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INDEX

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations, maps, and tables

Abd al-Rahman, 105 photographs of, ix, 11, 18–23, 49, 81, Abed, Mohammed Najem, 109 97–99, 97, 104, 111, 119, 119, 125, 128, Abed al-Latif, Nasrat Mohammad 143, 155, 162, 166 (Amer), 81 pyramid of prisoners at, 119–20, 119 Abu Ghraib, Abu Ghraib scandal, remade as interrogation center, 49 ix–xii, xvii, 11, 48–57, 151, 168 Schlesinger’s investigation of, 7, 10, 11 Al-Sheikh in, 3–4, 15, 121 silence and, 119–26, 134 Arab response to, 17, 21–22 under Hussein, 28, 29, 44, 48, 100 Army investigations of, 100, 113, 120, videotape of, 104 122–23, 129, 134, 136, 164 women prisoners and, 81, 121, 124 attacks on, 113–14 abuse, xiv, 13, 33, 153 BSCT at, 54, 56–57, 97 at Camp Bucca, 10–11 bureaucratic breakdown at, 57 dropping of cases of, 124–25 homicide at, 44–45, 71, 72, 83, 95 forced watching of, 8, 83 hospital at, 83, 116 neglect as, see neglect hunger strikes at, 109 protection against, 31 interrogation exams at, 51 silence about, see silence interrogation poster from, 51, 52, 59, see also interrogations; torture 150 abuse, policy foundations of, 143–51 Jamadi at, 44–45, 59, 72 and creation of new prison medical meal system at, 106–7 standards, 144–50 medical care at, 98–101 new harsh interrogation policies in, medical personnel and, ix–x, xii, 3–4, 150–51 18, 19, 20, 97–98 Ackerson, Dr., 3–4 mentally ill in, 97–98, 97, 103, 104–5 Adams, Theresa, 4 Miller’s visit to, 48, 151 Afghanistan, xvii, 51, 66, 151, 159–60 neglect at, 55, 97–104, 106–7, 109–14, access to medical records in, 55, 64, 116, 118, 120 150 overcrowding at, 49–50 concealment in, xi–xii Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 222

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Afghanistan (cont.) Council on Ethical and Judicial Geneva Conventions and, 48, 49, 68, Affairs of, 36 107, 144–47 American Medical Student Association, homicide in, 62, 68–73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 128 89, 90–92 American Nursing Association, 133 medical care denied in, 62, 68 American Psychiatric Association, 37, medical care in, 99, 100, 101 129, 132 mentally ill in, 103, 105 American Psychological Association, 37, neglect in, 73, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 129–32 107, 114–18 American Public Health Association, prison abuses in, ix, x, 25, 68 133 prison investigations in, 64, 71 American Refugee Committee, xiv Red Cross in, 68, 81, 127 American Society for Bioethics and Hu- silence in, 127, 134–35 manities, 133 U.S. invasion of, 144 Ames, Frances, 39 Agiza, Ahmed, 157 Amin, Idi, 152 Air Force, U.S., 51, 59, 100 Amnesty International, xi, 38, 81, 105, Akpinar, Cumhur, 38 126, 133, 138 Al Asad, xvii, 95 Conference for the Abolition of Alcoholics Anonymous, 18 Torture of, 34 Aldape-Moreno, Helga Margot, 120 on Guantánamo as gulag, 152 Algeria, 17, 164 anal penetration, 38, 74, 122, 135 alienation, torture and, 16–17 Anderson, Dr., 104 Al Qaeda, 16, 61–62, 131 Andersonville prison camp, 118 preexisting prison standards voided Annals of Plastic Surgery, 129 for, 144–47 anti-Americanism, 15, 17–18, 155–56, Al Qaim, xvii, 95 161–62 Al-Sheikh, Ameen Sa’eed, 3–4, 121 anti-Semitism, 6, 165 Alvarez Santibañez, Federico Renato, 29 anxiety, 28, 103, 115, 120 AMA, see American Medical Apollo, 168 Association Arellano, Laurie, 124 American Academy of Child and Argentina, 152 Adolescent Psychiatry, 133 Dirty War in, 6, 165, 167 American Academy of Pediatrics, 133 