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What You Should Know About HIV and AIDS
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT HIV & AIDS WHAT IS AIDS? AIDS is the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome – a serious illness that makes the body unable to fight infection. A person with AIDS is susceptible to certain infections and cancers. When a person with AIDS cannot fight off infections, this person becomes ill. These infections can eventually kill a person with AIDS. WHAT CAUSES AIDS? The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. Early diagnosis of HIV infection is important! If you have been told that you have HIV, you should get prompt medical treatment. In many cases, early treatment can enhance a person’s ability to remain healthy as long as possible. Free or reduced cost anonymous and confidential testing with counseling is available at every local health department in Kentucky. After being infected with HIV, it takes between two weeks to three months before the test can detect antibodies to the virus. HOW IS THE HIV VIRUS SPREAD? Sexual contact (oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse) with an infected person when blood, pre-ejaculation fluid, semen, rectal fluids or cervical/vaginal secretions are exchanged. Sharing syringes, needles, cotton, cookers and other drug injecting equipment with someone who is infected. Receiving contaminated blood or blood products (very unlikely now because blood used in transfusions has been tested for HIV antibodies since March 1985). An infected mother passing HIV to her unborn child before or during childbirth, and through breast feeding. Receipt of transplant, tissue/organs, or artificial insemination from an infected donor. Needle stick or other sharps injury in a health care setting involving an infected person. -
International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights 2006 Consolidated Version
International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights 2006 Consolidated Version Second International Consultation on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Geneva, 23-25 September 1996 Third International Consultation on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Geneva, 25-26 July 2002 Organized jointly by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Material contained in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided credit is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, CH-1211 Geneva 10, and to UNAIDS, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published jointly by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. HR/PUB/06/9 UN PUBLICATION Sales No. E.06.XIV.4 ISBN 92-1-154168-9 © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2006. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Information Centre. Requests for permission to translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution—should also be addressed to the Information Centre at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4187, or e-mail: [email protected]. -
Republic of ARMENIA Country Profile
Anush PERIKHANYAN MPH Yerevan State Medical University Department of Public Health Republic of ARMENIA Country profile http://www.who.int/countries/arm/en/ 1 Armenia - a lower-middle income country 3-5% (officially)prevalence of HCV among the general population (2013). HCV in 3rd highest rate in CIS countries (Georgia 6.7% Armenia/CIS and Uzbekistan 6.5%) Hepatitis C in Armenia- 44% have HCV genotype 1 37% have genotype 3 19% have genotype 2 Maistat L., Golovin S., Deineka O. and T, Khan. Hepatitis C in Eastern Europe and Central Asiа: Civil Society Respone to the Epidemics; 2015. http://www.aidsalliance.org.ua/ru/news/pdf/28.10.2015/EECA%20HCV%20EN.pdf. Accessed November 9, 2015 injecting drug users imprisoned persons patients getting hemodialysis commercial sex workers patients with tuberculosis healthcare workers oncological patients healthy population 70% HCV among 60% different groups is: people who inject drugs; 50% people who use intranasal drugs; recipients of infected blood products or 40% invasive procedures in health-care facilities with inadequate infection control practices ; children born to mothers infected with HCV ; 30% people with sexual partners who are HCV- infected; 20% people with HIV infection; prisoners or previously incarcerated persons; 10% people who have had tattoos or piercings 0% 1 2 In 2015 effective N3691 order-A “Methodological guideline for epidemiological management of viral Management hepatitis B, C”. of Hepatitis C The epidemiological control of viral hepatitis C is done by the National Center for Disease Control of the in Armenia Republic of Armenia (NCDC), which provides methodological management of prevention and regular control activities of HCV. -
Qualitative Study to Explore the Knowledge and Attitude of Pregnant Women Regarding HIV/AIDS Testing in Kotayk Region and in Yerevan, Armenia
