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Abstract Matthews, Kimberly Yandora ABSTRACT MATTHEWS, KIMBERLY YANDORA. Functional Assessment for a Proposed Floodplain Stormwater Treatment Wetland. (Under the direction of Dr. James D. Gregory.) Urbanization can dramatically alter the hydrologic cycle and water quality, causing adverse effects on urban streams and floodplain wetlands. A proposed regional stormwater treatment wetland on a forested floodplain of South Buffalo Creek (SBC) is planned. The wetland should improve water quality and stream habitat in an urban watershed found in Greensboro, NC, USA. The objectives of this research were to (1) characterize in-stream stormwater concentrations of sediment and nutrients and species composition of macroinvertebrates within South Buffalo Creek, (2) determine geomorphic properties of the stream channel upstream, within, and downstream of the proposed stormwater treatment wetland, (3) establish baseline water table hydrology on the floodplain of the proposed stormwater treatment wetland, and (4) determine the composition of the existing forest stand. The proposed wetland will remove from stormflow an estimated 1092 to 1639 g/m2/yr (3111 to 4666 tons/mi2/yr) total suspended sediment (TSS) per unit area of the wetland with an accumulation of 0.08 cm/yr (0.20 in/yr). Total nitrogen and total phosphorus will be removed from floodwater in the wetland at a rate of 67% and 46% respectively. Reduction of peak flow and shear stress during storm flow should decrease channel erosion and lead to increased stream stability. Average depth to the local water table level on the floodplain should decrease, leading to an increased area of functioning wetland. Forest vegetation should likely shift to more wetland species with changes occurring in the herbaceous and understory layers first. Overall, the proposed stormwater treatment wetland should improve water quality and increase stream stability in South Buffalo Creek. DEDICATION To my husband, Mark, for your endless love and support. I could not have done this without you. ii PERSONAL BIOGRAPHY I grew up in southwestern Pennsylvania and attended college at Wittenberg University in Springfield, OH. I received my Bachelor of Arts degree in Biology and minored in geology and environmental studies. I attended a semester at Duke University Marine Laboratory in Beaufort, NC, where I pursued my interest in aquatic ecology. Upon completion of my studies, I went to work for the Storm Water Services Department with the City of Greensboro, NC. Over the next fours years, I gained knowledge about urban water quality issues, stormwater best management practices, and water quality monitoring programs. A growing desire to learn more about stream restoration and wetlands led me to pursue graduate studies at North Carolina State University. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge the endless support and encouragement I received from the following people, without whom I would not have been able to complete this research. To my committee members, Dr. Jim Gregory and Dr. Doug Frederick, NCSU Department of Forestry; Dr. Bob Holman, NC Department of Transportation; and Dr. Greg Jennings, NCSU Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. To James Martin, Janet Myers, Lynn Coryell, Lisa Terwilliger, Katie McDermott, John Fisher, and Ayesha Peppers at the NCSU Center for Transportation and the Environment for providing me a graduate fellowship to help fund this research and the opportunity to learn more about the connection between transportation and the environment. To David Phlegar, Peter Schneider, Roy Graham, Rebecca Hall, and Ron Small of the City of Greensboro Stormwater Management Division who all provided assistance with field work, equipment installation, data collection and analysis, and constant encouragement. To Todd Hayes of the City of Greensboro GIS Division, who provided geographical data. iv To Shastri Annambhotla, Stormwater Engineering Specialist, and Scott Bryant, Stormwater Manager, both from the City of Greensboro, for creating this project and funding this research project that allowed me the opportunity to attend NCSU. To my field assistants, Jed Weston and Melissa Donnelly. To Dani Wise-Frederick from North Carolina State University Water Quality Group, Doug Walters and Geoff Cartano from USGS, Lane Hall from NCDOT, and Dr. John Parsons from NCSU Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering. To Steve Kroeger from NCDENR who helped to conduct vegetation surveys, provided assistance with data analysis, and helped save me from poison ivy. To the Survey Crew at the City of Greensboro who spent over four months in the relentless heat and bugs to survey the site. To fellow graduate students, Rebecca Vidra and Sarah Luginbuhl who also helped collect data and install wells. To my parents for always encouraging me to follow my dreams and teaching me to believe in myself. v To my husband who made countless sacrifices and was my constant encouragement. Thank you. