Die Wehrmacht“

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Die Wehrmacht“ „DIE WEHRMACHT“ DIE OFFIZIELLE ILLUSTRIERTE PROPAGANDAZEITSCHRIFT DER DEUTSCHEN WEHRMACHT FÜR DAS IN- UND AUSLAND (1936-1944) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor/in der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) an der Europa-Universität Flensburg Institut für Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Theologie Seminar für Geschichte und Geschichtsdidaktik vorgelegt von: JOÃO ARTHUR CICILIATO FRANZOLIN aus Assis, Bundesstaat São Paulo, Brasilien Doktorvater/Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Paul Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Günter Helmes Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Dezember 2017 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 5 Danksagung ........................................................................................................................... 6 1. Panorama der illustrierten Propaganda- und Militärzeitschriften in Deutschland und im Ausland 1936-1945 ............................................................................................. 21 1.1. Illustrierte in NS-Deutschland – der Forschungsstand................................... 22 1.2. Die illustrierte Presse in Deutschland 1936-1944 .......................................... 34 1.3. Wichtige illustrierte Propaganda- und Militärzeitschriften der Alliierten und der Achse vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1938-1945 ........... 50 2. Vom „alten“ Ehrenkreuz zur „neuen“ Wehrmacht: Aspekte der Konzeption, Etablierung und späteren Entwicklung einer Publikation (1935-1944) .......................... 61 2.1. Die militärische Illustrierte Das Ehrenkreuz (1935-1936) und die Zeitschrift Die Wehrmacht unter Joachim von Stülpnagel (1936-1940) und Max Amann (1940-1944): redaktionelle Aspekte, Gestalter und Mitarbeiter ..................................................................................................... 67 2.2. Aspekte des Designs und der materiellen Realisation der Zeitschrift Die Wehrmacht ................................................................................................... 101 3. Von Soldatenübungen zur Kriegspraxis. Berichterstattung und Propaganda in Die Wehrmacht .................................................................................................................... 155 3.1. Die Hauptthemen der Vorkriegsinhalte 1936-1939 ..................................... 156 3.2. Die Vorkriegsinhalte 1936-1939 – Auslandspolitische Berichterstattung ... 168 3.3. Die Kriegsinhalte 1939-1944 – Kriegsberichterstattung und Selbst-und Feindbilder der Achse bzw. der Alliierten................................................... 174 3.3.1. Die Achse ‒ Das unbesiegbare Deutschland: Kampf, Technik und Kriegsalltag ............................................................................................... 175 3.3.2. Die Achse ‒ Italien: Zwischen Kameradschaft und Verrat ....................... 185 3.3.3. Die Achsenmacht Japan: traditionell, tapfer und siegreich ....................... 188 3.3.4. Die Achsen-Verbündeten Deutschlands ................................................... 190 3.3.5. Die Alliierten ‒ Das „plutokratische“ England: Schwach und verräterisch................................................................................................ 193 3.3.6. Die Alliierten – Die Sowjetunion: das Land von allem Bösen ................. 200 3.3.7. Die Alliierten – Die Vereinigten Staaten: „imperialistische Gangster“ .... 210 3.3.8. Die Alliierten – andere Nationen und Gruppen ........................................ 217 3.3.9. Fazit ........................................................................................................... 224 2 Exkurs: ABZ in der BRD ‒ Die Nachkriegskarrieren ehemaliger Mitarbeiter von Die Wehrmacht .................................................................................................................... 231 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis ..................................................................................... 264 Quellen: ............................................................................................................... 264 Unveröffentlichte Quellen:.................................................................................. 265 Verwendete Literatur: ......................................................................................... 266 Aufsätze von Zeitschriften und Internetseiten: ................................................... 