Managing the Journey out of Violent Extremism in the Lake Chad Basin
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Check Against Boko Haram Terrorist Recalcitrance Around the Lake
International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) Volume 4, Issue 1, 2018, PP 37-55 ISSN 2454-7646 (Print) & ISSN 2454-7654 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-7654.0402004 www.arcjournals.org Stretching the Hypothetically “Unstretchable” Check against Boko Haram Terrorist Recalcitrance around the Lake Chad Basin Area: A Direct Payoff for Staking the State and State Interest on the Platter of Personal Attention Mark Bolak Funteh* PhD , Associate Professor, the University of Maroua, Cameroon, Africa *Corresponding Author: Mark Bolak Funteh, PhD Associate Professor, the University of Maroua, Cameroon, Africa. Abstract: With the emergence and the scary inhumane actions perpetrated by the terrorist Islamic sect, Boko Haram (BH) around the Lake Chad Basin region, it was certain that checking and annihilating this group would be a matter of a short breath following the military might, war experience of and the security sustaining interest of the inhabitant states. But the massive individual and collective state deployments to bring the phenomenon to book seemed ineffective, hence prolonging the supposedly short fight against these terror belligerents. Many scholars attribute the protracted resistance of the sect to the “asymmetrical” nature of the war, but this assumption has been waved away by many observers and critics of the issue. New approaches to the understanding of why BH and its activities have stayed obstinate to the sophisticated international and local diplomatic and military moves have becomes unavoidable. This paper, written on the basis of published and unpublished sources - actors, observers and eyewitness’s accounts for that matter – is a grass-root dimensional endeavor to the question. -
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’S Enduring Insurgency
Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Editor: Jacob Zenn Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency Jacob Zenn (Editor) Abdulbasit Kassim Elizabeth Pearson Atta Barkindo Idayat Hassan Zacharias Pieri Omar Mahmoud Combating Terrorism Center at West Point United States Military Academy www.ctc.usma.edu The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government. May 2018 Cover Photo: A group of Boko Haram fighters line up in this still taken from a propaganda video dated March 31, 2016. COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Director The editor thanks colleagues at the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC), all of whom supported this endeavor by proposing the idea to carry out a LTC Bryan Price, Ph.D. report on Boko Haram and working with the editor and contributors to see the Deputy Director project to its rightful end. In this regard, I thank especially Brian Dodwell, Dan- iel Milton, Jason Warner, Kristina Hummel, and Larisa Baste, who all directly Brian Dodwell collaborated on the report. I also thank the two peer reviewers, Brandon Kend- hammer and Matthew Page, for their input and valuable feedback without which Research Director we could not have completed this project up to such a high standard. There were Dr. Daniel Milton numerous other leaders and experts at the CTC who assisted with this project behind-the-scenes, and I thank them, too. Distinguished Chair Most importantly, we would like to dedicate this volume to all those whose lives LTG (Ret) Dell Dailey have been afected by conflict and to those who have devoted their lives to seeking Class of 1987 Senior Fellow peace and justice. -
B133 Cameroon's Far North Reconstruction Amid Ongoing Conflict
Cameroon’s Far North: Reconstruction amid Ongoing Conflict &ULVLV*URXS$IULFD%ULHILQJ1 1DLUREL%UXVVHOV2FWREHU7UDQVODWHGIURP)UHQFK I. Overview Cameroon has been officially at war with Boko Haram since May 2014. Despite a gradual lowering in the conflict’s intensity, which peaked in 2014-2015, the contin- uing violence, combined with the sharp rise in the number of suicide attacks between May and August 2017, are reminders that the jihadist movement is by no means a spent force. Since May 2014, 2,000 civilians and soldiers have been killed, in addition to the more than 1,000 people kidnapped in the Far North region. Between 1,500 and 2,100 members of Boko Haram have reportedly been killed following clashes with the Cameroonian defence forces and vigilante groups. The fight against Boko Haram has exacerbated the already-delicate economic situation for the four million inhabitants of this regionௗ–ௗthe poorest part of the country even before the outbreak of the conflict. Nevertheless, the local population’s adaptability and resilience give the Cameroonian government and the country’s international partners the opportunity to implement development policies that take account of the diversity and fluidity of the traditional economies of this border region between Nigeria and Chad. The Far North of Cameroon is a veritable crossroads of trading routes and cultures. Besides commerce, the local economy is based on agriculture, livestock farming, fishing, tourism, transportation of goods, handcrafts and hunting. The informal sector is strong, and contraband rife. Wealthy merchants and traditional chiefsௗ–ௗoften members of the ruling party and high-ranking civil servantsௗ–ௗare significant economic actors. -
