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BLM LIBRARY BL D MANAGEMENT NE 88000265 PREHISTORY and HISTORY of t\)e WINNEMUCCA DISTRICT A Cultural Resources Literature Overview REGINA C. SMITH PEGGY McGUCKIAN JONES JOHN R. RONEY KATHRYN E. PEDRICK CULTURAL RESOURCE SERIES No. 6 1983 NEVADA BLM CULTURAL RESOURCES PUBLICATIONS Technical Reports No. 1 Studies at Adams -McGill Reservoir: Exercises in Applying Small Project Data to Archaeological Research . Robert York (Nov. 1977). ca. 18 pp. No. 2 Archaeological Survey of Springs, Tonopah Resource Area . Roberta L. McGonagle and Lynda L. Waski (Feb. 1978). 60 pp. No. 3 Oil and Gas/Geothermal Program Inventories . Nancy Botti, Peggy McGuckian, Robert York and Mark Henderson (June 1979). ca. Ill pp. No. 4 Artifact Assemblages from the Pahranagat, Lincoln County, Nevada . Robert H. Crabtree and David D. Ferraro (Jan. 1980). 74 pp. No. 5 Test Excavations at Painted Cave, Pershing County, Nevada . James C. Bard, Colin I. Busby and Larry S. Kobori (Feb. 1980). 153 pp. No. 6 Emigrant Trails in the Black Rock Desert . Peggy McGuckian Jones (Apr. 1980). 110 pp. No. 7 An Historic Overview of the BLM Shoshone-Eureka Resource Area, Nevada . Patrick H. Welch (1981). 47 pp. No. 8. Archaeological Studies in the Cortez Mining District, 1981 . Donald L. Hardesty and Eugene M. Hattori (1982). 59 pp. No. 9 The History and Archaeology of Fenelon, a Historic Railroad Camp . Arnie L. Turner (1982). 61 pp. Cultural Resources Series No. 1 The Pony Express in Central Nevada: Archaeological and Documentary Perspectives . Donald L. Hardesty (1979). 175 pp. No. 2 A Cultural Resources Overview of the Carson $ Humboldt Sinks, Nevada . James C. Bard, Colin I. Busby and John M. Findlay (1981). 214 pp. No. 3 Prehistory, Ethnohistory, and History of Eastern Nevada: A Cultural Resources Summary of the Elko and Ely Districts . Steven R. James (1981). 387 pp. No. 4 History of Central Nevada: An Overview of the Battle Mountain District . Martha H. Bowers and Hans Muessig (1982). 209 pp. No. 5 Cultural Resource Overview Carson City District, West Central Nevada . Lorann S.A. Pendleton, Alvin McLane and David Hurst Thomas (1982). Part 1, 306 pp., Part 2, tables. No. 6 Prehistory and History of the Winnemucca District: A Cultural Resources Literature Overview . Regina C. Smith, Peggy McGuckian Jones, John R. Roney and Kathryn E. Pedrick (1983). 196 pp. Copies of all volumes still in print may be obtained from: Bureau of Land Management Post Office Box 12000 300 Booth Street Reno, Nevada 89520 Bureau of Land Management Library Bldg. 50, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 PREHISTORY and HISTORY of t\je WINNEMUCCA DISTRICT A Cultural Resources Literature Overview Cultural Resource Series Monograph No. 6 Published by the Nevada State Office of the Bureau of Land Management, 300 Booth Street, P.O. Box 12000 Reno, Nevada 89520 May, 1983 FORWARD The present work is Volume 6 of the Cultural Resources Series of monographs pub- lished by the Nevada State Office of the Bureau of Land Management under the ed- itorship of the undersigned. The treatment of some of the subject matter of the present work is a little un- usual but, we think, justifiably so. The arrangement of chapters is conventional enough, with two brief introductory chapters on the environmental setting and the ethnography respectively (Chapters I and II) followed by the meat of the work, Chapter III (prehistory) and Chapter IV (history). The very full bibliographies include much unpublished material and will be of great value to future researchers. Chapter IV is a narrative history of the District, organized by theme, and similar in approach and contents to previous volumes in the series. It is both comprehen- sive in coverage and readable. A particularly useful feature is the list of abbre- viated bibliographic references at the end of each section. These references key into a partially annotated bibliography, and thus provide a useful conspectus of the literature on particular subjects. Chapter III deals with the prehistory of the District. Apart from a short intro- duction, it is organized by site or project, rather than by period or theme, and, in this respect, departs from the format of the other overview volumes in the ser- ies. The entries for each site or project summarize past research and recent cult- ural resource survey findings, and are often of considerable intrinsic interest. Moreover, like the individual sections of Chapter IV, they end with a comprehensive list of the published and unpublished literature, in addition to a list of locations were relevant artifact collections are held. Some of these lists, particularly those associated with such sites as Lovelock Cave, dug into several times and much written about but never fully or systematically published, are quite lengthy and pull to- gether a good deal of scattered material. We would like to express our appreciation to Jane Closson, Bernal Klob and Sue Stewart whose help has been invaluable throughout the preparation of this work, and to Jackie Peterson and Virginia McClure for the typing of the final copy. Our thanks