Industrial Sites Along the Yauza River. Past, Present and Future
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This report presents the outcomes of the study afer past developments, present state and future Industrial sites along perspectives of the main industrial sites along the Yauza River in Moscow. It includes an inventory of the main industrial sites, each with photographs the Yauza river. and an individual profle. A map highlighting these industrial zones is also included. Past, Present and Future Industrial sites along the Yauza River. Past, Present and Future Moscow, June - September 2015 Preface This report on the industrial sites along Moscow’s Yauza river is published within the framework of the Shared Cultural Heritage Programme of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. The Shared Cultural Heritage Programme is a joint endeavour of the Ministry of Foreign Afairs of the Netherlands and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. It is directed towards cooperation in the feld of sustainable heritage conservation with ten partner countries. Russia is one of these partner countries, next to The United States of America, Suriname, Brazil, South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan and Australia. All these countries share a history with the Netherlands, be it for reasons of trade, cultural exchange or colo- nial rule. The Shared Cultural Heritage Programme as executed by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, being a department of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, is directed towards exchange of knowledge and expertise. Urban regeneration is one of the felds covered by our Shared Cultural Heritage Programme. One of the topical issues in Russian as well as in Dutch cities is the adaptive re-use of outdated industrial sites as a strategy for conservation. The investigation of the industrial sites as presented in this report gives insight in the opportunities and threats for their conservation as well as for their development. As such it serves current and future cooperation between the two countries, both in search for tailored conservation strategies. Jinna Smit Programme Director Shared Cultural Heritage Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands Colophon Industrial sites along the Yauzariver © Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, 2015 Past, Present and Future Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands P.O. Box 1600 Author: Efm Kolodkin 3800 BP Amersfoort Supervisor: Jean-Paul Corten The Netherlands Design and print: Xerox/OBT, the Hague www.cultureelerfgoed.nl 3 — Introduction The distance from the Russia/Belorussia border to Mos- This report describes a study of the history, current state cow is 539 kilometres, and is thus the closest external and development prospects of the main industrial zones destination. The city is located along the Moscow river, along the Yauza River in Moscow. 30-35 meters above river level. The relief is heteroge- The aim of this research is to compile a list of industrial neous and has several hills and low-lying sandy-clay zones along the river Yauza. This will be supplemented limestone areas, where there are slight moraine lifs. with photographs of the current state of industrial zones, The highest points of the relief are situated in the and individual profles for each zone will be created. south-western and north-western parts of the city, Thereafer, a map highlighting industrial zones in Mos- whereas the lowest points are situated in the east and cow will be produced. south-east parts. Moscow and the Moscow region have diferent water reservoirs, i.e. small lakes, streams and The main objectives of the study are to make a single rivers, all fowing into the Moscow River. Furthermore, reference to the main industrial zones along the Yauza within the city limits, the Moscow River is also powered River within the Moscow city borders, assess the current by Yauza, Setun’, Neglinnaya, and many other small buildings and public spaces, identify the primary devel- rivers, most of which are enclosed into a collector. The opment prospects, and present suggestions regarding Moscow River crosses the capital from the north-west the development of these spaces. to the south-east and stretches 80 kilometres across the city limits, forming multiple bends. The city is surrounded The study was conducted using information from web by forest-park zones with partly preserved natural veg- sources, information presented by NIPI GENPLANA (SUE etation. Due to active human involvement in Moscow’s “Research and Project Institute of General Planning for natural shape and environment during the period of its the city of Moscow”) and available public literature. All existence, the so-called cultural layer consists of recycled industrial areas presented in this report were observed in soil in many areas, and remnants of the old foundations feld and most of the accompanying photographs were and pavements reach 10-20 metres. prepared specifcally for this report. The collected data was analysed and the most important facts were includ- Being the biggest Russian city, Moscow plays a signifcant ed in the industrial