U.S. complicity with, 22, 159 American Association for Correctional Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and Forensic Psychology, 133 (AFIP), 45, 73, 87, 90 American Civil Liberties Union, xi, 53, Armstrong, Troy, 112 159 Army, U.S., 51, 68, 72, 82, 164 American College of Physicians (ACP), Abu Ghraib guards and, 113 66, 128 Abu Ghraib medical care and, 100 Ethics Manual of, 36 court-martials in, 10–11, 94, 120 American Correctional Health Services food issues and, 105, 107 Association, 133 homicide and, 85, 88, 91–95 American Medical Association (AMA), Inspector General, report of, 103, 113, 66, 128–29, 132, 133, 156 114, 118, 134, 158 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 223

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Intelligence, U.S., 49 Bagram prison, xvii, 51, 68–71, 91, 131, 150 Interrogation Field Manual, 15 intravenous fluids used at, 110 investigations by, xi, xii, 7, 9, 62, 71, sanitation at, 112 73, 80, 81, 84, 90, 94, 100, 112, 113, silence about, 134–35 120, 122–23, 129, 134, 136 Baker, Sean, 124 lack of definition of abuse in, Banks, Morgan, 130–31 136 barbiturate “truth serum,” 7 neglect issues and, 100, 102, 105, 107, Bashir, Sheik Mohammed, 22 111–12, 113, 115, 117, 118 Basim, Hussain Mohammed, 102–3 Nurse Corps, 133 Basra, xvii, 71, 86, 92–94 Physical Evaluation Board, 124 beards, shaving of, 55 Red Cross summary for, 127 Beaver, Diane, 148 Regulation 190–8, 98, 113 Beccaria, Cesare, 26 sanitation systems and, 111–12 Behavioral Science Consultation Special Operations Command of, Teams (BSCTs; biscuits), 53–57, 130–31 60, 66, 97, 132, 150, 151, 158 Surgeon General, report of, 45, 51, 80, at Abu Ghraib, 54, 56–57, 97 82, 105, 158 in Guantánamo, 54, 56, 150 tuberculosis and, 102 behavioral scientists, 7, 28, 54, 57, 64, on silence about abuse, 134–36 65, 66 see also Kiley, Kevin beheadings, in Iraq, 162 Arrigo, Jean Maria, 131 Belgium, 39, 157 Arrison, Joseph, 107 Berg, Eric, 79 art, artists, 19 Biko, Steve, 38–39 Renaissance, 19–20 bin Laden, Osama, 163 responses to Abu Ghraib by, 21 biological warfare, 31, 33 Asadabad, xvii, 71, 91 Blackstone, William, 26 Asclepius, 168 Blay, Petty Officer, 121 Ashcroft, John, 146 Bokroas, Roger, 15 atrocity-producing situations, Boltz, Colonel, 46 160–61 Bosnia, 152 Aung San Suu Kyi, 166 Botero, Fernando, 21 Ausch, David, 97 Boykin, William (Jerry), 151 Auschwitz, 29 brain damage, 74, 105, 108, 109, 110 autopsies, xi, 109 British Medical Association, 67, 128, homicide and, x, 45, 69, 73–74, 80, 81, 138 84, 85, 87–90, 91–96, 137 British Medical Foundation for the Care Ayers, Karyn, 51 of Victims of Torture, 128 British Medical Journal, 129 Baccus, Rick, 54 Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky), Baghdad, xvii, 137 12 secret prison near, 123 Brownlee, R. L. (Les), 99 see also Abu Ghraib, Abu Ghraib Bruyère, Jean de la, 26 scandal; Camp Cropper; Camp BSCTs, see Behavioral Science Consul- Jenny Pozzi tation Teams Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 224

