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The Vaisesika Philsophy

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The Vaisesika Philsophy ORIENTAL TRANSLATION FUND. NEW SERIES, VOL. XXIV. THE YAISESIKA PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO THE DASAPADARTHA- SASTRA: CHINESE TEXT W ITH INTRODUCTION, TRANSLATION, AND NOTES BY HL UI PROFESSOK IN THE SOTOSHU COLLEGE, TOKYO, E D ITE D BY F. W. THOMAS 、 LONDON: ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,. 22 ALBEMAELE STREET. 1 9 1 7 STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD PRINTERS, HERTFORD. PREFACE T he Vaisesika philosophy has not hitherto been much studied, though it seems to deserve a thorough investigation. As regards its scope, it differs considerably in many respects from the metaphysical systems of the Samkhya and the Vedanta, and its epistemological basis, natural philosophy, and consequently its mechanical view are more consistently elaborated than might be expected in a school of ancient Indian philosophy. The present little work does not attempt, as will be apparent, to give a systematic and exhaustive exposition of all the theories of the school; but I have tried, in the course of my explana­ tions of the translation, to expound some fundamental and characteristic thoughts, where they might be helpful in the understanding of passages. The work is, however, designed primarily not for scholars, but for beginners, in view of whom the bulk of the Introduction and the Notes has been written. I, am fully aware of many imperfections. In particular, I ought to say that the statements concerning the origin and development of the Nyaya reasoning (pp. 82-4, § 2) are according to my subsequent investigations not correct. It is hoped that the reader will not attach importance to the passage, which fortunately is not essential to the main purpose of the Introduction. Dr. F. W. Thomas has kindly corrected my English, and his rigorous criticism has detected throughout the work many of my oversights. He has also helped me in all matters connected with the reading of the proofs, the subject, the arrangement, and the form. But no changes have been made without my assent, and I retain a full responsibility for all the features of the work. For a kindness which is too great to particularize or 394416 VI PREFACE to repay, and without which the work could not have come into existence, I owe my most sincere thanks. • A special debt of gratitude is also due to Professor Garbe and Professor Takakusn, to whose instruction I owe a part of the material used in the Introduction, and to Professor de la Yallee Poussin, Professor Macdonell, Miss Hughes, and Mr. E. J. Thomas, who have been kind to me in many ways. HAKUJU UI. C a m b r id g e . M a y , 1917. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1-91 I. The Treatise, 1-2. II. Kwhei-ci, 2-3. III. The Founder of the System, 3-7. IV . Panca-sikhI, 7-9. V. The Author, 9-10. VI. The Treatise and its Commentaries, 10-11. VII. The Sutras of the Six Systems, 11-12. VIII. The Vaisesika Sutra and its Commentaries, 12-16. IX. Yaisesika and Nyaya, 16-18. X. Vaisesika Tenets and the Early Sects, 18-33. XI. Date of Systematization : the Categories, 33-8. XII. The Sutra: Evidence for Dating, 38-65. 1. The Vibhasa, etc., 38-9. 2. Asva-ghosa, 40-1. 3. Dates of Nagarjuna, Deva, etc., 42-6. 4. N agarjuna, ■46-50. 5. Deva, 50-5. 6. Hari-varman, 55-64. 7. Conclusion, 64-5. XIII. Vaisesika Doctrines, 66-80. 1. General, 66. 2. The Categories, 66-72. 3. Various, 72-80. (a) Asanga, 72. (&) Vasu-bandhu, 72-4. (c) Paramartha, 74-7. {d) Dharma-pala, 77-80. XIV. Nyaya, 80-91. 1. Known to Deva, etc., 80-2. 2. The Syllogism ， 82-4. 3. Date of the Sutra, 84-6. 4. Vatsyayana^ Bhasya, 86-9. 5. Fusion with Vaisesika, 88-91. T ext : D asapadarthi . .9 8 -1 1 9 Chapter I. Individual Properties of the Ten Categories . .9 3 -1 0 1 Section 1. Tea Categories, 93. ，， 2. Substance, 93-4. ” 3. Attribute, 94-8. ” 4. Action, 98-9. 9 9 Universality, 99-100. ” 6. Particularity, 100. ，， 7. Inherence, 100. ” 8. P oten tia lity, 100. ” 9. Non-potentiality, 100. ，， 16. Commonness, 100-101 ，， 11. Non-existence, 101. V lll TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Text : DasapadArthi {continued). Chapter II. Common Properties of the Ten Categories ....... 102-19 Section 1. Substance, 102-5. 1. Substances Active and Inactive, 102. 2. Substances possessing Attributes, 102. 3. Substances possessing Touch, etc., 102. 4. Substances possessing Colour, etc., 103. 5. Substances Eternal and Non-eternal, etc., 103. 6. Substances and Sense-organs, 103. 7. Substances and Attributes, 103-105. Section 2. Attribute, 105-13. 1. Attributes Perceptible and Imperceptible, 105-106. 2. Attributes as Products and Non-products, 106. 