Othering Terrorism: a Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13 Issue 2 Rethinking Genocide, Mass Atrocities, and Political Violence in Africa: New Directions, Article 9 New Inquiries, and Global Perspectives 6-2019 Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling Michael Loadenthal Miami University of Oxford Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Loadenthal, Michael (2019) "Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 2: 74-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.13.2.1704 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling Michael Loadenthal Miami University of Oxford Oxford, Ohio, USA Reel Bad Africans1 & the Cinema of Terrorism Throughout Ridley Scott’s 2002 film Black Hawk Down, Orientalist “othering” abounds, mirroring the simplistic political narrative of the film at large. In this tired script, we (the West) are fighting to help them (the East Africans) escape the grip of warlordism, tribalism, and failed states through the deployment of brute counterinsurgency and policing strategies. In the film, the US soldiers enter the hostile zone of Mogadishu, Somalia, while attempting to arrest the very militia leaders thought to be benefitting from the disorder of armed conflict. -
The Boko Haram Conflict in Cameroon Why Is Peace So Elusive? Pr
Secur nd ity a S e e c r i a e e s P FES Pr. Ntuda Ebode Joseph Vincent Pr. Mark Bolak Funteh Dr. Mbarkoutou Mahamat Henri Mr. Nkalwo Ngoula Joseph Léa THE BOKO HARAM CONFLICT IN CAMEROON Why is peace so elusive? Pr. Ntuda Ebode Joseph Vincent Pr. Mark Bolak Funteh Dr. Mbarkoutou Mahamat Henri Mr. Nkalwo Ngoula Joseph Léa THE BOKO HARAM CONFLICT IN CAMEROON Why is peace so elusive? Translated from the French by Diom Richard Ngong [email protected] © Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Yaoundé (Cameroun), 2017. Tél. 00 237 222 21 29 96 / 00 237 222 21 52 92 B.P. 11 939 Yaoundé / Fax: 00 237 222 21 52 74 E-mail : [email protected] Site : www.fes-kamerun.org Réalisation éditoriale : PUA : www.aes-pua.com ISBN: 978-9956-532-05-3 Any commercial use of publications, brochures or other printed materials of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung is strictly forbidden unless otherwise authorized in writing by the publisher This publication is not for sale All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm, translation or other means without written permission from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ………………………………………………….....……………....................…………..................... 5 Abbreviations and acronyms ………………………………………...........…………………………….................... 6 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………....................………………....….................... 7 Chapter I – Background and context of the emergence of Boko Haram in Cameroon ……………………………………………………………………………………....................………….................... 8 A. Historical background to the crisis in the Far North region ……………..……….................... 8 B. Genesis of the Boko Haram conflict ………………………………………………..................................... 10 Chapter II - Actors, challenges and prospects of a complex conflict ……………....... 12 A. Actors and the challenges of the Boko Haram conflict …………………………….....................12 1. -
Assessment of States' Response to the September
i ASSESSMENT OF STATES’ RESPONSE TO THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001TERROR ATTACK IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE BY EMEKA C. ADIBE REG NO: PG/Ph.D/13/66801 UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA FACULTY OF LAW DEPARMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE AUGUST, 2018 ii TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT OF STATES’ RESPONSETO THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001TERROR ATTACK IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE BY EMEKA C. ADIBE REG. NO: PG/Ph.D/13/66801 SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LAW IN THE DEPARMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE, FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SUPERVISOR: PROF JOY NGOZI EZEILO (OON) AUGUST, 2018 iii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research was carried out by Emeka C. Adibe, a post graduate student in Department of International law and Jurisprudence with registration number PG/Ph.D/13/66801. This work is original and has not been submitted in part or full for the award of any degree in this or any other institution. ---------------------------------- ------------------------------- ADIBE, Emeka C. Date (Student) --------------------------------- ------------------------------- Prof. