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Reporting from Within HIV and AIDS in the South Caucasus: a Manual for Journalists 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Reporting from Within HIV and AIDS in the South Caucasus: a Manual for Journalists 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 REPORTING FROM WITHIN HIV and AIDS in the South Caucasus: A Manual for Journalists 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual was written by Sandrine Amiel, Mark Grigorian, Jeanne Lawler, Nora T. Schenkel, and Helen Sewell. Special thanks are offered to Michael Randall for coordinating this project and bringing it into fruition. Particular gratitude is expressed to all those who contributed to this project by providing professional advice and sharing their experiences, notably Helena Drobna, Renate Ehmer, Cynthia Buckley, Jeyhun Najafov and Tiko Tsomania. This manual built on a series of “Training of Trainers” workshops held in Tbilisi, in September 2006, facilitated by Naomi Goldsmith (BBC World Service Trust) and Helena Drobna (UNESCO). Grateful acknowledgments go to all workshop participants. The development of this manual was made possible through financial support from the Flemish government. Published by: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Culture Sector Division of Cultural Policies and Intercultural Dialogue Culture, HIV and AIDS Project 1, rue Miollis F-75732 Paris Cedex 15, France Email: [email protected] Website: www.unesco.org/culture/aids All rights reserved. This document may be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes, provided that mention is made of the source. © October 2008. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and British Broadcasting Company World Service Trust (BBC WST) The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO or the Flemish government concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. FOREWORD 3 FOREWORD Through the project “Culture, HIV and AIDS”, UNESCO is committed to advocating for and implementing approaches to the pandemic which are culturally appropriate, gender responsive and human rights-based. From UNESCO’s perspective, Culture as such is regarded as an evolving and highly dynamic process and important asset with a key role to play in any effective HIV and AIDS response. In fact, lifestyles, traditions, beliefs, gender relations and other characteristics of a society in its rich cultural diversity are considered essential factors for generating the long-term societal and behaviour changes needed to overcome the epidemic’s expansion. The manual Reporting from Within derives from this conceptual framework. It is part of the broader project “HIV and AIDS in the Caucasus Region: A Socio- Cultural Approach”. Generously supported by the Flemish Government, its objective is the development of culturally appropriate responses to HIV and AIDS in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Since its launch in 2003, the project has worked in close collaboration with national authorities in each of the three countries, local partners and international experts. The first phase of the project involved work with local research teams to explore socio-cultural specificities affecting the epidemic’s progression trends at the regional and national levels. This manual is a core component of the project’s second phase working to strengthen the local media’s capacity to address HIV and AIDS in all of its complex dimensions, be they social, economic or political. It builds on research findings from the initial phase that identified the weak role so far undertaken by the media as a major challenge for HIV and AIDS responses in the South Caucasus region. The central assumption of this manual is that, in a learning society, the media is key in any attempt to build socio-cultural approaches to HIV and AIDS. Besides disseminating accurate information on the epidemic, they can offer a forum where different voices can be expressed and dialogue, whilst drawing the attention of their fellow citizens and policy-makers on the issues that underpin HIV and AIDS such as stigma, discrimination and gender relations. This manual seeks to provide Caucasian journalists with a hands-on, training tool for reporting on these highly complex dynamics. It is UNESCO’s hope that this manual will help strengthen the case that, if the international community is to develop an effective response to HIV and AIDS, in particular to the stigma and discrimination faced daily by people living with HIV, the design of all strategies, policies and programmes should integrate socio-cultural dynamics. Katérina Stenou Director Division of Cultural Policies and Intercultural Dialogue 4 REPORTING FROM WITHIN HIV AND AIDS IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS: A MANUAL FOR JOURNALISTS ACRONYMS 5 