Environmental Geology Chapter 9 Rivers and Flooding • Flooding In
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Explain How Rivers Adjust to a Change in Base Level with Reference to Examples You Have Studied (2013 Q1C)
Isostasy | A1 Sample answer Explain how rivers adjust to a change in base level with reference to examples you have studied (2013 Q1C) Isostatic uplift is when land rises above sea level because of tectonic activity. This is usually due to a large weight being removed from the land e.g. when an ice cap melts. Eustatic changes are when the sea level drops. This is due to water being locked away somewhere e.g., in a glacier. When it melts, the sea level rises again. The River Nore in Kilkenny has experienced a change in base level. This can be seen since there are knickpoints along it, roughly 150-200m above sea level. A knickpoint can be seen when the sea level drops and a river rejuvenates because the river starts vertically eroding once more. Rejuvenation is the term used to describe a river that starts eroding like a youthful river even when it is in its old age stage. A knickpoint is a spot where the newly eroded river profile meets the old river profile. Sometimes you will find a waterfall here. River terraces are also found where rejuvenation has occurred. This is when a river forms a new floodplain that is lower down than the last. The remnants of the old floodplain are left as steps and are called terraces. If there are terraces on both sides of the river, they are called paired terraces. Terraces can be formed multiple times if the river rejuvenates more than once, appearing as a series of steps down to the river. -
1948 MACKIN Gradedriver G
BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 69. PP. 463-512, 1 FIG. MAY 1948 CONCEPT OF THE GRADED RIVER BY J. HOOVER MACKIN CONTENTS Page Abstract 464 Introduction 465 Acknowledgments 466 Velocity and load 466 General statement 466 Energy and velocity 466 Competence 468 Capacity 468 The total load 469 The concept of grade 470 Examples of streams at grade 472 The graded stream as a system in equilibrium 475 The shifting equilibrium 477 Factors controlling the slope of the graded profile 479 General statement 479 Downvalley increase in discharge 479 Downvalley increase in ratio of load to discharge 480 Downvalley decrease in ratio of load to discharge 480 Downvalley decrease in caliber of load 481 Relationship between channel characteristics and slope 483 The concept of adjustment in section 484 Adjustment in section in the straight channel 485 Adjustment in section in the shifting channel 486 Effect of variation in channel characteristics on the graded profile 487 Local variation from mean slope 490 Backwater and draw-down effects 490 Effects of differences in rock resistance 491 Summary 491 Response of the graded stream to changes in control .. 492 General statement 492 Increase in load 493 Decrease in load 494 Changes in discharge 494 Rise of base level 496 Lowering of base level 498 Classification of changes in control 499 Regrading with progress of the erosion cycle 499 Short-term changes 501 Deposits of graded and aggrading streams 502 Secondary effects of aggradation 503 Decrease in supplied load 503 Decrease in discharge -
Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations. -
Late Holocene Sea Level Rise in Southwest Florida: Implications for Estuarine Management and Coastal Evolution
LATE HOLOCENE SEA LEVEL RISE IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT AND COASTAL EVOLUTION Dana Derickson, Figure 2 FACULTY Lily Lowery, University of the South Mike Savarese, Florida Gulf Coast University Stephanie Obley, Flroida Gulf Coast University Leonre Tedesco, Indiana University and Purdue Monica Roth, SUNYOneonta University at Indianapolis Ramon Lopez, Vassar College Carol Mankiewcz, Beloit College Lora Shrake, TA, Indiana University and Purdue University at Indianapolis VISITING and PARTNER SCIENTISTS Gary Lytton, Michael Shirley, Judy Haner, STUDENTS Leslie Breland, Dave Liccardi, Chuck Margo Burton, Whitman College McKenna, Steve Theberge, Pat O’Donnell, Heather Stoffel, Melissa Hennig, and Renee Dana Derickson, Trinity University Wilson, Rookery Bay NERR Leda Jackson, Indiana University and Purdue Joe Kakareka, Aswani Volety, and Win University at Indianapolis Everham, Florida Gulf Coast University Chris Kitchen, Whitman College Beth A. Palmer, Consortium Coordinator Nicholas Levsen, Beloit College Emily Lindland, Florida Gulf Coast University LATE HOLOCENE SEA LEVEL RISE IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ESTUARINE MANAGEMENT AND COASTAL EVOLUTION MICHAEL SAVARESE, Florida Gulf Coast University LENORE P. TEDESCO, Indiana/Purdue University at Indianapolis CAROL MANKIEWICZ, Beloit College LORA SHRAKE, TA, Indiana/Purdue University at Indianapolis PROJECT OVERVIEW complicating environmental management are the needs of many federally and state-listed Southwest Florida encompasses one of the endangered species, including the Florida fastest growing regions in the United States. panther and West Indian manatee. Watershed The two southwestern coastal counties, Collier management must also consider these issues and Lee Counties, commonly make it among of environmental health and conservation. the 5 fastest growing population centers on nation- and statewide censuses. -