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo (OON) Date (Supervisor) ------------------------------- ------------------------------- Dr. Emmanuel Onyeabor Date (Head of Department) ------------------------------------- ------------------------------- Prof. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo (OON) Date (Dean, Faculty of Law) iv DEDICATION To all Victims of Terrorism all over the World. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Gratitude is owned to God in and out of season and especially on the completion of such a project as this, bearing in mind that a Ph.D. research is a preserve of only those privileged by God who alone makes it possible by his gift of good health, perseverance and analytic skills. -
Cameroon | Displacement Report, Far North Region Round 9 | 26 June – 7 July 2017 Cameroon | Displacement Report, Far North Region, Round 9 │ 26 June — 7 July 2017
Cameroon | Displacement Report, Far North Region Round 9 | 26 June – 7 July 2017 Cameroon | Displacement Report, Far North Region, Round 9 │ 26 June — 7 July 2017 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.1 IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. International Organization for Migration UN House Comice Maroua Far North Region Cameroon Cecilia Mann Tel.: +237 691 794 050 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.globaldtm.info/cameroon/ © IOM 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 The maps included in this report are illustrative. The representations and the use of borders and geographic names may include errors and do not imply judgment on legal status of territories nor acknowledgement of borders by the Organization. -
Examining the Boko Haram Insurgency in Northern
Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.3, No.8, pp.32-45, August 2015 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) EXAMINING THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE QUEST FOR A PERMANENT RESOLUTION OF THE CRISIS Joseph Olukayode Akinbi (Ph.D) Department of History, Adeyemi Federal University of Education P.M.B 520, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: The state of insecurity engendered by Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria, especially in the North-Eastern part of the country is quiet worrisome, disheartening and alarming. Terrorist attacks of the Boko Haram sect have resulted in the killing of countless number of innocent people and wanton destruction of properties that worth billions of naira through bombings. More worrisome however, is the fact that all the efforts of the Nigerian government to curtail the activities of the sect have not yielded any meaningful positive result. Thus, the Boko Haram scourge remains intractable to the government who appears helpless in curtailing/curbing their activities. The dynamics and sophistication of the Boko Haram operations have raised fundamental questions about national security, governance issue and Nigeria’s corporate existence. The major thrust of this paper is to investigate the Boko Haram insurgency in Northern Nigeria and to underscore the urgent need for a permanent resolution of the crisis. The paper argues that most of the circumstances that led to this insurgency are not unconnected with frustration caused by high rate of poverty, unemployment, weak governance, religious fanaticism among others. It also addresses the effects of the insurgency which among others include serious threat to national interest, peace and security, internal population displacement, violation of fundamental human rights, debilitating effects on the entrenchment of democratic principles in Nigeria among others. -
The Age of Hyperconflict and the Globalization-Terrorism Nexus: a Comparative Study of Al Shabaab in Somalia and Boko Haram in Nigeria
The Age of Hyperconflict and the Globalization-Terrorism Nexus: A Comparative Study of Al Shabaab in Somalia and Boko Haram in Nigeria By Vasti Botma Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Political Science) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Mr. Gerrie Swart December 2015 The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own original work, that I am the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University of Stellenbosch All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Globalization has radically changed the world we live in; it has enabled the easy movement of people, goods and money across borders, and has facilitated improved communication. In a sense it has made our lives easier, however the same facets that have improved the lives of citizens across the globe now threatens them. Terrorist organizations now make use of these same facets of globalization in order to facilitate terrorist activity. This thesis set out to examine the extent to which globalization has contributed to the creation of a permissive environment in which terrorism has flourished in Somalia and northern Nigeria respectively, and how it has done so. -