279 3 Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation untersucht als Gegenstand und Forschungsquelle die militärische illustrierte Zeitschrift Die Wehrmacht in ihren drei verschiedenen Ausgaben (deutsche Ausgabe, Sonder- und Auslandsausgabe) während ihres ganzen Erscheinungszeitraums 1936-1944, d.h. vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Diese Illustrierte war das offizielle Propagandaorgan der Wehrmacht und erschien in einer Zeit, als unterschiedliche propagandistische illustrierte Publikationen in Deutschland und im Ausland veröffentlicht wurden und den Markt zu beherrschen versuchten. Ursprünglich von General Joachim von Stülpnagel konzipiert, wurde Die Wehrmacht später vom Eher-Verlag Max Amanns übernommen, aber ihr Inhalt wurde immer von der Abteilung Wehrmachtpropaganda (WPr. II) strikt kontrolliert. Die Ziele dieser Forschung waren nicht nur die Untersuchung der materiellen Realisation (Design, Layout, Seitenanzahl, Werbung usw.) der Publikation im Sinne der Methoden von Roger Chartier/Tania Regina de Luca/Ana Luiza Martins/Rainer Rutz, sondern auch die Rekonstruktion der Geschichte der Zeitschrift und der inhaltlichen Repräsentationen/Propaganda mithilfe der Überlegungen Chartiers und Bussemers. Die Illustrierte bemühte sich in den Vorkriegsjahren, ihre Leserschaft auf einen neuen Krieg vorzubereiten, indem Themen wie Kameradschaft, neuen Militärtechniken, Auslandskonflikte und Erinnerungen an den Ersten Weltkrieg behandelt wurden. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurden die militärischen Auseinandersetzungen als manichäischer Kampf zwischen der Achse und den Alliierten interpretiert, wobei die Achse immer siegte und mit den Alliierten die schlechtesten Stereotypen verbunden wurden. Nach der Schlacht von Stalingrad entfernte sich die Kriegsberichterstattung (immer weiter) von der Wirklichkeit. Obschon die Alliierten als eine „Übermacht“ dargestellt wurden, „siegte“ die Wehrmacht weiter. Nach dem Krieg geriet die Zeitschrift fast in Vergessenheit. Mitarbeiter blieben unbekannt, weil viele von diesen früh starben oder andere Lebenswege einschlugen. Stichwörter: Zeitschrift Die Wehrmacht, Wehrmacht, Illustrierte Presse, NS- Propaganda, Propagandakompanien, Zweiter Weltkrieg 4 Abstract This Dissertation examines as research object and research source the illustrated mili- tary magazine Die Wehrmacht in its three different editions (German, Special and For- eign issues) throughout its existence from year 1936 until 1944, from the pre-war to the war years. This illustrated magazine was the official propaganda organ of the German Wehrmacht and was published at a time when different propagandistic illustrated publi- cations in Germany and abroad tried to dominate the market. Originally conceived by General Joachim von Stülpnagel, Die Wehrmacht was later taken over by Max Amann and the Eher publisher house, but its contents were constantly under strict control of the Wehrmachtpropaganda division (WPr. II). The objectives of this research were not only the investigation of the Materiality (De- sign, Layout, Number of pages, Advertising, etc.) of the publication within the meaning of the method from Roger Chartier/Tania Regina de Luca/Ana Luiza Martins/Rainer Rutz, but also the analysis of the history of the magazine and its representa- tions/propaganda in its contents according to the reflections of Chartier and Bussemer. The illustrated magazine struggled in the pre-war years through their reports to prepare their readership for a new war, where themes like the camaraderie among the soldiers, the mastery of new military technology, foreign conflicts and memories from The First World War were discussed. During the Second World War the war coverage was a Manichean struggle between the Axis and the Allies, where the Axis always won and the Allies possessed the worst stereotypes. After the battle of Stalingrad the war cover- age dissociated itself from the reality. Although the Allies were presented as “superior”, the German army continued to “win”. After the war, the history of the magazine and its former staff remained almost unknown because many of these men died or chose differ- ent paths. Keywords: Die Wehrmacht Magazine, German Army, Illustrated Press, Nazi Propaganda, Propaganda Troops, Second World War 5 Danksagung Es war ein langer Weg, bis ich nach Deutschland kommen konnte. Um meine Träume und Wünsche zu verwirklichen, brauchte ich die Hilfe von wichtigen Menschen und Einrichtungen, die mir wertvolle Ratschläge gaben. Bei allen möchte ich mich an dieser Stelle bedanken. Für Ratschläge und Hinweise bezüglich der vorliegenden Dissertation bin ich meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Gerhard Paul sehr zu Dank verpflichtet. Ohne seine Hilfe und Unterstützung wäre es nie möglich gewesen, nach Deutschland zu kommen und diese Arbeit zu verfassen. Auch bei Frau Sigrid Köwing-Paul bedanke ich mich sehr herzlich für ihre Korrekturarbeiten. Für weitere wichtige Hinweise und Korrekturen danke ich ebenfalls meinem Zweitgutachter