Stream Restoration, a Natural Channel Design
Stream Restoration Prep8AICI by the North Carolina Stream Restonltlon Institute and North Carolina Sea Grant INC STATE UNIVERSITY I North Carolina State University and North Carolina A&T State University commit themselves to positive action to secure equal opportunity regardless of race, color, creed, national origin, religion, sex, age or disability. In addition, the two Universities welcome all persons without regard to sexual orientation. Contents Introduction to Fluvial Processes 1 Stream Assessment and Survey Procedures 2 Rosgen Stream-Classification Systems/ Channel Assessment and Validation Procedures 3 Bankfull Verification and Gage Station Analyses 4 Priority Options for Restoring Incised Streams 5 Reference Reach Survey 6 Design Procedures 7 Structures 8 Vegetation Stabilization and Riparian-Buffer Re-establishment 9 Erosion and Sediment-Control Plan 10 Flood Studies 11 Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring 12 References and Resources 13 Appendices Preface Streams and rivers serve many purposes, including water supply, The authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreation. the document: A stream is a dynamic, complex system that includes not only Micky Clemmons the active channel but also the floodplain and the vegetation Rockie English, Ph.D. along its edges. A natural stream system remains stable while Chris Estes transporting a wide range of flows and sediment produced in its Angela Jessup, P.E. watershed, maintaining a state of "dynamic equilibrium." When Joseph Mickey changes to the channel, floodplain, vegetation, flow or sediment David Penrose supply significantly affect this equilibrium, the stream may Todd St. John become unstable and start adjusting toward a new equilibrium state. -
Rivers and Base Level—Cool Stuff Earth Science Essentials by Russ Colson
Stories of Other Worlds—How to Build a Landscape Rivers and Base Level—Cool Stuff Earth Science Essentials by Russ Colson The River—The state boundary that moves. The migration of rivers has a long and complex history in human politics and war. The problem arises because rivers were commonly used to mark boundaries of adjacent political entities. When the rivers inevitably migrated, as mature streams are wont to do, disagreements arose about who owned the new land formed on the inside bend of the meanders. It seems like a simple solution would be to keep the boundaries fixed, whether the river migrates or not. That way, the land controlled by a particular political entity is not changed by the vagaries of erosion and deposition. However, suppose that the river is an important defensive barrier against attack? Clearly, in that case the border needs to be maintained along the river. Or, what if the river is important for commerce and transportation? Again, keeping the border along the river makes sense, regardless of the gain or loss of land. In his 1715 (edition) book Of the Rights of War and Peace, Hugo Grotius took the view that many rivers are defensive boundaries and ...the river, by gradually altering its course, does also alter the borders of the territory; and whatsoever the river casts up to the opposite side, shall be under his jurisdiction, to whom the augmentation is made Although geologists treat the various processes of river migration (such as erosion, deposition, meander cut offs, etc) as part of a single process, courts have often ruled that they are quite different. -
Tualatin River Basin Rapid Stream Assessment Technique (RSAT)
Tualatin River Basin Rapid Stream Assessment Technique (RSAT) Watersheds 2000 Field Methods Clean Water Services Watershed Management Division 155 North First Ave Hillsboro, OR 97124 July 2000 Acknowledgements Rapid Stream Assessment Technique Adapted from Rapid Stream Assessment Technique (RSAT) Field Methods 1996 Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection Division of Water Resources Management Montgomery County, Maryland and Department of Environmental Programs Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 777 North Capitol St., NE Washington, DC 20002 Rapid Stream Assessment Technique Table of Contents Page I. Introduction.............................................................................. 