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Regiones Bióticas Delimitadas Utilizando Como Unidad De Análisis Los Polígonos Resultados Del Proceso De Delimitación Por La Unidad Ejecutora

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Regiones Bióticas Delimitadas Utilizando Como Unidad De Análisis Los Polígonos Resultados Del Proceso De Delimitación Por La Unidad Ejecutora REGIONES BIÓTICAS DELIMITADAS UTILIZANDO COMO UNIDAD DE ANÁLISIS LOS POLÍGONOS RESULTADOS DEL PROCESO DE DELIMITACIÓN POR LA UNIDAD EJECUTORA. UN MAPA PARA CADA GRUPO TAXONÓMICO: AVES, MAMÍFEROS Y HERPETOS Y UN MAPA CONSENSO Laboratorio de Biogeografía Aplicada y Bioacústica Convenio interadministrativo 13-014 (FA 005 de 2013) Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt - Fondo Adaptación Subdirección de Servicios Científicos y Proyectos Especiales Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Bogotá, D.C., 2015 Documento técnico: Cuatro (4) 30-10-2015 mapas con regiones bióticas delimitadas utilizando como unidad de análisis los polígonos resultados del proceso de delimitación por la unidad ejecutora. Un mapa para cada grupo taxonómico: aves, mamíferos y herpetos y un mapa consenso. Proyecto Delimitación de Páramos y Humedales No. 13-014 1 Documento técnico: Cuatro (4) mapas con regiones bióticas delimitadas utilizando como unidad de análisis los polígonos resultados del proceso de delimitación por la unidad ejecutora. Un mapa para cada grupo taxonómico: aves, mamíferos y herpetos y un mapa consenso. Agosto 2015 · Laboratorio de Biogeografía Aplicada y Bioacústica María Cecilia Londoño, María Helena Olaya, Carolina Bello, Iván González, Cesar Gutiérrez, Daniel López y Jorge Velásquez. Tabla de contenido 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Diversidad Beta (β) como herramienta para la delimitación de ecosistemas ..................... 4 1.1.1 Métricas para medir la diversidad ............................................................................. 5 1.2 Datos Biológicos para realizar los análisis ........................................................................... 6 1.3 Modelos de distribución de especies .................................................................................. 7 2. Marco metodológico ............................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Paso 1: Verificación de los registros biológicos ................................................................. 11 2.1.1 Información requerida ................................................................................................ 11 2.1.2 Análisis de datos ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Paso 2. Análisis de vacíos geográficos ............................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Información requerida ................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Índice de selección de vacíos geográficos (Gap Selection Index GSI) ......................... 14 2.3 Paso 3: Modelos de distribución de especies .................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Variables...................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Modelamiento ............................................................................................................ 16 2.3.3 Evaluación ................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Procesamiento de los modelos ................................................................................... 17 2.3.5 Validación de los modelos .......................................................................................... 17 2.4 Paso 4: Análisis de diversidad beta .................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Matriz de distribución ................................................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Selección de la métrica de distancia ........................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Cálculo de matriz de distancia. ................................................................................... 21 2.4.5 Agregaciones jerárquicas ............................................................................................ 21 3. Resultados ............................................................................................................................ 22 4. Referencias ........................................................................................................................... 