Qualitative study to explore the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women regarding HIV/AIDS testing in Kotayk region and in Yerevan, Armenia Utilizing Professional Publication Framework Henrik Khachatryan, MD, MPH candidate, American University of Armenia Primary Adviser: M. Thompson, MS, DrPH Secondary Adviser: K. White, RN, PhD, CNAA October 2005 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Background Information and Literature review....................................................................................................1 Rationale for the Research and Research Questions.............................................................................................4 METHODS AND MATERIALS........................................................................................................................................5 Study design...........................................................................................................................................................5 Study population ....................................................................................................................................................5 Sampling and Study Setting...................................................................................................................................6 Data collection Instrument.....................................................................................................................................6 -
HIV an Illusion Toxic Shock
SCIENTIFIC CORRESPONDENCE generated from a linear model could be a and Ho's] data is remarkable", note that vmons per day is not defined or function of both the baseline CD4 level Loveday et al. 8 report the use of a PCR addressed, nor can it be! No one else has and viral loads. Further studies with larg based assay and find only 200 HIV "virion access to either the unapproved drugs or er sample sizes are needed to resolve RNAs" per ml of serum of AIDS patients the branch PCR technology! What is the these discrepancies. - 1,000 times less than Ho and Wei. So benchmark rate for the turnover of CD4 Shenghan Lai, J. Bryan Page, Hong Lai much for the "remarkable concordance". cells in the general population? Departments of Medicine, Peter Duesberg To counter the 42 case studies of Wei et Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular al. 1 and Ho et al.2, we at HEAL (Health University of Miami School of Medicine, Biology, University of California, Education AIDS Liason) can provide at Miami, Florida 33136, USA Berkeley, California 94720, USA least 42 people who are western-blot-posi Harvey Bialy tive for 'HIV', have low T4 cells, who are Bio/Technology, New York, not using orthodox procedures, and have HIV an illusion New York 10010, USA been healthy for years! On the other 1. Maddox, J. Nature 373, 189 (1995). hand, we can also provide you with hun SIR - In an editorial' in the 19 January 2. Ho, D.D. et al. Nature 373, 123-126 (1995). -
A History of the Hiv/Aids Epidemic with Emphasis on Africa *
UN/POP/MORT/2003/2 5 September 2003 ENGLISH ONLY WORKSHOP ON HIV/AIDS AND ADULT MORTALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat New York, 8-13 September 2003 A HISTORY OF THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC WITH EMPHASIS ON AFRICA * UNAIDS and WHO ** * This document was reproduced without formal editing. ** UNAIDS, Geneva and WHO, Geneva. The views expressed in the paper do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations Secretariat. Quality and Coverage of HIV Sentinel Surveillance With a brief History of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Workshop on HIV/AIDS and Adult Mortality in Developing Countries New York, 8-13 September 2003 2 1 History of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with emphasis on Africa In 1981, a new syndrome, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), was first recognized among homosexual men in the United States. By 1983, the etiological agent, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), had been identified. By the mid-1980’s, it became clear that the virus had spread, largely unnoticed, throughout most of the world. The HIV/AIDS pandemic consists of many separate epidemics. Each epidemic has its own distinct origin, in terms of geography and specific populations affected, and involve different types and frequencies of risk behaviors and practices, for example, unprotected sex with multiple partners or sharing drug injection equipment. Countries can be divided into three states: generalized, concentrated and low. Low Principle: Although HIV infection may have existed for many years, it has never spread to significant levels in any sub-population. -
Duesberg and Critics Agree: Hemophilia Is the Best Test