1 I. Tualatin Basin RSAT Field Protocols..................................... 2 A. Field Survey Preparation, Planning, and Data Organization......................2 A. Stream Flow Characterization Valley Profile, Reach Gradient..................3 Velocity Volume/discharge A. Stream Cross Section Characterization ........................................................4 Bankfull Width Bed Width Wetted Width Average Wetted Depth Maximum Bankfull Depth Over Bank Height Bankfull Height Bank Angle Ratio A. Stream Channel Characterization..................................................................7 Bank Material Bank Stability and Undercut Banks Recent Bed Downcutting Dominant Bed Material Deposition Material Embeddedness A. Water Quality.................................................................................................11 -
Classifying Rivers - Three Stages of River Development
Classifying Rivers - Three Stages of River Development River Characteristics - Sediment Transport - River Velocity - Terminology The illustrations below represent the 3 general classifications into which rivers are placed according to specific characteristics. These categories are: Youthful, Mature and Old Age. A Rejuvenated River, one with a gradient that is raised by the earth's movement, can be an old age river that returns to a Youthful State, and which repeats the cycle of stages once again. A brief overview of each stage of river development begins after the images. A list of pertinent vocabulary appears at the bottom of this document. You may wish to consult it so that you will be aware of terminology used in the descriptive text that follows. Characteristics found in the 3 Stages of River Development: L. Immoor 2006 Geoteach.com 1 Youthful River: Perhaps the most dynamic of all rivers is a Youthful River. Rafters seeking an exciting ride will surely gravitate towards a young river for their recreational thrills. Characteristically youthful rivers are found at higher elevations, in mountainous areas, where the slope of the land is steeper. Water that flows over such a landscape will flow very fast. Youthful rivers can be a tributary of a larger and older river, hundreds of miles away and, in fact, they may be close to the headwaters (the beginning) of that larger river. Upon observation of a Youthful River, here is what one might see: 1. The river flowing down a steep gradient (slope). 2. The channel is deeper than it is wide and V-shaped due to downcutting rather than lateral (side-to-side) erosion. -
The Origins and Dynamics of Phosphorus in Maine's Lake
The Origins and Dynamics of Phosphorus in Maine’s Lake Auburn Watershed An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Environmental Studies Program Bates College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By Lars Gundersen Lewiston, Maine March 31st, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I came to Bates, I did not expect to write a scientific thesis. I had enjoyed natural and field science throughout high school, but found it intimidating. Then, as a second semester first- year, I took Scientific Approaches to Environmental Issues with my future advisor, Holly Ewing. This was the class that, far more so than any other class I took at Bates, changed the trajectory of my academic, intellectual, and career interests. Holly thinks and talks about the natural sciences in a way that makes sense to me and has consistently gone out of her way to help me and my learning. Throughout our three classes together, a summer research job (when the groundwork for this thesis was laid), and the process of researching, writing and revising this thesis, she has approached my position as a relative newcomer to science with humor, generosity, and mentorship and pushed me to the edge of my intellectual abilities. Thank you, Holly. Thanks also to Ellen Labbe, my high school biology teacher, who introduced me to the natural and field sciences and piqued my interest in learning more in college. Thank you to Dan Fortin, Chris Curtis, and everyone at the AWD/LWD for providing me with data, teaching me the basics of watershed sampling (both as a summer research assistant with Holly and this year), and answering all my questions. -
Stream Gradient Settings Variable