are also extended to the many others who helped make this publication possible. We trust that the present volume, like those already published, will have a general as well as a professional readership, and welcome it as an interesting and useful addition to the literature. Richard C. Hanes, PhD State Archeologist Fredric F. Petersen, PhD Archeologist Nevada State Office Bureau of Land Management Reno May, 1983 $/&ott'-/aof £ .yvV P733 PREHISTORY AND HISTORY OF THE WINNEMJCCA DISTRICT: A CULTURAL RESOURCES LITERATURE OVERVIEW By Regina C. Smith Peggy McGuckian Jones John R. Roney Kathryn E. Pedrick Winneimicca District Bureau of Land Management 1983 BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT LIBRARY Denver, Colorado 88866265 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ii List of Tables v List of Maps vi Introduction 1 Chapter I: Environmental Setting 4 Chapter II: Ethnographic Overview 7 Subsistence and Settlement 10 Social, Political, and Religious Organizations 11 Linguistics 13 Material Culture 13 Chapter III: Prehistory 17 Chronology and Setting 17 Previous Research 20 Lovelock Cave 23 Humboldt Lake-bed Sites 25 Ocala Cave 27 Humboldt Cave 27 Leonard Rockshelter 28 26Pe8 29 Granite Point 29 The Concanour Locality 30 Northern Churchill County - Early Man Materials 30 Inventories in the Northern Carson Desert/ 31 Hot Spring Mountain Area Winnemucca Lake Caves 31 Winnemucca Lake Area 33 Coleman Locality 34 Falcon Hill Sites 34 San Emidio Desert and Area South of Gerlach 35 Inventories in the Western Black Rock Desert 35 26Pell8, Trego Hot Springs 36 Granite Creek 37 Northwest Nevada Project 38 26Wal77, High Rock Canyon 38 High Rock Country 39 Black Rock Range 40 Pine Forest Range 41 Dyke Hot Springs 43 Eastern Arm of the Black Rock Desert 43 Barrel Springs 44 Seven Troughs Range 44 Humboldt National Forest 45 Twin Valley Spring 45 William Stock Exchange 46 li North Fork of the Little Humboldt River 46 Winnemucca- Battle Mountain Area Reconnaissance 48 Valmy Power Plant 48 Sierra Pacific Power Company 49 Transmission Lines Northern Nevada Natural Gas Pipeline 50 University of California Rock Art Survey 51 Painted Cave 51 Sou Hot Springs 51 Inventories Along the Humboldt River 52 The Humboldt Project, Rye Patch Reservoir 53 Research Potential and Management 54 Prehistory Bibliography 60 Chapter IV: History 72 Chronological Listing of Historic Events 73 Exploration 78 Trapping Expeditions 78 Federal Surveys 80 Emigration 84 California Trail 87 Applegate- Lassen Trail and Nobles Route 89 Settlement 91 Mining Settlements 92 Commercial Centers 93 Agricultural Settlement 95 Land Laws and Land Actions 96 Architecture 98 Line Camps 100 Post Offices 102 Indian- White Interaction 108 Exploration by Trappers 108 Immigration Period 109 Settlement and Conflict 110 Reservations 112 Transportation 112 Establishment of Local Political Boundaries and Governments 114 Mining Industry 117 Agriculture 124 Farming 124 Irrigation and Reclamation 129 Cattle Industry 136 Sheep Industry 145 Horses, Mules and Burros 150 Contemporary Cultures 161 Chinese 161 Basques 163 Mexicans 164 Portugese 166 Cornish 166 Italian 167 Native Americans 167 in Socio- Cultural Events 170 Research Potential of Historic Sites 171 Future Research Aids 172 Educational and Interpretive Potential 174 Management and Research Recommendations 175 Bibliography and Additional Reading References 179 IV LIST OF TABLES 1. A Concordance of Classifications of the Northern Utaztkan 14 Language Families 2. Cultural Sequences for the Winnemucca District 18 3. Historic Post Offices in the Winnemucca District 102 4. Hay Production 134 5. Historical Beef Production 143 6. Historical Sheep Production 148 7. Historical Wool Production 149 8. Horses, Mules and Burros - Historical Censuses 159 LIST OF MAPS 1. The Winnemucca District, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada 2 2. Winnemucca District 3 3. Northern Paiute Bands 9 4. Linguistic Distributions 16 5. Prehistoric Research Localities 22 6. Historic Post Offices 107 VI . INTRODUCTION This Cultural Resources Overview covers the Winnemucca District of the Bureau of Land Management, Nevada (see Maps 1 and 2). The District comprises approximately 8.5 million BLM acres in addition to about 1.5 million acres of other lands. Most of the District is high desert and mountains and the modern economy is based on livestock grazing and mining as, indeed, it has always been, from the early days of white settlement onwards The cultural resources of Winnemucca District represent an important part of our heritage. Preserved in place, these resources provide important data potentially useful for answering scientific questions about man's relationship to his physical environment. Equally important, they provide tangible witness to the efforts of the ancestors of the modern population to wrest a living from an often harsh and intolerant environment. For both these reasons, they are worthy of our interest and protection. The goal of an overview is to provide a review and synthesis of existing cultural resources data.

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