into the Delhis and are younger than the Erinpura Granite. The Malani granite shows a marked unconformity with the overlying Trans-Aravalli Vindhyans (Marwar Supergroup) and hence their age may be post-Delhi, and probably younger than Lower Vindhyan. In western Rajasthan, in Jaisalmer District, a sequence of sediments consisting of two formations – the Rends and the Britannia – occurs over a small area overlying the Malani suite of igneous rocks. On the basis of lithological similarities and their superposition on the Malani igneous rocks this sequence has been considered to be homostadial with the Jodhpur Group and Bhilwara Group and thus considered as representing Cambrian sedimentation in Rajasthan. The rocks of Mesozoic Era occur in western Rajasthan mainly in Jaisalmer and Barmer Districts. Isolated outcrops are also found at the junction of the borders of Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Barmer Districts. The Lathi formation of Mesozoic age occupies the maximum area (7,500 km 2) in Barmer District. The lithological units of this era are referred to by different names, as indicated in the stratigraphic succession. Volcanic activity in the form of fissure eruptions in central and western India marked the close, locally, of the Mesozoic era. In Rajasthan, the northern extensions of Deccan Traps occupy part of south-eastern Mewar and overlie the older formations. The rocks generally show spheroidal weathering and exfoliation, giving rise to rounded boulders. Outcrops of rocks of Eocene age occur at widely separated areas in Barmer, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer Districts. The relationship is obscure due to the intervening desert sand and alluvium. The litho-units of this era have also been called different names in different locations, as indicated in the stratigraphic succession. The Palana Series, hitherto included in Cretaceous rocks, is now considered to be of Palaeocene age. Alluvium, blown sand, Kankar and Evaporites are of recent to sub-recent age. Alluvium is fairly thick and widespread in Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur and parts of Tonk and Jaipur Districts, and also along the valleys of Banas, Banganga, Berach and Chambal rivers. Thick alluvium and blown sand occur in Luni river basin and several other areas in western Rajasthan covering the Thar Desert. The Thar Desert, along with a vast blanket of unconsolidated deposits, covers the region in the west, north-west and
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north of Rajasthan. Recent and sub-recent deposits are the most important geological formations in occurrence and possible development of groundwater resources. Alluvium directly overlies the Pre-Cambrian basement in the central part of the basin where its thickness varies from 242 m in the southern part, around Phulka (29 o29’:75 o08’) to 533 m in the northern part around Kheliawala (29 o39’:73 o19’). In Ganganagar and Hanumangarh Districts, the thickness of the alluvium that mostly overlies Palana series, varies from about 130 m in the south to about 400 m in the north. Concretions and nodules of calcium carbonate, called Kankar, are extensively distributed throughout the vertical column of the alluvium in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh Districts. Kankar encountered towards the bottom of the tubewells drilled at Sri Bijoy Nagar (29 °15’:73 °31’), Dudianwali (29 °16’:73 °52’) and Kamharwala (30 o19’:75 o40’) occurs as hard pans ranging in colour from greyish brown through yellow to pinkish. Sand dunes dots occur in Ganganagar District and the intervening depression. Sand dunes consist of silt and very fine sand, brownish yellow to buff in colour coalesced together, and rises in the form of small hillocks, of an average 4 to 5 m height above ground level. The dunes are about 30 m high in the Suratgarh area. Quaternary alluvial deposits from the main aquifers of Ganganagar District. Rocks belonging to the Proteriozoic Group are not exposed anywhere in the lower Ghaggar river basin. Delhi quartzite has been encountered at a depth of 533 m at Kheliawala (29 o39’:73 o19’) and porphyritic hornblende biotite granite, belonging to Malani suite of igneous rocks, has been encountered at a depth of 240 m at Phulka (29 o29’:75 o08’). The Palaeozoic Group of rocks are also not exposed anywhere in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh Districts. Sandstone resembling Jodhpur Sandstone has been encountered in the boreholes drilled at Ottu (29 o30’:74 o53’), on Rajasthan – Haryana border, at a depth of 206 m. The sandstone is pink in colour and fine to coarse-grained. 6. Hydrogeological Units The classification of hydrogeologic units is based on hydraulic parameters and the assessed potential of each rock unit. Groundwater analysis for any purpose should differentiate between the various water-bearing formations. A total of 19 hydrogeological units have been identified on the basis of CGWB and RGWD data base (see Table 6.1). The significant and mapable hydrogeological units are considered to serve the purposes of water resources planning. The hydrogeological units were delineated using water-bearing formation data of CGWB and RGWD. The same have been delineated on micro-watershed, using GIS, and also panchayat samiti- wise (block-wise) and village-wise. Hydrogeological map of Rajasthan state is shown in Figure 6.1. The various units present a wide array of exploitation potential, quantity-wise as well as quality-wise. While some of the units present similar hydraulic characteristics and groundwater potential, others may exhibit totally different features and qualities. For example, the Sandstone, Limestone and Alluvium units are usually considered to be the better aquifers, whereas the various fractured rock aquifer units usually present poor
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hydraulic conditions. As a result, the hard rock aquifers are more extensively developed while successful pumping wells in the fractured rock are rarer. Table 6.1 Major 19 Hydrogeological Formations with the area covered by each Unit in Rajasthan S. No. Hydrogeological Units Area Km 2 1 Younger Alluvium 48,070.05 2 Older Alluvium 94,968.09 3 Tertiary Sandstone 24,502.65 4 Deccan Traps (Basalt) 9,580.51 Jurassic Sandstone (Lathi, Parihar, 5 15,213.07 Baisakhi, Bhadesar) Vindhyan Sandstone (Nagaur, 6 25,675.64 Jodhpur) 7 Bilara Limestone 9,522.51 8 Bhander Sandstone 13,954.29 Limestone (Alwar, Bhander, Upper 9 4,853.08 Cretaceous) 10 Shale 3,906.68 11 Quartzite 5,325.02 12 Slate 367.65 13 Phyllite & Schist 35,728.18 14 Gneisses 1,967.40 15 Jalore Granite 5,612.72 16 Erinpura Granite 5,229.75 17 Rhyolite 5,046.40 18 Ultra Basics 107.72 19 Gneisses(B.G.C.) 21,724.31 20 Hills 10,908.08 Total 342,263.80 Source: CGWB and RGWD
The data of exploratory wells/Piezometer boreholes of CGWB/RGWD is at Annex - 2(a). Hydrogeological characteristics of above 19 aquifer units are given in the Table 6.2.