3. Attributes Eternal and Non - eternal, 106. 4. Varying Perceptibility of Attributes, 107. 5. Causes of Attributes, 107-10. 6. Attributes abiding in one Substance, etc., 110-1】. 7. A ttr i­ butes pervading and nob pervading their Substrata, 111. 8. Attributes destroyed by their Effects, etc., 111-13. 9. Attributes inhering in Substances, e tc., 113. Section 3. Action, 113-16. 1. Actions inhering in Substances, etc., 113-14. 2. Actions having Substances as their Substrata, 114. 3. Actions pervading their Substrata, 114. 4. Actions in Body, etc., 114-16. S ection 4. E xisten ce, 116. ” 5. P articu larity, 117. ” 6. Inherence, 117. Sections 7-S. Potentiality and Non-potentiality, 117. S ection 9. C om m onness, 118. ” 10. N on -existen ce, 118-19. 1. Non-existences Eternal and Non-eternal, 118-19. 2. Non-existences Perceptible and Imperceptible, 119. S ection 11. C onclusion, 119. Notes . 121-224 Chinese T ext 225-256 Index . 257-265 ERRATA AND ADDENDA P age 2 ，note 1，read BodhicarydvatCira-tTkd. p. 2, n. 1，read Vijiiapti-mdtratdydm. p. 4, n. 2, read cetand. p. 11，1. 21. Insert “ 11. Kivando-shoshujilckugiron, 1 vol., by Ko-tan’’ p. 18, 1. 8 from bottom , read is. p. 36, 11. 6-8. M ahd-sattd is found in the Mahd-vyutpatti (cciii, 27). A LIST OF TEXTS, EDITIONS, ETC., COMPENDIOUSLY CITED IN THIS WORK Atomic theory Hastings’ Encyclopedia of Religion ancl Ethics, vol. ii {Edinburgh, 1908 f.). Bhdsycc . On the N.S. by Yatsyayana. See N.S. On the F.*S. by Candra-kanta [Calcutta， 1887). Bibl. Bud.. Bibliotheca Buddhica {St. Petersburg). Bibl. Ind.. Bibliotheca Indica [Calcutta)• B.S.. Brahma-Sutra. Can-shwo (or lun-) tao- U -lu n 正 說 ( o r 論）道 理 論 . Ghu-scin-tsdn-ci-tsi 出三藏記集. Dainihon-zoku-zohyo 大日本續藏經. Dina-karl See Siddhcmta-muktdvall. D.N.. Dig ha Nikdya of the Pali Sutta-Pitaka. JAOS.. The Journal of the American Oriental Society. JBTS.. The Journal of the Buddhist Text Society. JPTS.. The Journal of the Pali Text Society. JRAS.. The Journal of ihe Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Kir. Kirandvall with the Laksandvall, Benares S.S., No. 15 {Benares, 1885). Laksandvcill See Kirandvall. Majjh.N. Majjhima Nikdya of the Pali Sutta- Pitaka. M.S.. Mlmdmsa-Sutra. Nanjio’s A Catalogue of the Chinese Tripitaka，by Nanjio’s Cat. B. Nanjio {Oxfordi 1888). No. 1295, etc. Nos. in Nanjio’s Cat. N.D.. Nyaya-Sutra with the Bhdsya by Vatsya- N.S.. yana, Bibl. Ind. (Calcutta, 1865). Nydya-bindu With the Tlka, Bibl. Ind. {Calcutta, 1889). Nyaya-kandall See Pr. Bh. Nyaya-kosa . Bombay S.S., No. xlix, 2nd edition (Bombay, 1893). x i i LIST OF TEXTS, EDITIONS, ETC., CITED Nydya-vdrttika . Bibl. Ind. {Calcutta, 1887—93). Prdbhakara School The Prdbhakara School of Purva Mlmamsa, by Ganga-nath Jha {Allaha­ bad, 1911). Pr. Bh. Prasastapada-Bhdsya with the Nydya- kandali, Yizianagram S.S., vol. iv [Benares, 1895). Pra karana -pane i ka . Panclit, old series, vol. i. Sarhy.N. SaiiiyuttaNikdya of the Pali Sutta-Pitaka. Saptap. Sapta-padarthlj Vizianagram S.S., vol. vi {Benares, 1898). Sarva-darsana-samgraha Bibl. Ind. (Calcutta, 1858). Translated by Cowell and Gough, Triibner's Oriental Series, 2nd ed. {London, 1894). SBE.. The Sacred Books of the East. Shaii-tsuii shi-cU-i-lun 勝宗十句義論• Shi-cil-i-lun . 十句義論• Siddhanta-muktavall With the Dina-karl (Benares, 1882). Si-yil-ci . • 西域記. S.K. Samkhya-Kdrika. Sloka-varttika . Translated by Ganga-nath Jha, Bibl. Ind. [Calcutta, 1900). S.-t.-haumudl . Samkhya-tattva-lcaumudl. Tarka-bhasa,. Poona, 1894. Tarka-dlpika . See Tarha-samgraha. Tarka-kaumudl . Bombay, 1907. Tarka-samgraha . With the Tarka-dlpikdj Bombay S.S., No. lv (Bombay, 1897). V.. ‘ Nydya-vdrttika. Vdrttika V.D. Vaise^ika-Sutra with the Upaskara and V.S.. the Vivrti, Bibl. Ind. [Calcutta, 1861). voz.. Vienna Oriental Journal. WZKM. Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes. ZDMG. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. INTRODUCTION I. T he T reatise A m ong the huge collection of the Buddhist iripiiaka in tlie Chinese translation we have ori]y two distinct works o£ other systems than Buddhism. The one is the Sdmhhya-kdrikd wit!) a commentaiy., and the other is a Vai^esika treatise without a coimnentary. The former lias been translated into Frencli by Professor Takakusu, iind the latter is represented by the present work. The title of the treatise is in Chinese ShaiL-Uu'h ' H c ii-i-lun 2 and in Sanskrt Vaise^ika-(nikdya-)dakirpa- dartha-sastra,5 i.e. a treatise on the ten categories of the Yaisesika. It was composed b y a follower of the Vaisesika, and translated into Chinese by Yuan Chwang ( Hhiien-Cwan) in 048 a .d . A tradition says that Kwhei-ci.4 a famous disciple of Yuan Chwang, commented 011 the treatise; but tliis is perhaps a mistake.
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