Designing Sustainable Landscapes: Stream gradient settings variable A project of the University of Massachusetts Landscape Ecology Lab Principals: • Kevin McGarigal, Professor • Brad Compton, Research Associate • Ethan Plunkett, Research Associate • Bill DeLuca, Research Associate • Joanna Grand, Research Associate With support from: • US Fish and Wildlife Service, North Atlantic-Appalachian Region • Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center (USGS) • University of Massachusetts, Amherst Reference: McGarigal K, Compton BW, Plunkett EB, DeLuca WV, and Grand J. 2020. Designing sustainable landscapes: stream gradient settings variable. Report to the North Atlantic Conservation Cooperative, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region. DSL Data Products: Stream gradient General description Stream gradient is one of several ecological settings variables that collectively characterize the biophysical setting of each 30 m cell at a given point in time (McGarigal et al 2020). Stream gradient (Fig. 1) is a measure of the percent slope of a stream, which is a primary determinate of water velocity and thus sediment and nutrient transport, and habitat for aquatic plants, invertebrate, fish, and other organisms. Stream gradient is often approximated by categories such as pool, riffle, run, and cascade. Stream gradient is 0% for lentic waterbodies, palustrine, and uplands. It ranges from 0% to infinity (theoretically) for streams. We set a ceiling of gradient at 100%, and then log-scale the trimmed gradient. Use and interpretation of this layer This ecological settings variable is used for the similarity and connectedness ecological integrity metrics. This layer carries the following assumptions: • The digital elevation model is accurate. Although this seems to be true at broader scales, the NED does include many fine-scale ∞ errors. -
Section 5 Low-Gradient Streams
Chapter 4 Surface Processes Section 5 Low-Gradient Streams What Do You See? Learning Outcomes Think About It In this section, you will During the Mississippi River flood of 1993, stream gauges at • Use models and real-time 42 stations along the river recorded their highest water levels on streamflow data to understand record. The effects of the flood were catastrophic. Seventy-five the characteristics of low- towns were completely covered by water, 54,000 people had to gradient streams. be evacuated, and 47 people lost their lives. • Explore how models can help scientists interpret the natural • What happens during a flood? world. Record your ideas about this question in your Geo log. Include a • Identify areas likely to have sketch of the water line (the line where the water surface meets the low-gradient streams. riverbank) during normal flow in the river and during a flood. Be • Describe hazards of low- prepared to discuss your responses with your small group and gradient streams. the class. Investigate In this Investigate, you will use a stream table to model how a low-gradient stream flows and what effects this can have on the areas surrounding the stream. Part A: Investigating Low-Gradient Streams Using a Stream Table 1. To model a low-gradient stream, set up a stream table as follows. Use the photograph on the next page to help you with your setup. 418 EarthComm EC_Natl_SE_C4.indd 418 7/12/11 9:55:03 AM Section 5 Low-Gradient Streams • Make a batch of river sediment by 3. Turn on a water source or use a beaker mixing a small portion of silt with filled with water to create a gently a large portion of fine sand. -
Drainage Basin Drainage Patterns Flow
1 Distribution of Earth’s water Fig. 10.2, p. 267 2 The hydrologic cycle Processes involved in the hydrologic cycle: Fig. 10.3, p. 267 Evaporation & Transpiration Precipitation Infiltration & Runoff 3 The Hydrologic Cycle 4 Drainage basin Def.: The entire area from which a stream and its tributaries receive their water Separated from another drainage basin by a divide http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/tricollege/watershed/image/wpe1.gif 5 Drainage Basins and Divides Def. Divide: a line that separates two drainage basins Fig. 10.30, p. 289 6 Mississippi River drainage basin Fig. 10.31, p. 290 7 Rivers of North America (lots of them flow Northward!) http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/printpage/nanewriv.htm 8 Picture: The "Continental Divide," the line that separates the Nelson/Red River drainage basin from the Mississippi/James drainage basin is marked by a sign along I_94, midway between Valley City and Jamestown, ND. 9 Classification of Streams Drainage Patterns Flow 10 Drainage Patterns Def: Pattern of the interconnected network of streams in an area 3 common: Dendritic Radial Rectangular (Trellis) 11 Drainage Patterns Fig. 10.32, p. 291 12 Dendritic drainage pattern 13 Flow Does the stream flow on a regular basis or not? 3 types: Perennial Intermittent 1 Ephemeral 14 Stream flow Velocity Gradient Discharge 15 Velocity ft/sec or metric equivalent Fig. 10.5, p. 269 16 Gradient The slope, or vertical drop per distance ft/mile or metric equivalent Fig. 10.7, p. 271 17 Discharge Def: the volume of water moving past a given point per unit time CFS = cubic feet/second = ft3/second = channel width x channel depth x velocity Ex: 100ft (width) x 15ft (depth) x 6 ft/sec = 9000 ft3/sec 18 Laminar vs.