DOCSLIB.ORG

Dietary Use of Algae Among Tribal of North-East India: Special Reference to the Monpa Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dietary Use of Algae Among Tribal of North-East India: Special Reference to the Monpa Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 15 (3), July 2016, pp. 509-513 Dietary use of Algae among tribal of North-east India: Special reference to the Monpa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh Sudipta Kumar Das* Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah –711103, West Bengal, India E- mail: [email protected] Received 10 September 2015, revised 12 October 2015 Dietary use of Algae is known since ancient times, but is mostly confined to marine forms. In India, several marine or brackish water macro-algae are consumed directly as food in South east coastal localities. The present study not only documents the dietary use of a freshwater Alga Ulva intestinalis L. by the Monpa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh but also summarizes the same by various other tribes in North east India. Keywords: Algae, Dietary use, North-east India, Monpa tribe, Arunachal Pradesh IPC Int. Cl.8: A01H 13/00, A23L 1/29, A47G 19/26, A47J 39/02 Algae are used as a nutritionally functional food of the country4. Being a part of Himalayan and source for human being since ancient times. Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots, the region In coastal regions of the Far East the algal encompasses a rich wealth of flora and fauna5. consumption for dietary use was recorded since Though composing about 3.1 % of the total 6000 BC. Macro algae are consumed directly in population of the country6, anthropologically the different food and beverages whereas microalgae region is equally bio-diverse with more than are sources of nutrient supplements. These are rich 150 ethnic tribes speaking as many languages, source of protein, fibre, vitamins, bioactive with various socio-cultural traditions. The tribes are compounds1 and several essential polyunsaturated mainly divided into two broad communities, tribes fatty acids (PUFAs) which cannot be synthesized in belonging to Monkhemar culture of Austoic dialect human body2. Marine macro algae or Seaweeds are and tribes belonging to Tibeto-Burman subfamily principal dietary components in most of the coastal of Tibeto-Chinese group who are basically Asian countries as well as in Europe, South America, mongoloids7.These ethnic populations develop North America and Australia. About 145 species of several traditional recipes for food and beverages the Seaweeds (60 % of total Seaweed biota) are to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions for being used for the food3. Most of them are centuries8. Documentation of such ethnic recipes was commercially cultivated. But, the freshwater made by several researchers time to time9-18. ecosystems are mostly exploited for isolation of Arunachal Pradesh has a significant tribal microalgae for industrial production of nutrient population which is distinctly categorized into supplements. Record of direct use of freshwater 26 major tribes and 110 sub-tribes19. Monpa tribes macro algae as food is scanty. North east India are predominantly inhabited West Kameng and includes eight states, i.e., Assam, Arunachal Tawang districts of Western Arunachal Pradesh. Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Their maximum population is found in Bomdila Tripura and Sikkim. Geographically it is located subdivision of West Kameng district. Due to their within 21°34′ - 29°50′ N latitude and 87°32′ - 97°52′ ethnobotanical practices they have managed and E longitude with an altitudinal variation from almost conserved the biodiversity of their surrounding20. sea level to more than 7000 meters above msl, Monpa tribe are usually non-vegetarian in their food representing about 8 % of the total geographic area habitat, but utility of several seeded and non-seeded plants is significantly reflected in the cultural and —————— 11,21-23 *Corresponding author religious practices as well as traditional foods . 