INTRODUCTION 6 Chapter 1: HIV and AIDS: Basic facts 9 Chapter 2: HIV and AIDS in the South Caucasus: Trends and Routes of Transmission 15 Chapter 3: Stigma and Discrimination: How They Drive the Pandemic 20 Chapter 4: Gender Inequality and Harmful Gender Norms 23 Chapter 5: Poverty: A Cause and Consequence of HIV and AIDS 26 Chapter 6: Writing Your Story: Language Guidelines 28 Chapter 7: HIV and AIDS Reporting: Basic Principles and Techniques 32 ANNEXES 37 Annex 1: Glossary of Terms Relating to HIV and AIDS 37 Annex 2: Analytical exercises 40 5 ACRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ARV Anti-retroviral Drug BBC British Broadcasting Cooperation FBO Faith-based Organisation GBV Gender-based Violence HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDU Intravenous Drug User MSM Men Having Sex With Men NGO Non-governmental Organisation OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children PLHIV People/Person Living With HIV or AIDS PMTCT Prevention of Mother-to-child-transmission STI Sexually Transmitted Infection UNAIDS Joint United Nations Program on HIV&AIDS UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGASS United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV&AIDS UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women WHO World Health Organization 6 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION When HIV and AIDS first emerged, they were regarded primarily as health issues requiring clinical and public health interventions.1 This approach not only overlooked the diversity of ways in which health is regarded worldwide but also how significantly social contexts influence the discussion, prevention and treatment of illness. For example, in many Caucasian societies talking about sex is widely believed to be improper and conversations about sexual activities rarely occur within family, community or educational settings.2 HIV and the sexual behaviours associated with its transmission are therefore considered inappropriate for public discussion. As a result, if it is difficult to openly explain how the virus is transmitted, HIV prevention and education can be very challenging. But the influence of social and cultural factors extends far beyond questions concerning which topics are and are not acceptable to discuss. For example, gender roles, which are culturally constructed, heavily direct the choices available to people. This is demonstrated in many parts of the world where it is difficult for women to make personal choices about protected sex (see Chapter 4 on Gender). General misconceptions impacting on transmission can also circulate culturally - for example, the notion common in particular societies that ‘using a condom reduces manliness’. These cultural notions all require careful consideration whenever HIV and AIDS are discussed. In fact, more and more intervention agencies try to understand and respect cultural features and when possible use them as resources for responding effectively to HIV and AIDS. In one example, the United Nations 1 UNIFEM. 2002. Expert Group Consultation on Gender, HIV/ Population Fund (UNFPA) successfully collaborated with Buddhist monks and AIDS and Rights: Developing nuns in Cambodia to integrate HIV and AIDS information into traditional a Training Manual and Module teachings.3 for the Media. Accessed 7 November 2007 at: http:// Whilst accounting for every social and cultural factor impacting the epidemic ipsnews.net/aids_2002/ IPSEXPGPmanual.pdf is impossible, particular issues such as gender, poverty and stigma are known to have a significant role. The challenge for journalists reporting on HIV and 2 UNESCO. 2005. HIV and AIDS AIDS, therefore, is to supplement their knowledge of the basic facts about in the Caucasus Region: A the epidemic with a broad recognition of the social and cultural factors at play. Socio-Cultural Approach. Paris, For this reason the first section provides an overview of the basic biology UNESCO. http://unesdoc. followed by an introduction of those social and cultural factors of particular unesco.org/images/0014/ 001411/141152E.pdf relevance to HIV and AIDS. 3 UNFPA. 2004. Culture Matters: Background: HIV, AIDS and the media in the South Caucasus Working with Communities and Faith Based Organizations: Across the world, the media are an important source of information about Case Studies from Country HIV and AIDS for the public. Carefully crafted, relevant reports can help to Programmes. Accessed 7 November 2007 at: http:// reduce the spread of HIV. But without fully understanding the social, cultural, www.unfpa.org/upload/ political, biological and economic factors involved, journalists can inadvertently lib_pub_file/426_filename_ facilitate a more extensive spread of the disease. The former Director of the CultureMatters_2004.pdf AIDS
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