Broadly, the alluvial aquifers are porous and extensive and sedimentary, crystalline and metamorphic aquifers have dual permeability character determined by weathered zone on top followed by thickness of jointed and fractured zone. The characteristics of 19 hydrogeological units have been tabulated as per data available as on year 2010.
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Table 6.2 General Aquifer Characteristics of 19 Hydrogeological Formations S. SWL* Yield Transmissivity Specific Aquifer Nature of Aquifer No. m, bgl potential, lps m2/d Yield A. Alluvial Aquifers Porous, permeable and 1 Younger Alluvium 2.75-26.33 6.10-20.00 - 0.15 have limited occurrence Porous, permeable and 2 Older Alluvium 1.00 to 130 5.00-50.00 13.32-7,944.00 0.1 have wide occurrence B. Sedimentary Aquifers Porous, permeable and 1 Tertiary Sandstone 30.05-7.06 1.80-9.16 74.00-1,516.00 0.06 jointed Cavernous, jointed and 2 Bilara Limestone 9.10-56.08 6.25-75.70 - 0.07 fractured Occasionally, cavernous, Limestone (Alwar, jointed and fractured. 3 Bhander, Upper- 27 <5.00-15.00 - 0.03 Often intercalated with Cretaceous,) Shale Jurassic Sandstone Porous, permeable. 1,161.00- 4 (Lathi, Parihar, Baisakhi, 6.75-22.56 4.60-64.70 0.06 Intercalated with Shale 1,883.00 Bhadesar) Vindhyan Sandstone Porous, permeable. 5 2.06-58.40 0.50-8.00 30.00-1649.00 0.04 (Nagaur, Jodhpur,) Intercalated with Shale Occasionally Porous, Jointed fractured and 6 Bhander Sandstone 3.11-12.46 1.00-6.00 39.00-1,138.00 0.02 quartzitic in nature. Often intercalated with Shale 7 Shale Jointed and Fractured 6.85-41.44 0.60-60.00 55.00-269.9 0.015 C. Hard-Rock Aquifers Occasionally vesicular 1 Deccan Traps (Basalt) 1.35-10.54 1.10-8.30 3.00-249.00 0.01 Jointed and Fractured 2 Rhyolite Jointed and Fractured 17.22-9.87 0.10-0.15 - 0.01 3 Jalore Granite Jointed and Fractured 10.20-9.20 3.00-5.00 - 0.02 4 Erinpura Granite Jointed and Fractured 38 1.00-16.00 - 0.02 5 Gneisses Jointed and Fractured 3.41-43.80 5.00-20.00 12.00-305.00 0.015 6 Quartzite Jointed and Fractured 7.60-80.00 <5.00-6.00 10.00-404.00 0.02 7 Slate Jointed and Fractured 16.8 0.50-5.50 - 0.02 8 Ultra-Basics Jointed and Fractured - - - 0.02 9 Phyllite and Schist Jointed and Fractured 1.10-63.00 0.15-20.00 6.52-115.00 0.02 10 Gneisses (B.G.C.) Jointed and Fractured 0.43-16.17 0.33-10.00 - 0.015 Source: CGWB and RGWD * Static Water Level is based on the data from 1963 to 2010.
The yield of wells in alluvial aquifers range for less than 5 to 50 lps. The yield of wells in hard-rock aquifers in general range from 5 to 20 lps except for Bilara limestone and Jurassic sandstone aquifers (Lathi, Parihar etc.) which have maximum yield of 75.70 and 64.70 lps respectively and the maximum yield of wells in Shale aquifer is 60 lps as shown in Table 6.2. The ground water level data (1984-2010) of observation wells of RGWD/ CGWB ACZ- wise for Rajasthan is at Annex 2(c). Aquifer –wise fluctuation in levels of ground water for 19 aquifer units in the state is shown in Table 6.3.