Recommended publications
  • 262 Günther Günther, Heinrich August, Dr. Phil., Ober Schulrat, * 18. 4
    262 Günther Günther, Heinrich August, Dr. phil., Ober­ W: schulrat, * 18. 4. 1796 Ilfeld, f 4. 5. 1866 Animadversiones in aliqua Virgilii Aeneides Oldenburg. loca, Göttingen 1817. Der Sohn des Kaufmanns Johann Heinrich L: Karl Meinardus, Geschichte des Großherzogli­ Günther und der Katharina Friederike chen Gymnasiums in Oldenburg, Oldenburg geb. Böhme besuchte das Gymnasium und 1878; Harald Schieckel, Die Mitglieder der studierte ab Oktober 1813 Philologie und „Oldenburgischen Literarischen Gesellschaft Theologie an der Universität Göttingen, an von 1779", in: OJb, 78/79, 1978/79, S. 1-10; der er im September 1817 promovierte. Am Beatrix Veit, Zur Geschichte der Landesbiblio­ 19. 1. 1821 wurde er als 1. Collaborator am thek Oldenburg von 1847 bis 1907, Oldenburg 1988. Hans Friedl Haake, August, Schauspieler, Regisseur, Theaterdirektor, * 5. 5. 1793 Königsberg in der Neumark, ¥ 18. 4. 1864 Darmstadt. H., Sohn eines Schneiders, wuchs bei einem Oheim auf. Er genoß eine sorgfäl­ tige Bildung auf dem Lyceum. Früh faszi­ nierte ihn das Theater. August Wilhelm Iff- land bezeichnete ihn als Bühnenbega­ bung, empfahl aber, mit einer Theaterlauf­ bahn noch zu warten. So ging H. zunächst daheim in Königsberg als Kopist in den Staatsdienst. Als er dann von Iffland eine Empfehlung nach Stettin bekam, begann H. dort 1811 seine Karriere als Schauspie­ ler. Als Mitglied von Wanderbühnen schlug er sich in der Folge durch, biswei­ len große Not leidend. Am Karlsruher Hof­ theater faßte er Fuß und sah sich in der Gymnasium in Oldenburg angestellt, an Lage, die Schauspielerin Auguste Neu- dem er sich durch seinen lebendigen Geo­ städt (1788-1880) zu heiraten. Nach weite­ graphie- und Geschichtsunterricht rasch ren Zwischenstationen gestaltete sich als pädagogisch begabter Lehrer profi­ seine Karriere endlich freundlicher: 1818 lierte.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Violence: the German Army and Politics, 1918-1923
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Arani, Miriam Y. "Photojournalism As a Means of Deception in Nazi-Occupied Poland, 1939– 45." Visual Histories of Occupation: a Transcultural Dialogue
    Arani, Miriam Y. "Photojournalism as a means of deception in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939– 45." Visual Histories of Occupation: A Transcultural Dialogue. Ed. Jeremy E. Taylor. London,: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. 159–182. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 23 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350167513.ch-007>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 23 September 2021, 13:56 UTC. Copyright © Jeremy E. Taylor 2021. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 7 Photojournalism as a means of deception in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939–45 Miriam Y. Arani Introduction Outside Europe, the conflicting memories of Germans, Poles and Jews are hard to understand. They are informed by conflicts before and during the Second World War. In particular, the impact of Nazism in occupied Poland (1939–45) – including the Holocaust – is difficult to understand without considering the deceitful propaganda of Nazism that affected visual culture in a subliminal but crucial way. The aim of this chapter is to understand photographs of the Nazi occupation of Poland as visual artefacts with distinct meanings for their contemporaries in the framework of a specific historical and cultural context. I will discuss how Nazi propaganda deliberately exploited the faith in still photography as a neutral depiction of reality, and the extent of that deceit through photojournalism by the Nazi occupiers of Poland. In addition, I will outline methods through which to evaluate the reliability of photographic sources. For the purposes of reliability and validity, I use a large, randomized sample with all kinds of photographs from archives, libraries and museums in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • German Communists