SPECIAL NEWS REPORT 1 REVIEWING THE DATA–I the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study 66 2 (MHCS) sponsored by the National Cancer 65 3 Institute (NCI), follows 2000 hemophiliacs 64 4 Duesberg and Critics Agree: at 16 centers in the United States and West- 63 5 ern Europe. In 1989, the New England Journal 62 6 Hemophilia Is the Best Test of Medicine published a study from the 61 7 MHCS comparing 242 HIV-infected hemo- 60 8 philiacs who received high, medium, or low 59 9 Peter Duesberg and his critics in the com- addition, some researchers contacted by Sci- doses of factor VIII. If exposure to contami- 58 10 munity of AIDS researchers disagree vio- ence say Duesberg has drawn incorrect con- nants in factor VIII were the cause of the 57 11 lently about the cause of AIDS. But they clusions from their work. immune suppression seen in AIDS, it would 56 12 agree on one thing: Hemophiliacs provide a In making his argument that hemophili- be expected that those who received higher 55 13 good test of the hypothesis that HIV causes acs suffer from AIDS independent of HIV, doses of the factor would be more likely to 54 14 AIDS. Hemophiliacs offer a unique window Duesberg cites 16 studies showing that HIV- develop AIDS, says NCI’s James Goedert, 53 15 on the effects of HIV infection because there negative hemophiliacs have abnormal ratios the principal investigator of MHCS. But the 52 16 are solid data comparing those who have of two types of critical immune-system cells: study, says Goedert, found no association 51 17 tested positive for antibodies to HIV—and CD4 and CD8. -
AIDS Denialism Beliefs Among People Living with HIV/AIDS
J Behav Med (2010) 33:432–440 DOI 10.1007/s10865-010-9275-7 ‘‘There is no proof that HIV causes AIDS’’: AIDS denialism beliefs among people living with HIV/AIDS Seth C. Kalichman • Lisa Eaton • Chauncey Cherry Received: February 1, 2010 / Accepted: June 11, 2010 / Published online: June 23, 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract AIDS denialists offer false hope to people liv- example, claim that Nazi Germany did not systematically ing with HIV/AIDS by claiming that HIV is harmless and kill 6 million Jews (Shermer and Grobman 2000) and that AIDS can be cured with natural remedies. The current Global Warming Deniers believe that climatology is a study examined the prevalence of AIDS denialism beliefs flawed science with no proof of greenhouse gases changing and their association to health-related outcomes among the atmosphere (Lawler 2002). Among the most vocal people living with HIV/AIDS. Confidential surveys and anti-science denial movements is AIDS Denialism, an out- unannounced pill counts were collected from a conve- growth of the radical views of University of California nience sample of 266 men and 77 women living with HIV/ biologist Duesberg and his associates (1992, 1994; Duesberg AIDS that was predominantly middle-aged and African and Bialy 1995; Duesberg and Rasnick 1998). Duesberg American. One in five participants stated that there is no claims that HIV and all other retroviruses are harmless and proof that HIV causes AIDS and that HIV treatments do that AIDS is actually caused by illicit drug abuse, poverty, more harm than good. AIDS denialism beliefs were more and antiretroviral medications (Duesberg et al. -
The Natural History of HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections in Adults in Africa: a Literature Review Shabbar Jaffar,1, 2 Alison D
The natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in adults in Africa: a literature review Shabbar Jaffar,1, 2 Alison D. Grant,2 Jimmy Whitworth,2, 3 Peter G. Smith,1, 2 & Hilton Whittle4 Abstract About 30 million people in Africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. We reviewed the literature on the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among African adults. Only one study, conducted in rural Uganda, has reported on survival from the time of HIV-1 seroconversion: the median was 9.8 years, which is similar to that reported in developed countries in the early stages of the epidemic and consistent with the findings from the follow-up of individuals identified by serological testing during community-based prevalence studies from Africa. Progression to symptomatic disease was faster in Uganda than in developed countries, due largely to the high background level of morbidity. Various studies suggest that people infected with HIV-2 survive longer and the course of the disease is possibly more variable than in people infected with HIV-1. However no studies have investigated survival from time of seroconversion among people infected with HIV-2. The majority of patients in hospital in Africa with either HIV-1 or HIV-2 have the clinical features of AIDS just before they die, and many are severely immunosuppressed. This is similar to the situation in developed countries before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). -
Overview of HIV/AIDS Globally