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Table 6.3 Aquifer-wise Ground Water Level Fluctuation in Rajasthan Fluctuation of Ground water ACZ level (m) Min Max Average Younger Alluvium -7.01 10.60 0.81 Older Alluvium -7.23 10.76 1.26 Deccan Traps -5.05 10.30 3.06 Tertiary Sandstone -3.90 8.90 0.33 Jurassic Sandstone -5.50 7.50 0.36 Vindhyan Sandstone -6.10 10.79 0.71 Bhander Sandstone -6.93 10.60 3.02 Bilara Limestone -1.95 10.80 1.33 Limestone -3.55 10.50 2.65 Shale -6.85 10.10 3.89 Rhyolite -6.28 9.83 2.50 Jalore Granite -5.43 10.55 4.54 Erinpura Granite -1.55 10.80 5.33 Gneisses -0.93 10.68 6.10 Quartzite -4.05 10.34 3.05 Slate 0.25 6.50 3.47 Ultra Basics 1.50 4.83 3.08 Phyllite & Schist -6.10 10.76 4.39 Gneisses(B.G.C.) -3.50 10.75 4.65 Grand Total -7.23 10.80 2.67
7. Agro Climatic Zones of Rajasthan Introduction Agro Climatic Zones of the state have been defined according to the prevailing climate in each ACZ and the crops grown, irrigation patterns etc. Figure 7.1 shows the ACZs and the river basins of Rajasthan. Figure 7.2 presents the Agro Climatic Zone map of Rajasthan along with districts and block covered in each zone. A summary of data on rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, evaporation etc. in the various ACZs is presented in Table 7.1.
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Table 7.1 Summary of Agroclimatic Zones of Rajasthan Average Mean Annual Evaporation Temperature, Mean Relative Humidity, Annual (1990-2009), oC % Zone Name of the Zone Areakm 2 Districts Covered Rainfall cm (1957-2010), Max. Min. Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean mm Ia Arid Western Plain 45,577.83 Barmer and part of Jodhpur 270.2 40.00 8.00 43.9 52.3 47.4 206.9 264.4 232.9 Irrigated North- Sri Ganganagar and Ib 20,620.77 244.0 42.00 4.70 46.9 57.7 52.9 174.1 222.7 194.3 Western Plains Hanumangarh Hyper-Arid and Partly Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Churu Ic 77,001.84 281.4 48.00 3.00 43.5 50.7 46.9 199.7 306.7 247.5 Irrigated Western Plain Transitional Plain of Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu and IIa 37,054.95 439.4 39.70 5.30 43.8 55.6 48.8 199.3 242.0 214.1 Inland Drainage Part of Churu Transitional Plain of Jalore, Pali, Part of Sirohi and IIb 31,656.93 412.2 38.00 4.90 44.7 61.4 52.0 141.1 251.4 199.0 Luni Basin Jodhpur Semi-Arid Eastern Jaipur, Ajmer , Dausa and IIIa 29,512.93 518.7 40.60 8.30 43.5 53.7 48.5 205.8 228.1 218.3 Arid Tonk Flood-Prone Eastern Alwar, Dhaulpur, Bharatpur, IIIb Plain 24,431.80 Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and 618.7 40.00 8.20 49.4 55.9 52.5 209.4 224.0 216.7 part of Dausa Sub-humid Southern Bhilwara, Sirohi, Rajsamand IVa Plains and the Aravalli 37,563.35 Udaipur and Chittorgarh 615.5 38.60 8.10 47.1 61.5 52.5 148.8 217.5 197.9 Hills Humid Southern Plains Dungarpur, Udaipur, IVb 11,979.32 Banswara, Chittorgarh, 782.8 39.00 7.20 51.5 54.2 53.3 201.2 222.9 214.3 and Pratapgarh Humid South-Eastern Kota, Jhalawar, Bundi and V 26,864.08 773.4 42.60 10.60 44.1 55.1 51.2 189.5 218.3 206.6 Plains Baran Total 342,263.80 Source: IMD
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Figure 7.1 Agro Climatic Zones of Rajasthan
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7.1 ACZ Ia- Arid Western Plain This zone covers the entire Barmer District, except Siwana block, and Jodhpur district excluding Bilara and Bhopalgarh blocks. This zone, which covers an area of 45,577.83 km2, is one of the most arid parts of the State. The annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is 270.20 mm. The zone experienced the lowest rainfall in the year 2002.The minimum rainfall in Barmer District was recorded as 36 mm in the year 2002 at Guda Malani and 39 mm at Luni in Jodhpur District during the year 2002. The area received maximum rainfall during the year 1990. In Barmer District the maximum rainfall was recorded as 1095 mm in Guda Malani and 821 mm in Jodhpur District. Almost 80 – 90% of the total rainfall is received during the southwest monsoon which enters the area during the first week of July and withdraws in mid-September. The humidity is highest in August (63.25%) with mean daily relative humidity of 43% in Barmer and 81% in Jodhpur region. The annual maximum potential evapotranspiration in the zone is quite high. It is highest in May (264 mm) and lowest in December (77 mm). Summer temperatures are high and the diurnal range exceeds 20°C. During the day, the summer temperatures are as high as 49°C but at night, the temperature falls to less than 20°C. In winters, the day temperatures are relatively higher, but night temperatures may drop drastically. Winters are of short duration, not exceeding two months during December-January. This area does not have a developed drainage system. Owing to poor rainfall, surface water resources do not exist, while groundwater is deep and brackish. With the first showers in late July, a few grass species grow and shrubs and dwarf trees become green. But soon after the retreat of the Monsoon in mid September, the vegetation dries up, leaving only a few perennial shrubs and a thin pad of pale grass on the landscape. Mostly rain-fed crops like bajra, Kharif pulses, guar etc. are grown during the Kharif season. Rabi crops include wheat, rape-seed and mustard. 