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Bureau of Prisons, U.S., 63 “Human Resource Exploitation Man- Burma, 166 ual” of, 14–15, 16, 18 Bush, George H. W., 133 interrogation centers of, ix Bush, George W., 16, 118, 133, 164 Jamadi and, 44, 45, 46 ACP letter to, 128 KUBARK interrogation manual of, 16 Boykin on God’s choice of, 151 Project MK-SEARCH of, 14 and creation of new prison medical Project MK-ULTRA of, 13–14 standards, 147–50 Chaheen, Sergeant, 88 Geneva Conventions and, 48, 68, Cheeks, Gary, 79 144–47, 154 Cheney, Dick, 16, 132, 161 McCain amendment and, 132 children, 20 preexisting prison standards voided Nazi torture of, 30–31 by, 144–47, 163 as prisoners, 81, 103 Bybee, Jay, 147 stealing of, 9 tuberculosis and, 81, 103, 116 Cairo, 16 Chile, 22, 28, 159, 160 Cambodia, 165 death certificates in, 29, 39 Cambone, Stephen, 150–51 medical societies in, 38, 39, 167 Camp Anaconda, 54 Pinochet in, 30, 38, 152, 165 Camp Bucca, 10–11, 112, 113 Chilean Medical Association, 38, 39 food distribution at, 107 China, 14, 15 homicide at, 71, 72, 80 human rights issues in, 155–56 Red Cross at, 127 Christian Peacemaker Team, 82–83 tuberculosis and, 102, 103 Church, Albert, 64–65, 158 Camp Cropper, xvii, 79–80, 127 homicide and, 45, 71, 87, 91, 95 tuberculosis at, 81, 102–3 neglect issues and, 117, 118 Camp Jenny Pozzi, xvii, 43–44 Civil War, U.S., prison scandal in, Camp Mercury, xvii, 123 117–18 Camp Na’ma, 55 Clinic of Hope of Paraguay, 39 Camp Salerno, 79 Clinton, Bill, 128 Camp Whitehorse, xvii, 71, 92–93, 122 Coetzee, J. M., 6 capital punishment, 27, 28 Cold War, 14 Caruso, James, 79, 95 Collwell, Guy, 21 Cathcart, William, 3 Commentaries on the Laws of England Cavallaro, Anthony, 121–22 (Blackstone), 26 CBS, 60 Minutes, 21, 45 communism, 22 Celsus, 30 concentration camps, 29, 30–31, 33 censorship, 20, 81 Condon, Richard, 14 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xi, Conference for the Abolition of Torture 13–16, 31, 143, 157 (1973), 34 “Counterintelligence Interrogation Congress, U.S., 14, 132 Manual” of, 14 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina, 25 ghost prisoners and, 44, 49, 80 Convention Against Torture and Other homicide and, 80, 88, 90, 91, 95 Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 225

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Treatment or Punishment, United press conference of (May 21, 2004), Nations (UN), 5, 130, 147, 157 75–76, 79 Council of Europe, 157 Red Cross mistreatment list and, 127 “Counterintelligence Interrogation response to criticism of interrogations Manual” (CIA), 14 by, 62–65 court-martials, 10–11, 94, 120 response to homicide by, 84–87 Crimes of War Project, 81 response to neglect by, 114 Cuba, 159, 160 response to silence by, 134–37 map of, xvii suicide attempts hidden by, 105 see also Guantánamo Bay voiding of preexisting prison stan- dards and, 143–47 Dababa, Dilar, 93 degradation, xiv Darby, Joseph, 166–67 sexual, 8, 38, 74, 81, 83 Davis, Javal, 59 dehumanization, 160–63, 166 death: dehydration, 82 true cause of, 153 denial, 22–23 see also homicides depression, 115, 138 death certificates: detainees, avoidance of use of term, deficiencies in, 76, 77 xiii–xiv delayed release of, x, 76, 78, 79, 81, Dickson, Thomas, 100 85–89 “Dietary Manip (monitored by med),” falsification of, 6, 24, 29, 31, 37, 69, 91 51, 59, 150 homicide and, x, 45, 69, 70, 71, 73–80, Dilawar, 62, 68–71, 87, 88, 91, 127, 134–35 77–78, 84–89, 91–96 death certificates of, 69, 70, 71, 89 information included on, 74–75 Dinenna, David, 106–7, 118 multiple, 69, 70, 71 DNA, 63, 90 death penalty, 27, 28 Dostoevsky, Fyodor M., 12 Declaration of Geneva (1948), 33, 34 doubling, 29 Declaration of Madrid (1996), 36 drug companies, 138, 139 Declaration of Malta (1991), 109 “dual loyalty” situations, 138–39 Declaration of Tokyo (1975), 34–35, Dunleavy, Michael, 148 108–9 Defense Department, U.S., xii, xv, 18, East Germany, 29–30 46, 61, 130, 143–52, 156 Edmondson, John, 110 Abu Ghraib and, ix–x, 113, 114, 128 “Ego Down” approach, 57, 115 on Baker’s medical discharge, 124 Egypt, xii, 16, 22, 157, 160 in creation of new prison standards, Elmira prison, 118 147–50 El Salvador, 22, 28, 159 Gelles’s reports and, 126, 166 enemy: homicide and, 75–79, 77, 78, 81, defining of, 161 84–89, 91, 92 dehumanizing of, 160–63, 166 hunger strikes and, 110 England, 4 multiple death certificates by, 69, 70, see also Great Britain; United 71 Kingdom Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 226