510 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY 2016 These traditional foods are integral part of their daily Manipur, but ambiguity of their identification and diet as well as various socio-cultural events24. The taxonomic position was revised by Ganesan et al.30. present study not only documents the dietary use of They have not only re-identified the earlier reported Algae by Monpa tribe also summarized the same by L. fluviatilis28 as a novel taxon L. manipurensis but various other tribes in north east India. also corrected the nomenclature of all the reported species. Other than dietary uses these algal species Materials and methods were also studied for their nutrient analysis31,32, The traditional knowledge of Algal consumption in therapeutic uses33-36, bio-fuel production37 and traditional foods among the Monpa tribe was found synthesis of fluorescent gold nanoparticles38. during an algal floristic study in Western Arunachal Paralemanea grandis [Syn. Lemanea australis], which Pradesh in March-April 2014. Then, several surveys is reported from the rivers of Manipur is regarded were carried out in the local markets as well as among as critically endangered plant by Mao et al.4 resource persons of Dirang, Bomdila and Tawang. Practice of including Algae in traditional food The information on the dietary use of Algae was recipes is a century old affair in Arunachal Pradesh, gathered by individual interviews with 15-20 local according to local vendors and local Monpa tribe of vendors and 10-12 resource persons in the localities. Dirang and Bomdila. But, it was documented recently Detailed documentation was made for plant parts and probably misidentified as blue green algae11. used, processing and application of the plant product. During the present investigation, it is found the Help of a local guide was taken in approaching the Alga to be freshwater green algae (Chlorophyceae), resource persons. Comparative study of the market Ulva intestinalis. The Alga (Figs. 1-4) grows value of the processed plant product was also made luxuriantly attached to submerged rocks in Siang not only in the said localities also in nearby localities River near Dirang and Bomdila. The Alga is reported and communities. After thorough investigation and first time from the state and as a rare record collection of ethno-botanical data, the dried algal from freshwater habitats. The voucher specimen of material was also obtained from the local market of the Algae (CAL-69556) was deposited in Central Bomdila and Tawang for identification. Detailed National Herbarium, Howrah (CAL). The local morphological study of the Algae was made with tribes collect the Alga during late winter (January – Nikon microscope Ni – 11 fitted with Nikon Digital February), when the flow of the river is slow. Camera DS – Ri1 – U3 and operated by Nikon Then the Alga is sundried after thorough cleaning. Imaging Software NIS – D + EDF. The plants were The dried Alga (locally named as Chhilap) is sold in identified following standard monographs and local markets in 100-150 gm packets (Fig. 2, 5-7). literature. The price of each packet varies from INR 450 – 500 Results and discussion (INR 4500 – 5000/Kg) and the availability of the Dietary use of Algae in the North eastern states dried alga in the market is restricted from late winter was first reported in early 70’s from Manipur25-26. (January-February) to early summer (March-April). Since then several reports were made from According to local people, the high price of the various ethnic groups of Manipur and Arunachal alga is due to the life-risking methods of its Pradesh11,14,18,27,28. The Algal species reported from collection. The Alga contains high levels of essential North east India for their dietary uses are enlisted amino acids and dietary fibres, thus is used for in Table 1. nutritional purpose worldwide. Its consumption Lemanea and Paralemanea are freshwater red reduces blood lipid level and chances of coronary Algae (Rhodophyceae) were only reported from cardiac diseases. Manipur in India so far. These grow in all five rivers The red algal taxa Pyropia vietnamensis of Manipur, i.e., Chakpi, Manipur, Iril, Imphal and (Tak. Tanaka & P.H. Ho) J.E. Sutherland & Monotilla Thoubal River in colder months, when they are (also locally named as Chhilap) (Fig. 8), though harvested and processed for sale in markets2930. not collected locally, is extensively found in the Earlier documentations showed occurrences of five local markets of Tawang in small packets of Lemanea species, L. australis Atkinson, L. catenata 100 gm (Fig. 6-7). The market price of the Kütz., L. fluviatilis (L.) C. Agardh, L. mamillosa packets of the Alga Pyropia vietnamensis is also Kütz. and L. torulosa (Roth) C. Agardh, from cheaper in comparison to that of Ulva intestinalis. DAS: DIETARY USE OF ALGAE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA 511 Table 1 – Algal