    = ~•••••••••• B•••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• a• •= :• COMING PUBLICATIONS: •= =• / ~ • .= "ABOUT BELGIUM" by Camille Huysrnans. ; "THE FLAMING BORDER" by Czeslaw Poznanski. "GERMAN CONSERVATIVES" by Curt Geyer. "THE ROAD TO MUNICH" by Dr. Jan Opocenski. "THE WOLF AS A NEIGHBOUR" by M. van Blankenstein. NEW SERIES: THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AND THE WO~LD "GERMANY AT PEACE" by Walter Loeb. "FRENCH SECURITY AND GERMANY" . by Edmond Vermeil. "PROGRESS TO WORLD PEACE" by K. F. Bieligk. - HUTCHINSON & CO. (Publishers), LTD. ••••m•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2. "FIGHT FOR FREEDOM" Editorial Board LUIS ARAQUISTAIN CAM!LLE HUYSMANS JOSEF BELINA PROFESSOR A. PRAGIER JOHN BROWN M. SLUYSER CURT GEYER RENNIE SMITH W . W. HENDERSON MARY E. SUTHERLAND,7 j.P. GERMAN COMMUNISTS by ./ SPARTAKUS Foreword by ALFRED M. WALL Translated from the German by. E. Fitzgerald TO THE MEMORY OF ROSA LUXEMBURG KARL LIEBKNECHT PAUL- LEVI - SPARTAKUS has lived in Germany all. his life andIeft shortly after Hitler came.,.10 power. ' From his youth he has worked in the German Labour Movements-Socialist and Communist. He was one of the early "Spartakists" in the last war and he is still . today . a devoted fighter against German aggression and 'nationalism from whatever source it may spring. CONTENTS PAGE . FOREWORD 4 PART l THE SPARTACUS LEAGUE 1914-1918 7 PART II THE COMMUNIST PARTY 1919-1933 22 THE PARTY AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY 22 THE KAPP "PUTSCH" 28 THE UNITED COMMUNIST PARTY OF GERMANY 30 THE W..ARCH ACTION . 34 THE NATIONALISTIC LINE . ..... .. ' 36 THE RAPALLO TREATY' 38 THE OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR 39 SCHLAGETER 42 CORRUPTION 45 THE UNSUCCESSFUL RISING OF 1923 46 THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY 48 GERMAN MILITARY EXPENDITURE 53 "THE HORNY-HANDED SON OF TOIL".
    [Show full text]
  • AUTOGRAPHEN 1 BARKS, CARL, (1901-2000), US-Comic-Autor U
    AUTOGRAPHEN 1 BARKS, CARL, (1901-2000), US-Comic-Autor u. Zeichner, bekanntester Disney-Zeichner, (u. a. 90 € Donald u. Dagobert Duck), Tinten OU auf s/w Foto, 24x18 cm, um 1990; Beilagen <964683F I- 2 DENTON, A. COOLEY (*1920), US-Herzchirug, 1968 erste erfolgreiche Herztransplantation, OU 20 € auf farb. Foto-AK, m. Versand-Kuvert, Houston 2012 <942071F I- 3 DISNEY, ROY, US-Zeichentrickfilmer, (1930-2009), Sohn v. Walt Disney u. Mitbegründer d. Walt 70 € Disney-Company, Tinten OU auf Farbfoto, 13x12 cm; dazu Buch „Die Disney-Story“, Ron Groover, Bln. 1992, Farbfotos, 416 S., Pappband/SU <964682F I- 4 DISNEY, WALT, US-Amerikanischer Zeichentrick-Filmer, (1901-1966), OU in weißer 300 € Pinselfarbe, auf schwarzem Karton m. Druckportrait, A 4, um 1960; dazu 2 Bücher, „Disneys Welt“, R. Schickel; „Die Welt des Walt Disney“, A. Platthaus, Bln. 2001, Fotos, Abb., ges. 558 S., Pappbde., SU <964681F I- 5 DISNEY, WALT, US-Amerikanischer Zeichentrickfilmer, (1901-1966), Tinten-OU auf 600 € Portraitfoto, Stempel „Foto Felicitas München“, um 1960, 20x15 cm; dazu 4 Führer d. Disneyland, 1957, 1958, u. 1963, sowie Heft „Vacationland-Disneyland“ 1958, m. Zertificat, alle m. zahlr. Farb- fotos <964680F I- 6 FRITSCH, THEODOR, (1852-1933), antijüdischer Verleger in Leipzig, (Hammer-Verlag), hand- 70 € schriftliche Widmung an Heinrich N. Clausen, Lpz., Weihnachten 1926, im Vorsatz d. 1. Bd. „Erinnerung einer Respektlosen“ v. Edith Gräfin Saalburg, Hammer-V. 1927, (Bd. 2 v. 1931 auch vorhanden), 1 Portr., 224 u. 272 S., gld.gepr. Ln. <944815F I- 7 FUCHS, DR. ERIKA, (1906-2005), Dt. Comic-Übersetzerin, (Micky Maus Hefte v. 1951-1988), 4 60 € Farbfotos m.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right
    Maik Fielitz, Nick Thurston (eds.) Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right Political Science | Volume 71 Maik Fielitz, Nick Thurston (eds.) Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US With kind support of Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No- Derivatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commer- cial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for com- mercial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting [email protected] Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material. © 2019 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Cover layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Typeset by Alexander Masch, Bielefeld Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-4670-2 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-4670-6 https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839446706 Contents Introduction | 7 Stephen Albrecht, Maik Fielitz and Nick Thurston ANALYZING Understanding the Alt-Right.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Visual Anti-Semitic Rhetoric