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England, Lynndie, 97, 97 Geneva Convention(s) (1949), xii, 4, 10, Enlightenment, 26, 31 32, 33 Epione, 168 Afghanistan and, 48, 49, 68, 107, Erasistratus, 30 144–47 Ethics Manual, ACP, 36 Article 122 of, 86 euphemisms, xiii–xiv grave breaches of, 143–58 exhaustion, 82 Guantánamo and, 48, 49, 61, 144–47, 149 false information, 1, 9, 13, 15–16 homicide and, 68, 85, 86, 87, 89 Farooq, Muhammad Naim, 105 “hors de combat” in, xi Fay, George, 100, 129, 134, 151, 158 Iraq and, 48–49, 51, 52, 112–13, 127, 131 fear, 82, 115, 160 neglect issues and, 98, 112–13, 117 torture and, xii, 5–6, 24 on Prisoners of War, 51, 61, 130 “Fear Up Harsh” approach, 55, 56, 57, Relative to the Protection of Civilian 115 Persons in Time of War, 48–49, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 112–13 xi, 16, 18, 61, 62, 152 silence and, 127 Guantánamo abuse and, 15, 62, 135 voiding of, 48, 68, 143–47, 154, 155, neglect issues and, 103 156 Fein, Robert, 131 war crimes defined in, 152–53 fictional torture, 19–20, 21 Germany, 157, 165 Filartiga, Joel, 39 East, 29–30 Filartiga, Joelito, 39 Nazi, see Nazi Germany Final Act of the Conference on Security ghost prisoners, 44, 49, 72, 80–81, 153, and Co-operation in Europe, see 163 Helsinki Accords Girman, Lisa, 10–11 Finelli, Louis, 79 GITMO, see Guantánamo Bay food, 55, 58 Gonzales, Alberto, 146, 155 hunger strikes and, 107–11, 114–15, 129 Graner, Charles, 3, 120, 125 neglect and, 98, 105–11, 114–15, 118 Great Britain, 15 pork products, 107, 126 homicide and, 72, 86, 92–94 silence about, 137 medical associations in, 67, 128, 138 force feeding, 110–11, 122 Northern Ireland and, 22, 108 Forensic Medical Institute, 37 Greece, ancient, 25, 168 “Four Freedoms,” xiii Green, William, 106 4th Engineering Battalion, 81 Guantánamo Bay, x, xvii, 25, 51, 66, 130, 4th Mechanized Infantry, 47 131, 159–60 France, 4, 165 Abu Ghraib compared with, ix, 48, Algeria’s war for independence from, 143 17, 164 access to medical records at, 55, 64, Frederick, Ivan (Chip), 45, 120 150 Freedom of Information Act, xi, 53 BSCT at, 54, 56, 150 Council of Europe views on, 157 Gardez, xvii, 71, 81, 91 FBI and, 15, 62, 135 Gelles, Michael, 126, 131, 166 Gelles’s reports about, 126, 166 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 227

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Geneva Conventions and, 48, 49, 61, Hippocrates, 168 144–47, 149 Hippocratic Oath, v, 38, 168 grave breaches in, 143–51 Hitler, Adolf, 6 as gulag, 152 Hodges, Jerry, 79, 95 harsh interrogations implemented at, Hodges, Michael, 122 148–50 Holferty, Jerrod, 44 hunger strikes at, 108–11, 129 Holocaust, 165 internal reaction force at, 124 Holzer, Jenny, 21 medical care denied at, 62 homicide, x, 68–96 medical monitoring at, 59, 60–61 at Abu Ghraib, 44–45, 71, 72, 83, 95 mentally ill at, 103, 104, 105 death certificates and, x, 45, 69, 70, prison investigations in, 64 71, 73–80, 77–78, 84–89, 91–96 Red Cross at, 127, 138 Defense Department response to, silence about, 126, 129, 134, 137, 138 84–87 Guardian, xi of Dilawar, 62, 68–71, 87, 