7.2 ACZ Ib - Irrigated North-Western Plains This zone has an area of 20,620.77 km2. The entire area of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh Districts is an alluvial and aeolian plain, formed by Ghaggar River. The Ghaggar channels are quite wide at some places and inundate nearby villages during heavy rainfall in their catchment areas. The arid part of this region is the northern extension of the Indian Thar Desert, covered with wind-blown sand. Extreme aridity, marked with high summer and low winter temperatures, is its usual climatic characteristic. The annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) is ~240 mm. A minimum rainfall of 75.5 mm in Hanumangarh area was recorded in 1997 and the maximum, 887 mm, was recorded in 1978 in Bhadra. In Ganganagar District, a minimum rainfall of 59 mm was received during year 1991 at Raisinghnagar, and the maximum rainfall occurred in 1976 at Karanpur. The cold season is from December to February and is followed by summer from March to June. The minimum temperature during winter is recorded as low as -1°C, whereas during the summer it rises to as high as 49°C. Evapotranspiration in the zone is highest in the month of May, 424.7 mm, and lowest - in December, 58.9 mm. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (63.47%). High-speed winds blow in summer. The area is rich in agricultural production thanks to a well-developed system
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of canal irrigation systems. The extensive network of Gang Canal and Bhakra Canal, along with the Indira Gandhi Canal, has made the entire area green and productive. Due to the abundance of canal water irrigation, this region has today become the granary of Rajasthan. Among the Kharif crops, cotton, sugarcane, guar and pulses are important. In the Rabi season, wheat, mustard, gram, vegetables and fruits are produced. Total production, as well as the productivity level of all the crops are much higher in this zone than in other parts of the State. 7.3 ACZ Ic - Hyper-Arid and Partly Irrigated Western Plain The geographical area of this zone is 77,001.84 km2. The areas under the command of Indira Gandhi Canal in Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Churu Districts fall under Agroclimatic Zone Ic. This is among the most arid parts of the State. Annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) is ~281.40 mm. The minimum rainfall of 9 mm was received in this zone in 2002 in Ramgarh in Jaisalmer District, while a maximum of ~1058 mm occurred during 1977 in Sujangarh District. Humidity is highest in August, with mean daily relative humidity of 71%. Rainfall may not only vary from year to year but fluctuates in the same year too. Summer temperatures may range between 40 and 42°C during June; temperatures may fall to less than 6°C - 8°C during January. However, minimum temperature as low as 1°C during the winter season and a maximum temperature as high as 49°C during summer season, have also been recorded. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (61.62%). Mean annual potential evapotranspiration range between 160 and 200 mm. The duration of winter is generally short, mostly occurring during the months of December and January. Because of low rainfall, local surface water resources do not exist. Groundwater is generally deep and brackish. Natural vegetation is generally seasonal. A few grass species come up with the onset of Monsoon but dry up by mid September. Rainfed crops, like bajra, guar, Kharif, pulses etc., are generally raised. However, with the availability of canal irrigation water and fresh groundwater from losses along the canal, crops raised include cotton, maize groundnut etc. in Kharif, and wheat, mustard, barley, coriander, taramera and cumin in the Rabi season. 7.4 ACZ IIa - Transitional Plain of Inland Drainage The geographical area of this zone is 37,054.95 km2. The zone has a semi-arid to arid type of climatic conditions. This zone comprises Nagaur, Sikar and Jhunjhunun Districts and Taranagar, Rajgarh, Churu Blocks of Churu District. Annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is ~439.40 mm. The minimum annual rainfall was 77 mm during year 2002, recorded in Ladnu, and the annual maximum rainfall of 1,242 mm occurred during 1977 in Khetri. The area has extreme temperature conditions with the minimum reaching sub-zero during the winter and a maximum as high as 49°C during the summer. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (66.12%). The annual maximum potential evapotranspiration in the area is quite high. It is highest (255 mm) in May and lowest (76.5 mm) in December. The areas are covered with sand dunes and inter-dunal sandy plains. Drainage is not well developed and streams, which flow in the rainy season, disappear in the sandy areas after covering some distance. Climatically, this zone is slightly better compared to the adjoining zone of the Arid Western Plain. Rainfall is slightly higher, temperatures in summer months do go very high but the winters are very cold. Irrigation is restricted to areas with good groundwater potential.