species consumed for dietary purpose in North-east India Botanical name (Class) Local name Plant habitat Market price Dietary use and (INR/kg) preparation Lemanea manipurensis E.K. Ganesan, J.A. Nungsham Chakpi river, 7000/- Ingredient of local West, Zuccarello & J. Rout (Rhodophyceae) (= Hair of stone) Manipur river Manipuri cuisine Singju Lemanea mamillosa Kütz. (Rhodophyceae) (Manipur) and also used in Paralemanea grandis (Wolle) Kumano preparation of sour (Rhodophyceae) chutney for its fishy Paralemanea catenata (Kütz.) Vis & Sheath smell. (Rhodophyceae) Used by Meitei, Kuki, Paralemanea torulosa (Roth) Sheath Kuki-chin-mizo (Rhodophyceae) communities. Prasiola crispa (Lightfoot) NA Siang river NA Used in preparation of Kütz.(Chlorophyceae) (Arunachal Pradesh) soup and sometimes cooked with vegetables. Used by Monpa and Sherdukpens communities Unknown Blue Green Algae Chhilap or Rimom Siang river NA Used by Monpa tribe in (Cyanophyceae) (Arunachal Pradesh) the preparation of traditional recipe Shya Phrum Rimom, where it is cooked with meat and Paneer. Ulva intestinalis L. (Chlorophyceae) Chhilap U. intestinalisis collected 4500-5000/- Cooked mostly with from Siang river meat, vegetables and in (Arunachal Pradesh) soups. Specially consumed during Losar festival by Monpa tribe. Pyropia vietnamensis (Tanaka & P.H. Ho) Chhilap marine red alga imported 1500-2000/- Cooked mostly with J.E Sutherland (Rhodophyceae) from Taiwan meat, vegetables and in soups.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2001 Asia Harvest Newsletters
    Asia Harvest Swing the Sickle for the Harvest is Ripe! (Joel 3:13) Box 17 - Chang Klan P.O. - Chiang Mai 50101 - THAILAND Tel: (66-53) 801-487 Fax: (66-53) 800-665 Email: [email protected] Web: www.antioch.com.sg/mission/asianmo April 2001 - Newsletter #61 China’s Neglected Minorities Asia Harvest 2 May 2001 FrFromom thethe FrFrontont LinesLines with Paul and Joy In the last issue of our newsletter we introduced you to our new name, Asia Harvest. This issue we introduce you to our new style of newsletter. We believe a large part of our ministry is to profile and present unreached people groups to Christians around the world. Thanks to the Lord, we have seen and heard of thousands of Christians praying for these needy groups, and efforts have been made by many ministries to take the Gospel to those who have never heard it before. Often we handed to our printer excellent and visually powerful color pictures of minority people, only to be disappointed when the completed newsletter came back in black and white, losing the impact it had in color. A few months ago we asked our printer, just out of curiosity, how much more it would cost if our newsletter was all in full color. We were shocked to find the differences were minimal! In fact, it costs just a few cents more to print in color than in black and white! For this reason we plan to produce our newsletters in color. Hopefully the visual difference will help generate even more prayer and interest in the unreached peoples of Asia! Please look through the pictures in this issue and see the differ- ence color makes.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, History of Botanical Nomenclature
    Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Module 15: Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, history of botanical nomenclature (local and scientific) and its advantages, formation of code. Content writer: Dr.AvishekBhattacharjee, Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. – B. Garden, Howrah – 711 103. Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Botanical Nomenclature:Concept – A name is a handle by which a mental image is passed. Names are just labels we use to ensure we are understood when we communicate. Nomenclature is a mechanism for unambiguous communication about the elements of taxonomy. Botanical Nomenclature, i.e. naming of plants is that part of plant systematics dealing with application of scientific names to plants according to some set rules. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. A botanical name is a unique identifier to which information of a taxon can be attached, thus enabling the movement of data across languages, scientific disciplines, and electronic retrieval systems. A plant’s name permits ready summarization of information content of the taxon in a nested framework. A systemofnamingplantsforscientificcommunicationmustbe international inscope,andmustprovideconsistencyintheapplicationof names.Itmustalsobeacceptedbymost,ifnotall,membersofthe scientific community. These criteria led, almost inevitably, to International Botanical Congresses (IBCs) being the venue at which agreement on a system of scientific nomenclature for plants was sought. The IBCs led to publication of different ‘Codes’ which embodied the rules and regulations of botanical nomenclature and the decisions taken during these Congresses. Advantages ofBotanical Nomenclature: Though a common name may be much easier to remember, there are several good reasons to use botanical names for plant identification. Common names are not unique to a specific plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnolinguistic Survey of Westernmost Arunachal Pradesh: a Fieldworker’S Impressions1
    This is the version of the article/chapter accepted for publication in Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 37 (2). pp. 198-239 published by John Benjamins : https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.37.2.03bod This material is under copyright and that the publisher should be contacted for permission to re-use or reprint the material in any form Accepted version downloaded from SOAS Research Online: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34638 ETHNOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF WESTERNMOST ARUNACHAL PRADESH: A FIELDWORKER’S IMPRESSIONS1 Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Timotheus Adrianus Bodt Volume xx.x - University of Bern, Switzerland/Tezpur University, India The area between Bhutan in the west, Tibet in the north, the Kameng river in the east and Assam in the south is home to at least six distinct phyla of the Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman, Sino- Tibetan) language family. These phyla encompass a minimum of 11, but probably 15 or even more mutually unintelligible languages, all showing considerable internal dialect variation. Previous literature provided largely incomplete or incorrect accounts of these phyla. Based on recent field research, this article discusses in detail the several languages of four phyla whose speakers are included in the Monpa Scheduled Tribe, providing the most accurate speaker data, geographical distribution, internal variation and degree of endangerment. The article also provides some insights into the historical background of the area and the impact this has had on the distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups. Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh, Tibeto-Burman, Trans-Himalayan, Monpa 1. INTRODUCTION Arunachal Pradesh is ethnically and linguistically the most diverse state of India.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vital Link: Monpas and Their Forests
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY An Overview of the Monpas The Monpas of Wangling, Jangbi and Phumzur villages are a homogenous and close-knit community that live and work in groups. Joint family systems are prevalent in these villages. It was noted during interactions with the villagers that most of the households are related to each other. It is believed that the Monpas of these three villages are members of a huge family whose members got married, moved out of the house and settled in the three villages. For hundreds of years, they have kept themselves isolated from the mainstream Bhutanese society and have been able to preserve their local culture and tradition. However, documentary evidence does not exist to corroborate this fact. The term Monpa as explained by the Monpas of Wangling, Jangbi and Phumzur means “people of darkness”. This explains the isolation, low self-esteem and low socio-economic condition of this indigenous group of people as they see themselves. In general term, Mons, are refered to people without a religion and refers to the period before the advent of Buddhism in Bhutan. Buddhism was introduced in Bhutan by Guru Rimpoche in the eighth century. The Monpas were originally hunters and food-gatherers. The Monpa culture, tradition and practices are all intrinsically linked to the forests around them. The Monpas began to cultivate crops by gradually clearing some parts of the forests through the primitive slash and burn cultivation, known as tseri. Subsequently, they began to domesticate cattle and 22 Socio-Economic Context and Cultural Diversity maintained large areas of land for pasture locally known as tsamdo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Naming What’S in a Name?