    It’s Them or Us: Killing the Jews in Nazi Propaganda1 Randall Bytwerk Calvin College Why did the Nazis talk about killing the Jews and how did they present the idea to the German public? “Revenge. Go where you wanted me, you evil spirit.” (1933) Between 1919 and 1945, the core Nazi anti-Semitic argument was that Jews threatened the existence of Germany and the Germans, using nefarious and often violent means to reach their ultimate goal of world domination. Germans, on the other hand, were reacting in self-defense and resorted to violence only when driven to it by necessity. This essay considers a subset of Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda: images depicting either violence by Jews against Germans or violence by Germans 1 An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Texas A & M University Conference on Symbolic Violence, March 2012. Nazi Symbolic Violence 2 against Jews.2 Although Nazi verbal rhetoric against Jews increased in vehemence over the years (particularly after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941), violent visual rhetoric declined both in frequency and vividness. The more murderous the Nazis became in practice, the less propaganda depicted violence by or against Jews. I divide the essay into three sections: the period before the Nazi takeover in 1933, from 1933 to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, and from that invasion to the end of the war. I will take examples from a wide range of sources over the period, including posters, official Nazi party publications like Der Angriff in Berlin, the Nazi Party’s weekly illustrated magazine (the Illustrierter Beobachter), daily newspapers, two weekly humor publications, the prestige weekly Das Reich, several contemporary films, and Julius Streicher’s weekly anti-Semitic newspaper Der Stürmer.3 Prelude to Power: 1923-1933 Before Hitler took power in 1933, the Nazis presented everyone in Germany as victims of Jewish power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Debate Over Japan's Rising Sun Flag
    NIDS コメンタリー第 89 号 The Debate over Japan’s Rising Sun Flag SHOJI Junichiro, Vice President for Academic Affairs No. 89, November 26, 2019 Introduction Korea, just as Germany proscribed the Nazi’s In October 2018, South Korea hosted an international predominant symbol, the swastika (known in German as fleet review off the coast of Jeju Island. Their navy the Hakenkreuz, or “hooked cross”). requested that the vessels of participating countries only In this article, I set aside the Japanese Government’s fly their national flag and the South Korean flag at the legal justifications for displaying the Kyokujitsuki. event. This request was chiefly targeted at Japan because Instead, I analyze a key narrative behind the controversy, South Korea wanted Japanese vessels to refrain from which equates the symbol to the Nazi swastika and flying the Kyokujitsuki, or “Rising Sun Flag,” which is identifies it as a “war crime flag.” the naval ensign of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). 1 The Nazi Swastika: Symbolizing a Regime and its Ideology Japan refused to comply with the request. The Minister of Defense, Itsunori Onodera, replied, “Our naval vessels The swastika is an ancient Sanskrit symbol that can be must display the ensign under domestic laws, according traced back millennia. It has been prominently featured to the Self-Defense Forces Act. Moreover, the United in religions that originated in India, such as Hinduism Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea mandates that and Buddhism. However, in the late nineteenth and early warships must bear an external mark distinguishing the twentieth century, the swastika became entwined with ship’s nationality, and that’s exactly what the flag in nationalist movements, especially in Germany, where it question is.” Since South Korea was unconvinced by this symbolized the Aryan “master race.”1 In the 1920s, the argument, the succeeding Minister of Defense in Japan, Nazi Party adopted the swastika as its official flag.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2015 Garrett Metal Detectors®