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Bajra, sesamum and kharif pulses are the main crops of the rainy season. Wheat, barley, mustard and gram are grown as irrigated crops or on conserved soil moisture during Rabi. 7.5 ACZ IIb - Transitional Plain of Luni Basin The geographical area of this zone is 31,656.93 km2. This area lies between the Aravalli range and the western arid region. The region encompasses the entire districts of Jalore and Pali, Reodhar and Sheoganj Tehsils of Sirohi District, and Bilara and Bhopalgarh Tehsils of Jodhpur District. The region has a semi-arid type of climate. Annual average rainfall (1957 – 2010) in this zone is 412.20 mm. The minimum annual rainfall of 28.4 mm was received during year 1987 in Sanchore, and the maximum of 1,710 mm - in 1971 in Desuri (Pali). The minimum temperature during the winter season touches 2°C, and the maximum of 48°C - during the summer. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (~73%). The annual maximum potential evapotranspiration is highest in May (~265 mm) and lowest in December (~77 mm). The area is drained by river Luni, which is seasonal and flows only during the rainy season. A number of paleo-channels also exist in this area. The western part of the zone is dotted with sand dunes, interspersed with alluvial soil. Luni and its several tributaries, like Sukri, Mithri and Jawai, have made this area productive. The climatic conditions are almost the same as in the western arid region, except that the rainfall is slightly higher. Groundwater level in these river basins is high, and has been usefully tapped for irrigation. Vegetation is xerophytic and sparse in the western part, but in the east and on the slopes of the Aravalli ranges there is mesophytic vegetation in the form of woodlands, open forests and grasslands. The area produces bajra, maize, guar, sesamum and pulses in the Kharif season. In the Rabi season, wheat, barley and mustard are the dominant crops, especially in irrigated areas. 7.6 ACZ IIIa - Semi-arid Eastern Plain The geographical area of this zone is 29,512.93 km2. This region comprises four districts, namely Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk and Ajmer. River Banas, with its several tributaries, forms a rich fertile plain. On the western side, the region is flanked by the low Aravalli hills which extend from southwest to the northeast. Annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is ~518.70 mm. The minimum rainfall of 21 mm was recorded during the year 1981 in Sikari, and the maximum of 1,652 mm - also in Sikari in 1995. The annual potential evapotranspiration in the zone is about 1,745 mm. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (67.4%) and lowest in April (29.4%). Summer and winter temperatures are not as extreme as in the arid west. Summer temperatures may reach around 47°C, and in winter the minimum may reach 5°C. Depth to groundwater table varies from 15 to 25 m, but the annual fluctuations are high, especially in the years when the southwest monsoon fails and the yearly replenishment is low. Surface water sources are scarce and thus harnessing of groundwater has been going on at an accelerated pace. Natural vegetation is of the mixed xerophytic and mesophytic type, but owing to heavy felling of trees, the surface mantle has been robbed of its natural wealth. In the total gross cultivated area of this zone, bajra, sorghum and pulses are grown in the Kharif season, and wheat, barley, gram and mustard in the Rabi season. Productivity of all crops in this zone is better than that of the agroclimatic zones to the west of the Aravalli range.
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7.7 ACZ IIIb - Flood-Prone Eastern Plains The geographical area of this zone is 24,431.80 km2. It comprises Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Karauli Districts and Bonli, Bamanwas and Gangapur city blocks of Sawai Madhopur District. Except for few low hills which exist in Alwar and Sawai Madhopur Districts, the entire region is a flood plain of Banganga and Gambhir rivers. The region has rich alluvial soils, the fertility of which is replenished every year by the flood water of the rivers. In periods of heavy rainfall, the rivers overflow their banks and inundate the surrounding villages. Climatically, the area is similar to the plains of Banas, but the rainfall is higher in the eastern side. Annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is 611 mm. The minimum annual rainfall of 97 mm was recorded in Bonli (Sawai Madhopur) during the year 2002, and the maximum of 1,727 mm – in Bamanwas (Sawai Madhopur) during the year 1981. The annual potential evapotranspiration in the area is about 1780 mm. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (76%). Natural vegetation exists on mountain slopes, wetland areas and protected zones, but the excessive plundering of forest wealth has dwindled the natural cover. The region produces a variety of crops because both surface water and groundwater irrigation sources exist. A network of canals, extending from the upper Yamuna Canal and the Panchana Dam, irrigate this area. Groundwater depths vary from 5 to 15 m in this zone, and well-water irrigation is practised. The region produces bajra, sorghum, maize, sugarcane, sesamum and a variety of pulses in Kharif season. Wheat, barley, gram and mustard are the dominant crops of the Rabi season. 7.8 ACZ IVa - Sub-humid Southern Plains and the Aravalli Hills The geographical area of this zone is 37,563.35 km2. It comprises Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand Districts and Pindwara, Abu road Tehsils of Sirohi District, Pratapgarh, Choti Sadri Tehsils of Pratapgarh District. For the most part, this is a region of low Aravalli hills with an inter-mountain plateau, deeply dissected by streams and rivers. The region has a moderately warm climate in summers and mild winters. Annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is ~615 mm. The minimum annual rainfall of 51 mm was recorded during the year 2008 in Pindwara, and the maximum – 2,263.2 mm - in 1973 in Nimbahera (Chittorgarh). Humidity is highest in August (~81%). The annual potential evapotranspiration in this area is about 1,495 mm and is highest in May (228 mm). There are a number of surface-water streams like Gambhir, Sabarmati, Banas and its tributaries, but they are all ephemeral. The surface rocks are granitic and highly metamorphosed, and the depressions on the surface are filled with rain-water in the form of natural storages (“tanks”). The area is rich in natural vegetation, which grows on the slopes of the Aravallis and in the wetland areas, but excessive felling of trees has degraded these open forests. Tank water irrigation is most common. The area produces maize as the chief food crop of the Kharif season, but in the irrigated areas rice is also grown. In the Rabi season, wheat, gram and oil seeds are the main crops. In areas of black soil, cotton and opium are cultivated.
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7.9 ACZ IVb - Humid Southern Plains The geographic area of this zone is about 11,979.32 km2. The districts of Dungarpur and Banswara, parts of Udaipur (Dhariyawad, Salumber and Sarada Tehsils) and Chittorgarh (Choti Sadri, Bari Sadri, Pratapgarh and Arnod Tehsils), are included in this zone. The area comprises low Aravalli hills with intrusions of black lava rocks. This is mostly a tribal area where Bhils, Garasiyas and Damors live amidst forests and hills. The area has a humid climate with an average rainfall of more than 818 mm per year. Annual average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is 782.80 mm. The minimum annual rainfall, 115.7 mm, was received during the year 1971 in Ganeshpura (Dungarpur District) and the maximum of 2,591 mm was recorded during the year 2006 in Banswara. Temperatures do not fluctuate much in summer and winter, so the area has mild winters and mild summers. The mean relative humidity is highest in August (~82%). All these factors combined promote a profuse growth of natural vegetation. The mountain slopes have an abundance of natural forests. There are a number of surface-water streams. Mahi and its tributaries, like Anas, Arau and Jakham, have made this area very fertile. The commissioning of Mahi Bajaj Sagar multipurpose project has provided this area with canal water irrigation and electric power. Cotton and sugarcane are the chief cash crops grown in the black soil region. Maize, sorghum and rice are the chief food crops of the Kharif season and groundnut, mustard, sesamum and rapeseed are also grown. 7.10 ACZ V - Humid South-Eastern Plains The geographical area of the zone is 26,864.08 km2. Popularly known as the Hadauti Plateau, this region includes the districts of Kota, Baran, Bundi and Jhalawar and two Tehsils of Sawai Madhopur, namely Khandar and Sawai Madhopur. The black soil region of this plateau is fertile and is used for cultivation of sugarcane, cotton and opium. The region has low hills of the Gwalior series, interspersed with broad plateaus of Vindhyan rocks. A large number of rivers drain this area. Chambal is the main river, along with its main tributaries, like Parvati, Kali Sindh, Parwan and Banas. The development of a canal irrigation system with a series of dams and barrages on Chambal River has made this area rich in agricultural production. Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar dams, together with Kota Barrage, have generated enough resources of electricity and canal water for irrigation. Annual average rainfall (1957-2010) in this zone is 773.40 mm. The region has warm summers but mild winters. Summer temperatures sometimes touch 45°C. The relative humidity is generally high in this zone. Annual Average rainfall (1957 - 2010) in this zone is 759 mm. The minimum annual rainfall of 54.3 mm was recorded during the year 1979 in Asnawar (Jhalawar district) whereas maximum annual rainfall 2,241.30 mm during the year 1998 was received in Dug (Jhalawar district). The annual normal rainfall varies from 650 to 1,000 mm. The mean annual relative humidity is highest in August (75.84%). Natural vegetation exists in the form of woodlands, parklands and open forests, which have, however, now degraded. Rice and sorghum are the chief food crops grown in the Kharif season. This area is suitable for soyabean and wheat, Barley, gram and mustard are also grown in winter.