89, 134–35 Guatemala, 22, 152, 159 discussion about, 87–90 “Guidelines for Medical Doctors Con- medical investigations of, 73–74 cerning Torture...,” 5 misclassified as natural death, 82–84 Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace, 27, 28 obstructed investigations and, 79–82 guillotine (louisette; louison), 27, 65 prisoner deaths by, 71–73, 90–96 GULAG, 152 silence about, 137, 139 Gulag Archipelago, The (Solzhenitsyn), House of Representatives, U.S., 132 152 Hoyt, Robert, 126 Gumaa, Fahin Ali, 71 “Human Resource Exploitation Man- ual” (CIA), 14–15, 16, 18 Habibullah, Mullah (Habib Ullah), 68, human rights, U.S. loss of credibility as 87, 89, 91, 135 advocate of, 155–56 Habsburg empire, 25 Human Rights First, xi, 133 Halifax gibbet, 27 Human Rights Watch, x, xi, 81, 82, 100, Hamoodi, Yehiya, 9–10 133, 159 Harman, Sabrina, 45 Red Cross compared with, 126 Hasson, Hadi Abdul Hussain, 80 humiliation, 8, 61 Hatab, Nagen Sadoon, 89–90, 92–93 hunger strikes, 107–11, 114–15, 129 Hathaway, Oona, 167 collective, 108, 110 heart attacks, 76, 82–84, 92, 101, 122 Husaybah prison, 79 heart damage, 108, 109 Hussein, Saddam, 6, 159 heart disease, 69, 109 Abu Ghraib under, 28, 29, 44, 48, 100 Helmand Province, xvii, 92 hypnosis, 14 Helms, Richard, 14 Helsinki Accords (1975), 32 Ibrahim, Nasef, 83–84 Henry VI (Shakespeare), 4 illegal combatants, xiii–xiv Herophilius, 30 inadmissible evidence, 18 Herrington, Stuart, 50 incentives, torture and, 5–6, 24 Hill, James T., 148 Indonesia, 22 “Hill, Professor,” 86 Ingwerson, Kathleen, 90, 91–93 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 228

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innocent people: intravenous fluids, 98, 109–10, 126 arrest and detainment of, 17, 49, 50 invisible prisoners, 80–81 as victims of torture, 12, 13, 68–71, 70 see also ghost prisoners intelligence analysis, false information Iran, 159 and, 13 Iraq, x, xvii, 25, 43–60, 64, 66, 130, 159–62 international codes and standards, ix, access to medical records in, 55, 64 xii–xiii Al Qaeda’s link with, 16 International Committee of the Red beheadings in, 162 Cross (ICRC), x, xii, 41, 54–55, 163, Church’s investigation in, 45, 64, 95 167 Convention-bound, 48–49, 51, 52, Abu Ghraib and, 4, 45, 113, 127 112–13, 127, 131 Afghanistan prisons and, 68, 81, 127 counterproductivity of torture in, homicide and, 45, 72, 81, 85, 89, 93 17–18 neglect issues and, 98, 100, 103 harsh interrogation implemented in, silence and, 122, 126–27, 138 150–51 International Council of Nurses (ICN), homicide in, 43–46, 43, 71–76, 79–81, 35–36 83–84, 86–90, 92–96 International Covenant on Civil and Po- hunger strikes in, 108–10 litical Rights (1966), 32–33, 157 innocent or ignorant prisoners in, 17, “interrogation by the third degree,” 25 49, 50 interrogations, 4–18, 31, 43–67, 82, 88, insurgency in, 18 115, 147–51 neglect in, 73, 91–118 case against torture in, 13–18, 166 poor sanitation in, 111–12 case for torture in, 6–13 silence about, 119–30, 134, 137 Defense Department response to crit- see also Abu Ghraib; Al Asad; icism of, 62–65 Al Qaim; Basra; Camp Bucca; discussion about, 65–67 Camp Cropper; Camp Mercury; “dual loyalty” situations and, 138 Camp Na’ma; Camp Whitehorse; exams before, 51, 53, 73 Mosul; Samarra; Tikrit harsh, implementation of, 150–51 Irish Republican Army, 67 logs of, 60–61 Islam, Muslims, 3, 55, 151 medically informed plans for, x, dietary laws and, 106, 107, 126 50–59 isolation, 38, 53, 55, 61, 94, 103, 115 medical monitoring of, x, 59–61, medical issues and, 148–50 66–67, 