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Water Quality Functions of Riparian Wetlands 4 Stream Geomorphology and Sediment Transport in Channel 9 Alteration of Floodplain Hydrology 12 Forest Stand on Riparian Wetlands 15 OBJECTIVES 18 METHODS 19 The Study Watershed 19 Study Site 27 Proposed Stormwater Treatment Structure 32 Experimental Design 36 Water Quality 36 Ambient Stream Conditions 36 Stormwater Stream Conditions 38 Flow Estimation and Pollutant Loading 42 Suspended Sediment 44 Macroinvertebrates 47 Stream Geomorphology 48 Water Table Hydroperiod 50 Vegetation 52 vii RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 55 Water Quality 55 Ambient Stream Conditions 55 Stream Flow and Pollutant Yield Estimates 60 Suspended Sediment 65 Macroinvertebrates 69 Stream Geomorphology 74 Water Table Hydroperiod 83 Wetland Vegetation 91 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98 Water Quality 98 Conclusions 98 Recommendations 99 Stream Geomorphology 99 Conclusions 99 Recommendations 100 Wetland Hydrology 100 Conclusions 100 Recommendations 100 Wetland Vegetation 101 Conclusions 101 Recommendations 101 REFERENCES CITED 103 APPENDICES 112 Appendix A: Site Photographs 113 Appendix B: Water Quality Results and Pollutant Yield 116 Appendix C: Total Suspended Solids Results 122 Appendix D: Macroinvertebrate Results 133 Appendix E: Geomorphology and Survey Results 141 Appendix F: Water Table Hydrology 192 viii Appendix G: Vegetation Results 201 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Land use category descriptions for study watershed (City of Greensboro 1993) 25 Table 2: Ambient water quality sampling sites used to compare site data 37 Table 3: Stormwater monitoring sites used for comparison of project site data 42 Table 4: Description of vegetation components inventoried on riparian wetland 52 Table 5: Ambient stream results for total suspended solids and turbidity 56 Table 6: Median ambient stream results for nitrogen and phosphorus (mg/l) 56 Table 7: Median ambient stream concentration of fecal coliform bacteria 57 Table 8: Median total suspended sediment concentrations (mg/l) for South Buffalo Creek 58 Table 9: Median stormflow concentrations for nutrients for South Buffalo Creek and reference site (mg/l) 58 Table 10: Comparison of fecal coliform bacteria during storm flow from grab samples (CFU = coliform forming units) 59 Table 11: Annual stream flow for South Buffalo Creek at the proposed stormwater treatment wetland based on USGS Station 02094770 60 Table 12: Location of vegetation plots to charcterize existing vegetation wetland areas 61 Table 13: Nitrogen and Phosphorus loss rates as reported in literature for riparian wetlands 64 Table 14: Summary TSS concentrations (mg/l) for passive samplers 66 Table 15: Comparison of suspended sediment yields based on results from automatic sampler (fixed point, 12-hour flow weighted composite value) and passive samplers (4 stage levels average values) 67 Table 16: Total suspended sediment (mg/l) summary statistics for station-bottle effect and calculated discharge (Mannings’ Equation) 68 Table 17: Number and average length of pools, riffles, and runs 76 x Table 18: Results of overstory species (>7-cm diameter) 92 Table 19: Results of understory species inventory 96 Table 20: Results for herbaceous layer, <0.5 m, inventory 97 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of North Carolina, the Cape Fear River Basin and general location of South Buffalo Creek (NCDENR 2000) 20 Figure 2: Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-02 (NCDENR 2000) 21 Figure 3: Soils series of South Buffalo Creek 24 Figure 4: Land use map of watershed to proposed stormwater treatment wetland 26 Figure 5: Map of the city limits of Greensboro and the watershed to the proposed stormwater treatment wetland 28 Figure 6: Map of the study site including the proposed stormwater treatemnt wetland and the study reach, 2.4 km (1.5 mile) long, upstream of the proposed water level control structure 27 Figure 7: Soils of proposed stormwater treatment wetland on South Buffalo Creek 31 Figure 8: Diagram of proposed stormwater treatment wetland on South Buffalo Creek 33 Figure 9: Single-stage suspended sediment sampler (USGS U-59) 45 Figure 10: Map of passive sediment samplers upstream, within, and downstream of the project area 46 Figure 11: Location of water tables wells on the riparian floodplain of the proposed stormwater treatment wetland 51 Figure 12:Estimaed Annual Yield of Pollutants from the Watershed of South Buffalo Creek and estimates of pollutants loads to wetland treatment systems 53 Figure 13: Storm hydrograph and TSS concentrations on December 10, 2001
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