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8. Groundwater Study in Agro Climatic Zones of Rajasthan The entire state has been classified into 10 Agro Climatic Zones on the basis of climatic factor existing in a particular zone area. Groundwater study in these ACZs has been conducted on the basis of different parameters and different aquifer units which are discussed in the following paragraphs alongwith the findings of this study. Detailed groundwater study of each ACZ is presented in Volume 2 of this report. As mentioned earlier, 19 main hydrogeological units (aquifer units) have been identified in Rajasthan, the distribution of these 19 aquifer units in 10 Agro climatic zones of Rajasthan is given in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 ACZ wise Aquifer Units and their Areas Hydrogeological ACZ Area, km 2 Unit / Hill Younger Alluvium 2,539.65 Older Alluvium 14,473.69 Tertiary Sandstone 6,420.44 Jurassic Sandstone 2,209.81 Vindhyan Sandstone 10,842.83 Ia Bilara Limestone 3,620.03 Phyllite & Schist 0.70 Jalore Granite 1,838.75 Rhyolite 3,429.50 Hills 202.43 Ia Total 45,577.83 Younger Alluvium 19,662.61 Ib Older Alluvium 933.09 Vindhyan Sandstone 25.07 Ib Total 20,620.77 Younger Alluvium 16,283.61 Older Alluvium 16,020.88 Tertiary Sandstone 16,890.07 Jurassic Sandstone 13,003.26 Ic Vindhyan Sandstone 10,201.11 Bilara Limestone 861.49 Phyllite & Schist 1,063.13 Jalore Granite 1,117.55 Rhyolite 1,560.74 Ic Total 77,001.84 Younger Alluvium 929.52 Older Alluvium 22,517.52 Tertiary Sandstone 1,192.14 Vindhyan Sandstone 3,704.10 IIa Bilara Limestone 3,788.60 Quartzite 2,152.72 Phyllite & Schist 2,150.87 Gneisses 4.07 Hills 615.41
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Hydrogeological ACZ Area, km 2 Unit / Hill IIa Total 37,054.95 Younger Alluvium 3,844.88 Older Alluvium 12,958.69 Vindhyan Sandstone 902.54 Bilara Limestone 1,252.39 Phyllite & Schist 3,987.63 IIb Gneisses 644.67 Jalore Granite 2,656.42 Erinpura Granite 4,232.64 Rhyolite 56.16 Hills 1,120.92 IIb Total 31,656.93 Younger Alluvium 4,690.35 Older Alluvium 7,411.26 Limestone 6.40 Shale 5.32 Quartzite 920.67 IIIa Slate 3.72 Phyllite & Schist 6,958.78 Gneisses 300.21 Gneisses(B.G.C.) 7,904.09 Hills 1,312.10 IIIa Total 29,512.93 Younger Alluvium 119.42 Older Alluvium 16,687.18 Bhander Sandstone 3,782.01 Limestone 427.63 IIIb Quartzite 1,920.57 Slate 363.92 Phyllite & Schist 510.83 Gneisses(B.G.C.) 0.14 Hills 620.10 IIIb Total 24,431.80 Older Alluvium 100.15 Deccan Traps 1,366.83 Bhander Sandstone 2,281.87 Limestone 587.76 Shale 2,482.73 IVa Quartzite 223.47 Phyllite & Schist 12,993.77 Gneisses 1,018.44 Erinpura Granite 997.11 Gneisses(B.G.C.) 11,458.56 Hills 4,052.67 IVa Total 37,563.35 . Report # 4.4 IN-24740-R13-075 July, 2014 Groundwater Study by Agroclimatic Zones 38
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Hydrogeological ACZ Area, km 2 Unit / Hill Deccan Traps 2,403.16 Limestone 188.35 IVb Phyllite & Schist 5,517.60 Ultra Basics 107.72 Gneisses(B.G.C.) 2,351.35 Hills 1,411.14 IVb Total 11,979.32 Older Alluvium 3,865.63 Deccan Traps 5,810.53 Bhander Sandstone 7,890.41 Limestone 3,642.95 V Shale 1,418.63 Quartzite 107.59 Phyllite & Schist 2,544.87 Gneisses(B.G.C.) 10.16 Hills 1,573.32 V Total 26,864.08 Grand Total 342,263.80
8.1 Depth to Groundwater Figures 8.1 and 8.2 present the depth to groundwater levels during pre-monsoon and post monsoon in the year 2010, respectively (based on data given in Annex 2(c)). Depth to groundwater maps should be regarded to with caution as they are affected both from the absolute groundwater elevation and surface topography. Therefore, these maps only represent the existing depth to water level with respect to ground level and should serve as a supplementary tool for planning new well fields and studying groundwater pollution processes. The depth to groundwater seems very different between the two sides of the Aravali Hill Range. On the north-western side, the depth ranges from a few meters bgl to >120 m in some areas presenting relatively large spatial variation. On the south-eastern side, maximum depth reaches 40-60 m (with few localized exceptions of 80-100 m. The depth to water table is directly correlated to seasonal fluctuations (between pre and post monsoon). It is clearly visible that these groundwater fluctuations are negligible in the deeper aquifers. Correlation can be found between Chloride & Electrical Conductivity and the depth to groundwater (groundwater quality, para 1.12.3 in each ACZ). The deeper most groundwater generally present lower salinities compared to areas with shallow water table e.g. Osian, Bap and Phalodi blocks of Jodhpur district, Dungargarh and Nokha blocks of Bikaner district, Jaisalmer, Sankara and eastern part of Sam blocks of Jaisalmer district and Nagaur and Mundwa blocks of Nagaur district, Most likely it is related to dispersion and retardation caused by soil-water interactions and transport processes through the unsaturated profile. 8.2 Groundwater Levels and Flow Directions Figure 8.3 presents the static groundwater elevation contour map for the entire state according to RGWD and CGWB water level data of pre monsoon 2010 (see Annex 2(c)).