148, 153 Israel, 15, 22 medical role proposed for, 147–50 Palestinians tortured in, 16–17, 44 and policy foundation of abuse, Italy, 157 147–51 Izmerly, Mohammad Munim al-, 79–80 silence about, 138, 139 “ticking time bomb” scenarios and, 7, Jaleel, Asad Abdul Kareem Abdul 11–12, 13 (Karim Abd al-Jalil), 95 types of, 6–7 Jamadi, Monadel al-, 43–46, 43, 59, 72, “wish list” of techniques for, 46–48 74, 87, 89, 95 withholding of medical care during, Jamal, Mehadi Al, 83 61–62 James, Larry, 131 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 229

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Japan, Japanese, 31, 33 Lincoln, Abraham, 162–63 prisons of, 105 Los Angeles Times, xi, 81 Jassim, Salah Salih, 123 Louis, Antoine, 27, 28, 65 Jihad Jerry (Gus; psychotic prisoner), LSD, 14, 31 97–98, 97, 109 Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 145, 148, McCain, John, 129, 132 150–51 McCain amendment, 129, 132 Joint Integration and Debriefing Cen- McNeil, Daniel, 69 ters, 151 Majid, Hussain, 29, 44, 100 Joint Task Force 170, 148 Mallak, Craig, 85 Jordan, 21 malnutrition, 102, 105–8 Jordan, Steven, 45, 104 Malzfeldt, Claudia, 29–30 Justice Department, U.S., 91 Manchurian Candidate, The (Condon), in creation of new prison standards, 14 147, 149 “Manual on the Investigation of in voiding of existing prison stan- Torture...,” 74, 87 dards, 144–45 Marines, U.S., 90, 92–93 Marlow, Maria, 88 Kabul, xvii, 90 Martinez-Lopez, Lester, 136 Kandahar, xvii, 100, 107, 135 MEDCOM (Medical Command), 53, Karadzˇic´, Radovan, 29 118 Kareem, Abdureda Lafta Abdul (Abu medical care, 153 Malik Kenami), 84 deprivation of, 4, 8, 61–62, 68, 98 Karpinski, Janis, 11, 48–50, 113 neglect and, 98–101 Keithley, Daryl, 112 medical confidentiality, 63–65, 109, 130, Khan, Sher Mohammad, 79, 82, 92 138 Khmer Rouge, 20 Medical Council of São Paulo, 37 Khost, xvii, 92 medical ethics, ix, xii–xiii, xiv, 27, 33–39, Kiley, Kevin, 63, 85, 88, 114, 118, 136 65–66, 67, 129–30, 133 Kizilkan, Seyfettin, 38 hunger strikes and, 108–9 Korea, 14, 15 Nazi physicians and, 24, 33 Koryagin, Anatoly, 38, 39 of nurses, 35–36, 39, 65 Krauthammer, Charles, 12 of psychiatrists, 36, 37, 129 Krenke, Ellen, 85 of psychologists, 37, 130 KUBARK interrogation manual, 16 medical investigations, of prisoners’ deaths, 73–74 Lancet, x, 128, 129 medically informed interrogation plans, Layton, Reuben, 121 x, 50–59 Lefever, Bryce, 131 medical monitoring, of interrogations, x, Leso, John, 54, 61 59–61, 66–67, 148, 153 lethal injection, execution by, 28 medical records, xi, 63, 64–65, 150 Liberia, 165 BSCT’s review of, 54–55 Libi, Ibn-al-Shaykh al-, 16 falsification of, 6, 24, 29, 31, 39, 123 Lifton, Robert Jay, 29, 132, 160–61 interrogation exams and, 53, 73 Limbaugh, Rush, 21 mental illness and, 104 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 230

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medical records (cont.) Mousa, Baha (Baha Dawud al-Maliki), neglect and, 73, 100–101, 104 72, 86, 93 silence and, 122–25, 127 movies, 14, 19–22 medical societies, 156, 164–65, 167 torture in, 19, 20, 21 silence and, 127–34, 137, 138, 139 Mowhoush, Abed Hamed, 78, 88–89, Medicare, 128 90, 95 medics, 160–61 Murad, Abdul Hakim, 11 neglect issues and, 100, 104, 110 Murray, Craig, 1, 15–16 silence and, ix, 120, 121, 125–26, 129, 134–35, 137, 139 Na’ma, 125 MedScape, 129 names, use of, xiv, 157–58 Melone, Robert, 134–35 Naseer, Jamal, 81, 91 Mengele, Josef, 29 National Arab American Medical Asso- mentally ill, 29, 100, 103–5, 115, 153 ciation, 133 in