    The Nature of Naming What’s in a Name? • "A rose is a rose," it has been said • And most of us know a rose when we see one • As we know the African marigolds • Maples, elms, cedars, and pines that shade our backyards and line our streets What’s in a Name? • We usually call these plants by their common names • But if we wanted to know more about the cedar tree in our front yard, we would find that "cedar" may refer to: – Eastern red cedar What’s in a Name? • Incense cedar What’s in a Name? • Western red cedar What’s in a Name? • Atlantic white cedar What’s in a Name? • Spanish cedar What’s in a Name? • Biblical Lebanon cedar What’s in a Name? • In fact, we would find that cedars are found in three separate plant families What’s in a Name? • Later, after discovering that our "African" marigolds are in fact from Mexico and our "Spanish" cedar originated in the West Indies, we would realize how misleading the common names of plants can be. What’s in a Name? • The same plant can have many different common names – European white lily has at least 245 – Marsh marigold has at least 280 What’s in a Name? • Clearly, if we use only the common name of a plant, we cannot be sure of understanding very much about that plant Classification • It is for this reason that the scientific community prefers to use a more precise way of naming, or classification • Scientific classification, however, is more than just naming: it is a key to understanding • Botanists name a plant to give it a unique place in the biological world, as well as to clarify its relationships within that world How Are Plants Classified? • Science classifies living things in an orderly system through which they can be easily identified – Categories of increasing size, based upon relationships within those categories How Are Plants Classified? • For example, all plants can be put in order from the more primitive to the more advanced.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociolinguistic Research Among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa
    DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2018-009 Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, and Isapdaile Zeliang Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, and Isapdaile Zeliang SIL International® 2018 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2018-009, August 2018 © 2018 SIL International® All rights reserved Data and materials collected by researchers in an era before documentation of permission was standardized may be included in this publication. SIL makes diligent efforts to identify and acknowledge sources and to obtain appropriate permissions wherever possible, acting in good faith and on the best information available at the time of publication. Abstract This research was started in November 2003, initially among the Monpa varieties of Western Arunachal Pradesh, India, and was later expanded to Sherdukpen, Chug, Lish, Bugun and Miji because of their geographical proximity. The fieldwork continued until August 2004 with some gaps in between. The researchers were Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Isapdaile Zeliang and Elina Kinny. The languages studied in this report, all belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family, have the following ISO codes:1 Tawang Monpa [twm], Tshangla (Dirang) [tsj], Kalaktang Monpa [kkf], Sartang (But Monpa) [onp], Sherdukpen [sdp], Hruso (Aka) [hru], (Aka) Koro [jkr], Chug [cvg], Lish [lsh], Bugun [bgg], and Miji [sjl]. [This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may be available.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnoecological Study in Arunachal Pradesh
    Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 12(3), July 2013, pp. 441-453 Ecoculture and subsistence living of Monpa community in the eastern Himalayas: An ethnoecological study in Arunachal Pradesh Ranjay K Singh1,2 1College of Horticulture & Forestry, Central Agricultural University Pasighat-791 102, Arunachal Pradesh, India; 2 Present address: Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana E-mail: [email protected] Received 12.06.11, revised 25.04.13 This study explores the interconnectedness between ecocultural knowledge and subsistence livelihoods of Monpa tribal communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. For such indigenous and tribal peoples, local cultures, spiritual beliefs, social and ethical norms and interconnectedness with local ecosystems is the essence of their social capital. For Monpa people, ecocultural capital plays a particularly significant role in subsistence and conservation of natural resources. The Monpa have rich and diverse socio-cultural, economic and spiritual perceptions of their natural resources and landscapes. These ecocultural and spiritual values represent a challenge for resource managers seeking to integrate them in their top-to-bottom approaches to resource use and regulation. Results indicated that the ecological knowledge codified in Monpa language and culture varied according to altitude and peoples’ access to particular ecosystems. Their overall ecocultural diversity, enhanced through cultural networks across communities, allowed the Monpa a wide degree of food availability and enhanced their health and well-being. Their diverse knowledge systems and cultural network among community members significantly affect the management practices pertaining to agriculture, animal husbandry, forest and aquatic resource’s access pattern, food availability and maintaining the health of human and nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Title the Brokpa and Their Social Development