Fragility and Climate Risks in Nigeria
FRAGILITY AND CLIMATE RISKS IN NIGERIA SEPTEMBER 2018 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Ashley Moran, Clionadh Raleigh, Joshua W. Busby, Charles Wight, and Management Systems International, A Tetra Tech Company. FRAGILITY AND CLIMATE RISKS IN NIGERIA Contracted under IQC No. AID-OAA-I-13-00042; Task Order No. AID-OAA-TO-14-00022 Fragility and Conflict Technical and Research Services (FACTRS) DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms...................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 Climate Risks ................................................................................................................. 3 Fragility Risks ................................................................................................................. 7 Key Areas of Concern ........................................................................................................................ 8 Key Area of Improvement ................................................................................................................ -
Christian Churches and the Boko Haram Insurgency in Cameroon: Dilemmas and Responses
religions Article Christian Churches and the Boko Haram Insurgency in Cameroon: Dilemmas and Responses Lang Michael Kpughe Department of History, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Bamenda, Bambili-Bamenda 39, Cameroon; [email protected] Received: 15 June 2017; Accepted: 1 August 2017; Published: 7 August 2017 Abstract: The spillover of the terrorist activities of Boko Haram, a Nigerian jihadi group, into Cameroon’s north has resulted in security challenges and humanitarian activity opportunities for Christian churches. The insurgents have attacked and destroyed churches, abducted Christians, worsened Muslim-Christian relations, and caused a humanitarian crisis. These ensuing phenomena have adversely affected Christian churches in this region, triggering an aura of responses: coping strategies, humanitarian work among refugees, and inter-faith dialogue. These responses are predicated on Christianity’s potential as a resource for peace, compassion, and love. In this study we emphasize the role of Christian churches in dealing with the Boko Haram insurgency. It opens with a presentation of the religious configuration of Cameroon, followed by a contextualization of Boko Haram insurgency in Cameroon’s north. The paper further examines the brutality meted out on Christians and church property. The final section is an examination of the spiritual, humanitarian, and relief services provided by churches. The paper argues that although Christian churches have suffered at the hands of Boko Haram insurgents, they have engaged in various beneficial responses underpinned by the Christian values of peace and love. Keywords: Cameroon; terrorism; religion; Islam; Boko Haram; Christian Churches; peace 1. Introduction There is a consensus in the available literature that all religions have within the practices ensuing from their foundational beliefs both violent and peaceful tendencies (Bercovitch and Kadayifci-Orellana 2009; Chapman 2007; Fox 1999). -
Genocide Or Terrorism?
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13 Issue 2 Rethinking Genocide, Mass Atrocities, and Political Violence in Africa: New Directions, Article 2 New Inquiries, and Global Perspectives 6-2019 Full Issue 13.2 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2019) "Full Issue 13.2," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 13: Iss. 2: 1-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.13.2 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss2/2 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISSN 1911-0359 eISSN 1911-9933 Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 13.2 - 2019 ii ©2019 Genocide Studies and Prevention 13, no. 2 iii Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/ Volume 13.2 - 2019 Editorials Christian Gudehus, Susan Braden, Douglas Irvin-Erickson, JoAnn DiGeorgio-Lutz, Lior Zylberman, Fiza Lee, and Brian Kritz Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Laura Collins Guest Editorial: Rethinking Genocide, Mass Atrocities, and Political Violence in Africa .......2 State of the Field Terrence Lyons Transnational Advocacy: