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Bab Ii Landasan Teori BAB II LANDASAN TEORI 2.1. Konsep Dasar Web 2.1.1. Internet Sibero berpendapat (2011:10) “Internet (Interconneted Network) adalah sebuah jaringan komputer yang menghubungkan antar jaringan secara global, internet dapat juga disebut jaringan alam suatu jaringan yang luas”. Seperti halnya jaringan komputer lokal maupun jaringan komputer area, internet juga menggunakan protokol komunikasi yang sama yaitu TCIP/IP “Transmission Control Protol/Internet Protocol)”. 1) Website Menurut Soetejo (2012:11) ”Website atau situs dapat diartikan sebagai kumpulan halaman-halaman yang digunakan untuk menampilkan informasi, gambar gerak, suara dan gabungan dari semuanya, baik yang bersifat statis maupun dinamis yang membentuk suatu rangkian bangunan yang saling terkait dimana masing-masing duhubungkan dengan link-link.” Jenis-jenis website berdasarkan sifatnya antara lain : a. Website dinamis, merupakan sebuah website yang menyediakan content atau isi yang selalu berubah-ubah setiap saat. Misalnya berita, penjualan online. b. Website statis, merupakan website yang jarang di ubah. Misalnya web profil perusahaan. 8 9 2) E-Commerce Menurut Saputra (2012:116) “E-Commerce mempunyai definisi Electronic commerce adalah segala aktivitas transaksi produk ataupun jasa antara penjual dan pembeli dengan memanfaatkan kecanggihan elektronik.” Sehingga proses transaksi dapat dilakukan meskipun antara penjual tidak secara langsung bertatap muka. E-commerce dapat diartikan sebagai proses pembelian dan penjualan produk, jasa dan informasi yang dilakukan melalui media elektronik dengan memanfaatkan jaringan komputer yaitu internet. 2.1.2. Bahasa Pemrograman Bahasa pemrograman yang biasa digunakan dalam membangun website antara lain: 1) PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) Sibero (2012:49) mengatakan “PHP adalah pemrograman (interpreter) yaitu proses penerjemahan baris sumber menjadi kode mesin yang dimengerti komputer secara langsung pada saat baris kode dijalankan”. Pada awalnya PHP merupakan kependekan dari Personal Home Page (Situs Personal). PHP pertama kali dibuat oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1995. Pada waktu itu, PHP masih berupa nama Form Interpreted (FI) yang wujudnya berupa sekumpulan skrip yang digunakan untuk mengolah data formulir dari web. Berikut beberapa keunggulan yang dimiliki program PHP : a. PHP bersifat Open Source sehingga diterbitkan secara gratis. b. Beberapa server seperti Apache, Microsoft IIS, AOLserver dan Xitami mampu menjalankan PHP. 10 c. Tingkat akses PHP lebih cepat serta memiliki tingkat keamanan yang tinggi. d. Termasuk bahasa yang embedded (bisa ditempel atau diletakkan dalam tag HTML). e. Dapat berjalan dalam server web yang berbeda dan dalam sistem operasi yang berbedad. PHP dapat berjalan pada sistem operasi LINUX/Unix, Windows dan Macintosh 2) Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Arief (2011:23) berpendapat bahwa “HTML merupakan salah satu format yang digunakan dalam pembuatan dokumen atau aplikasi yang berjalan di halaman web”. Pada halaman web, HTML dijadikan sebagai bahasa script dasar yang berjalan bersama berbagai bahasa scripting pemrograman lainnya. Semua tag HTML bersifat dinamis, artinya kode HTML tidak dapat dijadikan sebgai file executable program. Hal ini disebabkan HTML hanyalah sebuah bahasa scripting yang dapat berjalan apabila dijadikan didalam browser (pengakses web), browser ang mendukung HTML antara lain adalh internet explorer, netscape navigator, opera, mozilla dan lain-lain. Jadi pada saat ingin membuka halaman yang berasal dari HTML seseorang dapat melihat bentuk pengkodeannya dengan cara klik menu view lalu source, maka akan ditampilkan semua tag beserta isi dari halaman web tersebut. 3) Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) Menurut Sibero (2013:112) ”Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) digunakan untuk mengatur style elemen yang ada dalam halaman web, mulai mengatur teks sampai dengan mengatur layout (kerangka tampilan)”. Mengacu dari arti bahasa, 11 Cascading Style Sheet memiliki arti Gaya Menata Halaman bertingkat, yang berarti setiap satu elemen yang telah diformat dan meliki anak yang telah diformat, maka anak dari elemen tersebut secara otomatis mengikuti format elemen induknya. Tujuan digunakan CSS yaitu agar diperoleh suatu kekonsistenan style pada elemen tertentu. 4) Java Script Sibero (2013:150) “Javascript adalah suatu bahasa pemograman yang dikembangkan untuk dapat berjalan pada web browser”. Javascript adalah bahasa yang case sensitive artinya membedakan penamaan variabel dan fungsi yang menggunakan huruf besar dan huruf kecil. 5) Adobe Dreamweaver Menurut Sigit (2010:1) “Dreamweaver adalah sebuah HTML editor profesional untuk mendesain web secara visual dan mengelola situs atau halaman web”. Berdasarkan definisi-definisi di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan dreamweaver adalah suatu aplikasi yang digunakan dalam membangun atau membuat sebuah web. Saat ini terdapat software dari kelompok Adobe yang belakangan banyak digunakan untuk mendesain suatu web. Versi terbaru dari Adobe Dreamweaver CS5 memiliki beberapa kemampuan bukan hanya sebagai software untuk desain web saja, tetapi juga menyunting kode serta pembuatan aplikasi web. Antara lain: JSP, PHP, ASP, XML, dan ColdFusion. 2.1.3. Basis Data 1) MySQL Menurut Sidik (2012:333) ”MySql merupakan software database yang termasuk paling popouler di lingkungan Linux, kepopuleran ini karena ditunjang 12 karena performansi query dari databasenya yang saat itu bisa dikatakan paling cepat, dan jarang bermasalah.” MySql telah tersedia juga di lingkungan Windows. PHP secara default telah mendukung MySql karena MySql telah dimiliki oleh Oracle, dimana mengembangkan database yang murni open source dan freeware dengan nama MariaDB. MySQL pertama dikembangkan oleh MySQL AB yang kemudian diakuisisi Sun Microsystem dan terakhir dikelola oleh Oracle Coorporation. Salah satu database server yang cukup dikenal saat ini adalah MySQL. Keunggulan dari MySQL adalah: a. Mampu menangani jutaan user dalam waktu yang bersamaan. b. Mampu menampung lebih dari 50.000.000 record. c. Sangat cepat mengeksekusi perintah. d. Memiliki user privilege sistem yang mudah dan efisien 2) XAMPP Menurut Kartini (26-27:2013), “Xampp merupakan tool yang menyediakan paket perangkat lunak ke dalam satu buah paket”.Dalam paketnya sudah terdapat Apache (web server), MySQL (database), PHP (server side scripting), Perl, FTP server, Php MyAdmin dan berbagai pustaka bantu lainnya. Dengan menginstall XAMPP maka tidak perlu lagi melakukan instalasi dan konfigurasi web server Apache, PHP dan MySQL secara manual. XAMPP akan menginstalasi dan mengkonfigurasi-kannya secara otomatis untuk anda. XAMPP adalah sebuah web server. Asal kata dari XAMPP sendiri adalah: a) (X): Program ini dapat dijalankan dibanyak sistem operasi. b) (A): Apache merupakan suatu aplikasi web server. 13 c) (M): MySQL digunakan untuk aplikasi database server. d) (P): PHP bahasa pemrograman yang dipakai. e) (P): Perl bahasa pemrograman yang dipakai. 2.1.4. Model Pengembang Perangkat Lunak Teori Waterfall Sukamto dan M. Shalahuddin (2013:28) mengatakan “Model Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) air terjun (water fall) sering juga disebut model sekuensial linier (sequential linear) atau alur hidup klasik (classic life cycle)”. Model air terjun menyediakan pendekatan alur hidup perangkat lunak secara sekuensial atau terurut dimulai dari analisis, desain, pengkodean, pengujian, dan tahap pendukung (support). Model waterfall adalah model SDLC yang paling sederhana. Model ini hanya cocok untuk pengembangan perangkat lunak dengan spesifikasi yang tidak berubah-ubah. 2.2. Teori Pendukung 2.2.1 Struktur Navigasi Binanto (2010:268) berpendapat “Struktur navigasi adalah gabungan dari struktur referensi informasi situs web dan mekanisme link yang mendukung pengunjung untuk melakukan penjelajahan situs”. Menurut Binanto (2010:269- 270) ada empat macam bentuk dasar dari struktur navigasi yang biasa digunakan yaitu: 1) Struktur Navigasi Linear Struktur navigasi linier hanya mempunyai satu rangkaian cerita yang berurut yang menampilkan satu demi satu tampilan layar secara berurut menurut urutannya. Tampilan yang dapat ditampilkan pada struktur jenis ini adalah satu 14 halaman sebelumnya atau satu halaman sesudahnya, tidak dapat dua halaman sebelum atau sesudahnya.Pengguna akan melakukan navigasi secara berurutan, dari frame atau byte informasi ke informasi lainnya. Sumber : Binanto (2010:269) Gambar II.1. Struktur Navigasi Linear 2) Struktur Navigasi Hirarki Struktur dasar ini disebut juga struktur linear dengan percabangan karena pengguna melakukan navigasi di sepanjang cabang pohon struktur yang terbentuk oleh logika isi. Sumber : Binanto (2010:269) Gambar II.2. Struktur Navigasi Hirarki 3) Stuktur Navigasi Non-Linear Struktur navigasi non-linear merupakan pengembangan dari struktur navigasi linear. Pada struktur ini pegguna akan melakukan navigasi dengan bebas melalui isi proyek dengan tidak terkait dengan jalur yang sudah ditentukan sebelumnya. 15 Sumber : Binanto (2010:269) Gambar II.3.Struktur Navigasi Non-Linear 4) Struktur Navigasi Campuran (Composite) Pengguna akan melakukan navigasi dengan bebas (secara non-linear), tetapi terkadang dibatasi presentasi linear film atau informasi penting dan pada data yang paling terorganisasi secara logis pada suatu hirarki. Sumber : Binanto (2010:270) Gambar II.4.Struktur Navigasi Campuran 2.2.2. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Sukamto dan M. Salahuddin (2013:50) mengatakan bahwa “ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) adalah dikembangkan berdasarkan teori himpunan dalam bidang matematika. ERD digunakan untuk pemodelan basis
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