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Rajasthan is divided by the Aravalli mountain range into two main drainage systems: a western basin, with drainage direction to the northwest, and an eastern basin with a general drainage direction towards southeast. Highest (reported!) groundwater levels are found along the southern stretch of the Aravallies, about 950 – 1000 m amsl, and lowest ones are reported from the southwest, at the outlet of the Luni river into the Rann of Kutchch, in Gujarat, less than 20m amsl. In the east, at the outlets of the different basins from Rajasthan, the water levels are between 100m and 150m amsl. The groundwater level contours along the southern stretch of the Aravallies portray a very complicated, steep pattern in the eastern flank, mainly in the south within ACZ Iva, IV b and V (Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi basins). In the west there is a sharp drop from the 900 – 1000m amsl water level peaks to 300 – 350m amsl levels over a very short lap, with no data (no observation wells) in between (Figure 6.1). The complex features of the river basins east of the Aravallies are clearly different from those of the western side. The eastern side is subdivided into two huge basins (Banas, Chambal) and eight, small river basins. The main aquifers in these basin areas are the Old and Younger Alluvium overlying semi pervious to almost impervious aquifers. The depth of water level here is shallow and the alluvial aquifers intercept the other water bearing horizons and, therefore, at present there is no necessity of deep well drilling. The western system comprises two huge basins, the Luni Basin and the Outside Basin, where the main aquifers are under a thick cover of alluvium viz. the limestone, sandstone and hard-rock formations. The water level is considerably deeper as compared to the eastern part, amounting to more than 100m in the south west (ACZ Ia and Ic). These aquifers also constitute the main potential groundwater resources, although the quality is usually poor, as compared to the eastern basins. However, in the center of the Luni Basin (ACZ IIb) and in the northern part of the Outside Basin (ACZ Ia, Ib), including the Ghaggar Basin, the operative aquifers are younger and older alluvium. The lateral outlets of groundwater flows from Rajasthan, as is being portrayed in the map, takes place all around the state. In the east there is outflow to the states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana in the north, to Pakistan in the west and to the state of Gujarat in the south. The IGNP feeder canal contributes to the groundwater resources in the northwest, which is probably more than the groundwater losses to Pakistan. 8.3 Groundwater Level Fluctuation Figure 8.4 presents the average groundwater fluctuation (post monsoon – pre monsoon) for the period 1984-2010 (data given in Annex 2(c)). Groundwater fluctuation ranges between < 1m and >10 m. These fluctuations are controlled by three main factors: precipitation, nature of hydrogeological formations and the depth to groundwater level. The first and most dominant factor is the monsoon rainfall. . Accordingly, on the northwestern side of the Aravali Range there are low amplitude fluctuations due to the desert conditions (low rainfall, high evaporation, and relatively thick unsaturated zone. On the contrary, the southeastern part of the state is characterized by significant monsoon rains that are reflected in the groundwater fluctuations. The highest fluctuations are recorded in the south within Chittorgarh District (ACZ IVa), probably due to presence of hard rock formations, and secondary porosity (joints and fractures) in them, low storativity, low yield potential and relatively shallow water table.
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8.4 Long-Term Water Level Trends Figures 8.5 and 8.6 present the long term trends (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon respectively) of groundwater levels for the period 1984-2010 (based on data given in Annex 2(c)). The Long-term trends range from rising levels of>0.4 m/yr to a decline rate of more than-1 m/yr. The groundwater level trends reflect the over-all balance of the water in the aquifer. If the total of outflow is greater than the total of inflow – groundwater levels will decline. Therefore, water table trends are one of the best indicators for assessing the over-all condition of the aquifer, taking into account all factors, natural as well as artificial. The maps show a good correlation between the areas characterized by severe water table decline and areas of intensive drafts (see map: Annual average drafts 1995-2009), usually from alluvial formations. According to Figures 8.5, 8.6 three major strips in a general southwest to northeast direction can be identified on the basis of rate of decline of water table / year: (i) Southern strip: moderate decline rates of the water table of up to 0.5 m/yr. This strip includes ACZ IVa, IVb, V and the northern parts of ACZ IIIa and IIIb. The region is characterized by relatively shallow groundwater and moderate to high annual draft, which are compensated by relatively high rainfall. (ii) Middle strip: extreme decline rates of the water table up to 1 m/yr and above. This strip includes the northern parts of ACZ IIIa and IIIb and ACZ Ia, IIa and IIb. This region, along the Aravali hill range includes some of the most populated districts and increased agricultural activity. Water consumption is the highest in this part of the state with average annual draft volumes of ~ 100 Mm 3 and above. As a result, this is the area having the highest rate of water table decline. (iii) Northern strip: stable levels to moderate increase in groundwater levels up to 0.4 m/yr. This strip includes mainly ACZ Ia and Ic. Being the desert area habitations in this region are scarce and lower agricultural activity, therefore groundwater abstractions are relatively low, especially in relation to surface area (Mm 3/Km 2). Significant losses of water from the Indira Gandhi Canal into the groundwater causes general increase in the water table along most of this strip (although average rainfall in this area is low). 8.5 Long-Term Drafts Figures 8.7, 8.8 and 8.9 present the (a) average annual drafts (b) the average annual draft per unit area and (c) the relative change in drafts between 1995 and 2009, respectively on the basis of groundwater assessment reports of 1995, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2009 of CGWB and RGWD (section 1.12 in each ACZ). Relative growth between 1995 and 2009 according to uses (agricultural or domestic and industrial) was calculated using the following formula (Example calculation for 1995 to 2001):