Natalia A. Feduschak, a Kaiser International Fellow and a freelance journalist, wrote and delivered the following lectures about HIV/AIDS to journalism students at the Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University and Kyiv International University between April 2005 and November 2006. The lectures are based on her own research and interviews conducted in Ukraine and Europe, through resources provided by the Kaiser Family Foundation, Transatlantic Partners Against AIDS, numerous Ukrainian non-profit groups and the experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS. Lecture 1: Overview of HIV/AIDS Globally HIV/AIDS is one of the most important social, political and health issues affecting Ukraine today. Despite its importance, however, the subject remains far from society’s consciousness and is still not adequately covered in the Ukrainian media. The stories that do appear are often dry, consisting of statistics that mean little to the reader, or do not approach HIV/AIDS in a way that makes the issue pertinent to people’s lives. The purpose of this course is two-fold: to convince young journalists that HIV/AIDS merits consistent and in-depth reporting, and to give them the tools to do so. Over the next five weeks, we will look at the HIV/AIDS situation globally, regionally, and in Ukraine. In addition, we will discuss important related issues, such as HIV/AIDS as a national security issue, access to medication and the link between TB, alcoholism and HIV/AIDS. Finally, we will discuss source development and the ethics and professionalism of reporting on HIV/AIDS. Our reading materials will be varied, consisting of a handbook on reporting about HIV/AIDS, which was written by the Kaiser Family Foundation, a private U.S. -
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescent Living With
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV Developed by the DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents – A Working Group of the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council (OARAC) How to Cite the Adult and Adolescent Guidelines: Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/ AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Accessed [insert date] [insert page number, table number, etc. if applicable] It is emphasized that concepts relevant to HIV management evolve rapidly. The Panel has a mechanism to update recommendations on a regular basis, and the most recent information is available on the HIVinfo Web site (http://hivinfo.nih.gov). What’s New in the Guidelines? August 16, 2021 Hepatitis C Virus/HIV Coinfection • Table 18 of this section has been updated to include recommendations regarding concomitant use of fostemsavir or long acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine with different hepatitis C treatment regimens. June 3, 2021 What to Start • Since the release of the last guidelines, updated data from the Botswana Tsepamo study have shown that the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTD) associated with dolutegravir (DTG) use during conception is much lower than previously reported. Based on these new data, the Panel now recommends that a DTG-based regimen can be prescribed for most people with HIV who are of childbearing potential. Before initiating a DTG-based regimen, clinicians should discuss the risks and benefits of using DTG with persons of childbearing potential, to allow them to make an informed decision. -
LIST of REGISTRED DRUGS in ARMENIA (Up to 31.12.2017)
LIST OF REGISTRED DRUGS IN ARMENIA (Up to 31.12.2017) International nonproprietary Registration Term of Legal status for N Trade name name (generic) or Drug form Dose and packaging Manufacturer Country ATC1 code License holder number registration supply active ingredients name Lek Pharmaceuticals pefloxacin Lek Pharmaceuticals 400mg, 10.03.2015 d.d., Verovskova Str. 1 Abaktal (pefloxacin tablets film-coated d.d., Verovskova Str. Slovenia J01MA03 14308 PoM2 in blister (10/1x10/) 10.03.2020 57, 1526 Ljubljana, mesylate dihydrate) 57, 1526 Ljubljana Slovenia Lilly France S.A.S., Eli Lilly Regional 100IU/ml, Zone Industrielle, 2 17.03.2017 Operations GmbH., 2 Abasaglar insulin glargine solution for injection France A10AE04 16535 PoM 3ml cartridges (5) rue du Colonel Lilly, 17.03.2022 Koelblgasse 8-10, 67640 Fegersheim 1030, Vienna, Austria Help S.A ,10 ambroxol Help S.A. Pedini, Valaoritou str., GR 6mg/ml, 09.03.2016 3 Abrobion (ambroxol syrup Ioanninon, Ioannina, Greece R05CB06 15404 OTC3 144 52, 125ml glass bottle 09.03.2021 hydrochloride) 45500 Metamorphosis, Attika, Greece Salutas Pharma GmbH, Otto-von- Guericke-Alle-1, 100mg/5ml, 39179 Barleben-batch Sandoz 30g powder in 75ml glass powder for oral releaser, Allphamed Pharmaceuticals d.d., bottle and measuring 20.10.2015 4 ACC acetylcysteine solution with orange Pharbil Arzneimittel Germany R05CB01 14947 OTC Verovskova Str. 57, spoon 5ml, 60g powder in 20.10.2020 flavour GmbH Hildebrandstr. 1000 Ljubljana, 150ml glass bottle and 12, 37081 Gottingen, Slovenia measuring spoon 5ml Germany-bulk manufacturer, packager 1 Salutas Pharma GmbH, Otto-von- Guericke-Alle-1, 39179 Barleben - Sandoz batch releaser Pharmaceuticals d.d., 100mg, 21.11.2014 5 ACC 100 acetylcysteine tablets effervescent (Hermes Pharma Germany R05CB01 13967 OTC Verovskova Str.