areas profles. role in Russia in terms of its accumulation of resources, commerce, households, governmental ofces, cultural The report provides: atractions and architecture. Almost 13 billion people • History of Moscow are permanent Muscovites and more than three million • History of Moscow industry come to the city every day (according to some sources • Modern period of industrial areas development almost four million), for work, shopping, and tourism. • Perspectives of industrial areas development Moscow is now a multinational city with nationalities • Yauza River: History from all around the world, but the majority of the popu- • Present of Yauza River lation (83%) remains Russian. • Yauza: Perspectives • List of studied industrial areas Moscow was ofcially founded in 1147 by Knyaz’ Yuri • References Dolgoroukiy. In 1156, the frst wooden Kremlin was con- • Appendix structed. The Moscow Kremlin was founded on high • Annex with photographs and profles of studied promontory formed at the confuence of the Neglinnaya industrial areas (additional folders) and Moscow rivers. This arrangement is typical for res- idential areas established during that turbulent time, History of Moscow hence the fenced triangular shape of the Moscow Krem- Moscow, founded in 1147, is the capital of Russia. Mos- lin. In 1177 the wooden Moscow was burned down for the cow is the biggest city in Europe and is located in the east frst time during an internecine struggle. Devastating fres of Europe. Moscow is situated in the central part of the burned down multiple buildings in Moscow throughout East European Plain between the rivers Oka and Volga on the city’s history, and in 1493 Moscow was completely an average height of 180 meters above sea level. Moscow burned down. The last of the biggest Moscow fres oc- city is surrounded by Moscovskaya Oblast’ (Moscow curred in 1812. In 1812, Moscow was almost abandoned region) except the south-western section which borders during Napoleon’s troops’ invasion following the Batle Kaluzhskaya Oblast’ (Kaluga region). The western section of Borodino, and a fre destroyed approximately one- of Russia borders Belorussia, Ukraine, Norway, Finland, third of the city’s buildings. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. 4 — The present Moscow Kremlin was built in 1482 by famous the unskilled serfs were ofen atached to the factories1. Italian architects Marko F. and Pietro Antonio Solari. It The frst major manufactory, Hamovnyi Yard, located on has since been rebuilt many times. The original colour of the banks of Yauza River in the village Preobrazhenskoye, Kremlin is white, but in 1947, during Stalin’s period, the was opened by the decree of Peter the Great. By the end colour was changed to red. The idea to repaint it came of the XVIII century, Hamovnyi Yard became the largest personally from Stalin who said: “Red fag on the red company in Moscow, employing more than 1300 people, Kremlin on Red Square - so that all sounded in unison and in order to fulfl the growing energy consumption a and ideologically correct”. During the soviet period many dam was built on the Yauza River. The XVIII century also of the historical buildings in the city were destroyed, signifed the appearance of 13 privately owned factories2. creating opportunities for new development. By 1740, more than 50% of all Russian factories were In the early 90s, Moscow sufered one of the most tragic located in Moscow. Moscow’s main industrial specializa- events in the history of the XX century. From 19-22 Au- tion was textiles – silk, broadcloth, and canvas. By the gust 1991, the August coup organized by the Emergency end of the XVII century, almost 150 industrial enterprises Commitee took place. By 1993, the constitutional and were active in Moscow. Furthermore, paper mills, glass state crisis resulting from the confrontation of the pres- factories and textile factories began to appear in the ident and parliament reached its peak. On 3-4 October outskirts of Moscow in XVIII century3. 1993 there was an atempt to capture the television cen- tre “Ostankino” and the shooting of the building of the With the development of the Ural region and Saint Supreme Soviet (the “White House”). Petersburg and other large cities, Moscow’s industrial production decreased, but its signifcance in the industri- In 1995, major changes took place, including the resto- al sector remained unafected. ration of churches and the construction of a full-scale copy of the famous Cathedral of Christ the Saviour which The frst industrial exhibition was held in Moscow in 1831. was exploded by Bolsheviks. A new approach to city Multiple items including glassware, dishes, weapons, planning thus arose. Prior to 1991 it was a completely fabrics and jewellery were presented. The exhibition con- planned construction, afer which transition to the mar- tributed to the further industrial development of the city. ket economy and lack of regulations meant that the city faced infll development, leading to the construction of In addition to textile and food production, the XIX centu- new buildings/structures in historically developed resi- ry signifed the opening of new types of production, such dential areas.