    The Brokpa and their Social Development: The Work of M/S Title Dunkarpa Welfare Association at Dirang Circle of West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India Tsering, Rinchin; Bora, Leema; Ando, Kazuo; Kosaka, Author(s) Yasuyuki ヒマラヤ学誌 : Himalayan Study Monographs (2010), 11: Citation 191-195 Issue Date 2010-05-01 URL http://dx.doi.org/10.14989/HSM.11.191 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Himalayan Study Monographs No.11, 191-195,Him 2010alayan Study Monographs No.11 2010 The Brokpa and their Social Development: The Work of M/S Dunkarpa Welfare Association at Dirang Circle of West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India Rinchin Tsering1）, Leema Bora2）, Kazuo Ando3） and Yasuyuki Kosaka4） 1）Dunkarpa Welfare Association, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh, India 2）National Research Center on Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh, India 3）Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 4）Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan The Monpa is one of the major 26 tribes of Arunachal Pradesh State, India, inhabiting the land at the altitude from 2000 m to 4000 m a.s.l. Monpa people at Dirang Circle are classified into two groups according to their lifestyle,“ Unpa (field cultivators at lower altitude)” and“ Brokpa (pastoralists at higher altitude).” One of the major characteristics of Brokpa’s livelihood is seasonal moving around the grazing land at the altitude from 3000 m to 4500 m with Yak, cow and their cross-breeding, or sheep. Brokpa have close relationship with Unpa in terms of landholding, agricultural production and trading, and marriage. Brokpa owe the land and staple food to Unpa, and Unpa instead obtain the cheese and butter which are important protein source for them.
    [Show full text]
  • Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India a Study of Monpa International Perspectives in Geography AJG Library 6
    International Perspectives in Geography AJG Library 6 Kazuharu Mizuno Lobsang Tenpa Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India A Study of Monpa International Perspectives in Geography AJG Library 6 Editor in Chief: Noritaka Yagasaki , Japan Aims and Scope: The AJG Library is published by Springer under the auspices of the Association of Japanese Geographers. This is a scholarly series of international standing. Given the multidisciplinary nature of geography, the objective of the series is to provide an invaluable source of information not only for geographers, but also for students, researchers, teachers, administrators, and professionals outside the discipline. Strong emphasis is placed on the theoretical and empirical understanding of the changing relationships between nature and human activities. The overall aim of the series is to provide readers throughout the world with stimulating and up-to-date scientifi c outcomes mainly by Japanese and other Asian geographers. Thus, an “Asian” fl avor different from the Western way of thinking may be refl ected in this series. The AJG Library will be available both in print and online via SpringerLink. About the AJG The Association of Japanese Geographers (AJG), founded in 1925, is one of the largest and leading organizations on geographical research in Asia and the Pacifi c Rim today, with around 3000 members. AJG is devoted to promoting research on various aspects of human and physical geography and contributing to academic development through exchanges of information and knowledge with relevant internal and external academic communities. Members are tackling contemporary issues such as global warming, air/water pollution, natural disasters, rapid urbanization, irregular land-use changes, and regional disparities through comprehensive investigation into the earth and its people.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Ground and Differences Between Spirulina and Chlorella Spirulina