    Fall 2015 Garrett Metal Detectors® Finder: Steve B., Diamonds are Forever! Dublin, NH Using: AT Pro Find: Gold ring with aquamarine stone surrounded by diamonds Finder: Maksym V., Kyiv, Ukraine Using: ACE 250 Find: Christian pectoral cross (circa 10th century) Finder: Terry S., MN Using: AT Pro and Pro-Pointer AT Find: Terry discovered this beautiful 14k gold ring with a nice diamond Finder: Wayne W., Middletown, DE while searching the Minnesota rivers Using: AT Pro this summer. Find: Waist belt plate, militia/ “The water level in the river had commercial (circa1860-1885) dropped dramatically and it was time to get very serious about detecting,” Terry shared. “I had been waiting for the water level to drop and I planned on using my Finder: Chris O., Kerhonkson, NY Garrett Pro-Pointer® AT, a water proof Using: ACE 350 probe to hunt around a bunch of large Find: 1826 Large cent rocks. I’m so happy with this find. This will probably be my best ring find for the year and if I find nothing better, I Finder: Marcin W., Banbury, England, still had a good year.” United Kingdom Thank you Terry for sharing this and Using: AT Pro International here’s to next summer for more great Find: 1648 gold Dutch ducat recoveries! Finder: Alexander F., Shelby, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom Using: EuroACE Finder: Iwona M., Lubachow, Poland Find: Galba Using: AT Pro Aureus gold coin Find: Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) (circa 68-69 AD) Nazi badge Finder: Rienk D., Jubbega, Friesland, Finder: Mariusz M., Wloclawek, Netherlands Poland Using: Finder: Grant C., Joshua,
    [Show full text]
  • Arani, Miriam Y. "Photojournalism As a Means of Deception in Nazi-Occupied Poland, 1939– 45." Visual Histories of Occupation: a Transcultural Dialogue
    Arani, Miriam Y. "Photojournalism as a means of deception in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939– 45." Visual Histories of Occupation: A Transcultural Dialogue. Ed. Jeremy E. Taylor. London,: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. 159–182. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350167513.ch-007>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 22:25 UTC. Copyright © Jeremy E. Taylor 2021. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 7 Photojournalism as a means of deception in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939–45 Miriam Y. Arani Introduction Outside Europe, the conflicting memories of Germans, Poles and Jews are hard to understand. They are informed by conflicts before and during the Second World War. In particular, the impact of Nazism in occupied Poland (1939–45) – including the Holocaust – is difficult to understand without considering the deceitful propaganda of Nazism that affected visual culture in a subliminal but crucial way. The aim of this chapter is to understand photographs of the Nazi occupation of Poland as visual artefacts with distinct meanings for their contemporaries in the framework of a specific historical and cultural context. I will discuss how Nazi propaganda deliberately exploited the faith in still photography as a neutral depiction of reality, and the extent of that deceit through photojournalism by the Nazi occupiers of Poland. In addition, I will outline methods through which to evaluate the reliability of photographic sources. For the purposes of reliability and validity, I use a large, randomized sample with all kinds of photographs from archives, libraries and museums in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Hate Symbols Database
    HATE ON DISPLAY™ HATE SYMBOLS DATABASE 1 HATE ON DISPLAY This database provides an overview of many of the symbols most frequently used by a variety of white supremacist groups and movements, as well as some other types of hate groups. You can find the full listings at adl.org/hate-symbols INTRODUCTION TO THE HATE ON DISPLAY HATE SYMBOLS DATABASE ADL is a leading anti-hate organization that was founded in 1913 in response to an escalating climate of anti-Semitism and bigotry. Today, ADL is the first call when acts of anti-Semitism occur and continues to fight all forms of hate. A global leader in exposing extremism, delivering anti-bias education and fighting hate online, ADL’s ultimate goal is a world in which no group or individual suffers from bias, discrimination or hate. ADL’s Center on Extremism debuted its Hate on Display hate symbols database in 2000, establishing the database as the first and foremost resource on the internet for symbols, codes, and memes used by white supremacists and other types of haters. Over the past two decades, Hate on Display has regularly been updated with new symbols and images as they have come into common use by extremists, as well as new functions to make it more useful and convenient for users. Although the database contains many examples of online usage and shared graphics, another feature that makes it unique is its emphasis on real world examples of hate symbols—showing them as extremists actually use them: on signs and clothing, graffiti and jewelry, and even on their own bodies as tattoos and brands.
    [Show full text]