28 2 1. Introducción Los factores abióticos han sido la base de la clasificación de diversas unidades ecológicas (ej. biomas, ecosistemas) pues ha sido muy difícil tener un conocimiento suficientemente completo sobre la biodiversidad para poder incorporarlo en dicha clasificación. Las variables ambientales podrían ser un buen sustituto del componente biótico, suponiendo que la distribución espacial de las especies está principalmente determinada por éstas. Sin embargo es paradójico delimitar ecosistemas según factores físicos cuando el objetivo de su clasificación tiene fines de manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad. En realidad, la base teórica para la clasificación de unidades ecológicas es débil, pues éstas se caracterizan por una “multidimensionalidad” que no debe reducirse a variables abióticas o a datos de cobertura. La presencia de un grupo particular de plantas, animales y/o microorganismos no es sólo el resultado de las características climáticas y geo-pedológicas, sino de las interacciones bióticas y de la historia biogeográfica de las especies (Figura 1). Es por esto que el integrar el componente biótico dentro de la delimitación de los ecosistemas permite dar más precisión a las unidades descritas, pues se enfatiza la importancia de grupos taxonómicos endémicos y diferencias en la composición de las comunidades bióticas, evidenciando por ejemplo, el efecto que eventos como las glaciaciones o el surgimiento de barreras geográficas han tenido sobre la formación de los ecosistemas como los conocemos (Olson et al. 2001). Conocer el componente biótico de un ecosistema permite guiar de mejor manera las decisiones sobre su uso y conservación. Al incluir este aspecto se pueden identificar las características de la biodiversidad que lo componen tales como endemismos, rareza, riqueza y de alguna manera fenómenos evolutivos o ecológicos que brindan herramientas para comprender la funcionalidad e importancia de un determinado ecosistema dentro de un territorio en particular. Por esto la utilidad de un mapa de ecosistemas para la gestión y monitoreo de la biodiversidad va a depender de la capacidad de éste para reflejar las diferencias en el componente biótico identificando variación en el patrón geográfico de su distribución. El objetivo principal de este documento es presentar un marco conceptual y metodológico, que da pie a la implementación de una herramienta para representar y diferenciar unidades ecológicas en los humedales del territorio nacional incorporando el componente biótico desde su composición de especies. 3 Factores abióticos (ej.: clima-pedología) Factores bióticos (ej.: competencia- A predación) B C Área donde se encuentra Factores evolutivos y presente la especie biogeográficos (ej.: dispersión- barreras geográficas) Figura 1. Factores que influencian la presencia de una especie en un área geográfica. Modificado de Soberón y Peterson (2011). 1.1 Diversidad Beta (β) como herramienta para la delimitación de ecosistemas Una de las principales dificultades en la delimitación de unidades ecológicas es que las líneas frontera que diferencian una unidad de otra son construcciones arbitrarias que no necesariamente reflejan una transición efectiva (Bailey 2009). De hecho, las transiciones entre dos unidades ecológicas contiguas son generalmente graduales y difíciles de identificar. Una buena aproximación para integrar el componente biótico en la delimitación de unidades ecológicas es evaluando la variación en la composición de las especies entre unidades de muestreo. Dado que estos cambios son probablemente el resultado de transiciones ambientales y/o climáticas a lo largo de un gradiente, pueden revelar las fronteras de dos unidades ecológicas contiguas. Esta aproximación se conjuga muy bien con el concepto de diversidad (beta), que evalúa la variación en la composición taxonómica entre unidades de muestreo (Whittaker 1960). Más específicamente, si la similitud composicional entre unidades de muestreo es alta, la diversidad es baja, y viceversa. La variación geográfica en la diversidad refleja principalmente diferencias taxonómicas y ambientales, pero es el resultado de complejos procesos ecológicos, evolutivos y biogeográficos. Por estas razones, este concepto puede ser un instrumento muy valioso que permita diferenciar unidades ecológicas de manera integrativa y sintética. Desde un punto de vista más práctico, este tipo de aproximaciones también se ha utilizado para evaluar el nivel de recuperación de bosques secundarios que están regenerando después de diversos usos de la tierra (Dent and Joseph Wright 2009, Letcher and Chazdon 2009, Norden et al. 2009, Norden et al. 2012). Igualmente, evaluar la variación en la composición de especies provee una información valiosa sobre la distribución de la diversidad que puede ser utilizada para el desarrollo de planes de manejo, pues permite detectar las áreas que no comparten especies con otras áreas, y por lo tanto que probablemente contienen especies de rango restringido o endémicas. Este
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