    Common ground and differences between Spirulina and Chlorella Spirulina: Spirulina platensis microalgae belong to the most pre- cious alkaline natural substances of our time. In a concentrated natural form they provide more than Attributes Chlorella pyrenoidosa Spirulina platensis 50 vital substances for human beings and animals. In all eras they have been used as a supplement food, e. g. in Botanical name • Chlorella pyrenoidosa • Spirulina platensis previous ancient cultures of the Maya and Aztec. Species • green algae (Chlorophyta) • blue algae (Cyanobacteria) Conditions of growth • in fresh-water • in very alkaline soda-water • estimated age: approx. 3.1 billion years (pH-value 9 - 11) • natural sources: shallow, mineral rich lakes, in Microscopic pictures tropical or subtropical climes, e.g. Africa, South- America India, China, Taiwan, Japan • global use: as food and in food, as a food supplement, as animal feed, especially for ornamental fish, birds, and small animals, as a cosmetic agent Cell form characteristic • Protozoa, round • Protozoa in a thread-shaped compound, spiral Cell wall • cellulose with sporopollenin, of which it is • easily digestible polysaccharides, which said to have a heavy metal binding takes care of good digestibility and Chlorella: quality a good bioavailability of all vital substances Cell nucleus • with cell nucleus • no cell nucleus, free spiral DNA Chlorella probably has the highest chlorophyll content in the plant kingdom. From there it gets its neme which means „little greenness“. Nutrient characteristics • rich in nutrients, with over 50 vital substan- • rich in nutrients with over 50 vital substances Chlorophyll is an important oxidant carrier and is also cal- ces and all 8 essential amino acids and all 8 essential amino acids led „treasured up sunlight“.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Tourism Tawang ,A Complete Guidelines
    Department of Tourism Tawang ,A Complete Guidelines ➢ DIRECTORY 1. Tourist Information Centre - 03794-222567 ➢ TOURISM 1. How to Reach. Considering its geographic location, Guwahati, the capital of Assam State may be rightfully termed as the gateway to Tawang forthe majority of the tourists planning to visit Tawang. It is approximately 543 Kms. from Tawang and is well connected by Air with direct daily flights from New Delhi and Kolkata and single stop flights coming from Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur etc. which are operated by all the Airlines of the country like Air India, Indigo, Jet Airlines, Spice jet, Go Air etc. with more additions in number of flights and operators expected due to launch of new private airlines in the country. Besides Air connectivity, Guwahati is also very well connected with other major cities like Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Jammu, Bangalore, Secundrabad etc. through the vast network of the Indian Railways After reaching Guwahati, one can reach Tawang through the following alternative modes. 1. By Helicopter:The Arunachal Pradesh Helicopter Service is operational from Guwahati Airport and presently the Helicopter services operate from Tawang to Guwahati and back on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. However due to the limited number of seats (on an average 10 – 12 only ) it is advisable that the tickets are pre-booked by calling the Counter at the Guwahati airportor the Aviation officer at Tawang and thereafter paying the ticket charges at the Counter as till now online booking of tickets has not been started by the State Government. The Helicopter journey to Tawang over Bhutan takes around 55 minutes and local transport at Tawang can be arranged by the concerned Hotel / Tour Operator.
    [Show full text]
  • Land, People and Politics: Contest Over Tribal Land in Northeast India
    Land, People and Politics Land, PeoPLe and PoLitics: contest oveR tRibaL Land in noRtheast india Editors Walter Fernandes sanjay BarBora North Eastern Social Research Centre International Workgroup for Indigenous Affairs 2008 Land, People and Politics: contest over tribal Land in northeast india Editors: Walter Fernandes and Sanjay Barbora Pages: 178 ISSN: 0105-4503 ISBN: 9788791563409 Language: English Index : 1. Indigenous peoples; 2. Land alienation; Acknowledgements 3. Northeast India; 4. Colonialism Geographical area: Asia Publication date: January 2009 cover design: Kazimuddin Ahmed, Panos South Asia This book is an outcome of collaboration between North Eastern Social Research Centre (NESRC), Panos South Asia and International Published by: North Eastern Social Research Centre 110 Kharghuli Road (1st floor) Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). It is based on studies on Guwahati 781004 land alienation in different states of the Northeast done by a group of Assam, India researchers in 2005-2006. Some papers that were produced during that Tel. (+91-361) 2602819 study are included in this book while others are new and were written Email: [email protected] Website: www.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/ or revised for this publication. We are grateful to all the researchers for NESRC the hard work they have put into these papers. The study, as well as the book, was funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) Denmark. The study was coordinated by Artax Shimray. We are grateful Classensgade 11E DK-2100 Copenhagen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark for financial support for this Denmark book. We are grateful to IWGIA particularly Christian Erni and Christina www.iwgia.org Nilsson for their support.
    [Show full text]