Abu Ghraib, 97–98, 97, 103, 104–5 “national emergency” excuse, xii mescaline, 31 National Medical Association, 133 Middle Ages, 4, 24, 25 National Medical Board, South African, midwives, 25 39 Mihdy, Wathik, 78 Navarro, Joe, 15 Mikolashek, Paul, 99, 100 Navy, U.S., 73 Miles, Steven (author), x, xiv–xv Criminal Investigative Service of, 126, Military Intelligence (MI), 58, 59, 121, 151 131, 166 Military Intelligence Committee, 54 see also SEALs Military Police (MP), 56–59, 91, 112, 137, Nazi Germany, 6, 15, 20 151 Nuremberg trials and, 31, 33 Abu Ghraib meal system and, 106–7 physicians in, 24, 28–31, 33, 165 mentally ill and, 104, 105 neglect, xiv, 31, 97–118, 143, 153 rectal exam by, 135 at Abu Ghraib, 55, 97–104, 106–7, Miller, Geoffrey, 48, 51, 57–58, 103, 113, 109–14, 116, 118, 120 151 Defense Department response about, BSCTs created by, 53–54, 150 114 mentally ill and, 104, 115 exposure to ordnance and, 112–16 Milosˇevic´, Slobodan, 152 food and, 98, 105–11, 114–15, 118 Minneapolis Center for Victims of Tor- hunger strikes and, 107–11, 114–15, 129 ture, xiv, 134, 159 medical care and, x, xii, 25, 33, 72, Mithridates, King, 30 98–101, 139 Mobile Interrogation Teams, 49 medical records and, 73, 100–101, 128 Mohamed, Fashad, 96 of mentally ill, 97–98, 97, 100, 103–5, Moorehead-Slaughter, Olivia, 131 115 Mora, Alberto, 126 Ryder’s investigation and, 98–99, 103 Mosul, xvii, 58, 61, 111 sanitation and, 98, 107, 111–12, 114–18 homicide in, 84, 96 tuberculosis and, 98, 101–3, 114, 116 investigations in, 123 Nelson, Henry, 121 mentally ill in, 104 Nemesis Theresiana penal code, 25 silence in, 123, 125 nerve damage, 108, 109, 110 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 231

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New England Journal of Medicine, 128, photographs, 122, 137 129 Abu Ghraib, ix, 11, 18–23, 49, 81, New Middle East, A (Shawaqfa), 21 97–99, 97, 111, 119, 119, 125, 128, 143, news shows, 20 155, 162, 166 New York University, 21 captions of, 19 Nigeria, 6 censorship of, 20, 81 Northern Ireland, 22, 108 of Jamadi, 43, 45 North Vietnam, 15 physicians, ix, 24–31, 33–39, 158 Norway, 157 death certificates and, 74–75 Nu’ma, Radi, 92 hunger strikes and, 108, 109, 110 Nuremberg trials, 31, 33 illicit torture and, 28–31 nurse practitioners, 101 interrogations and, x, 6, 43–45, 50–67 nurses, ix, 24, 60, 104, 114 Japanese, 31, 33 ethics of, 35–36, 39, 65 licit torture and, 25–27 silence and, ix, 120, 126, 138, 139 Nazi, 24, 28–31, 33, 165 neglect issues and, 100, 101, 104, 105, Odierno, Raymond, 47 116–17 Of Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria), occupational, 138–39 26 pain interrogation and, 6 Office of the Armed Forces Medical Ex- silence and, ix, 120–23, 125, 126, aminer (AFME), 69, 73, 74, 85, 89 128–33, 135, 138–39 ordnance, exposure to, 98, 112–16, 137, 153 Soviet, 29, 165 overcrowding, 115 torture of, 38 at Abu Ghraib, 49–50 physicians’ assistants, 101, 102, 123 tuberculosis and, 102 Physicians for Human Rights, x, xi, 38, 64, 130, 132, 133, 159 Pahlavi, Shah Reza, 159 Pinochet, Augusto, 30, 38, 152, 165 painful medical procedures, 8 “Pit and the Pendulum, The” (Poe), 20 Pakistan, xii, 61–62 Poe, Edgar Allan, 20 Palestinians, 16–17 poisonings, 30 panic attacks, 123 Pollock, Gale, 133 Pappas, Thomas, 45, 48–49, 56–57, 59, Ponce, William, 46–48 113 pork products, 107, 126 Paraguay, 39 Portugal, 157 pathologists, x, 73–76, 137, 138 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 6, “Patients Against Their Own Will” 18, 36–37, 138 (Koryagin), 38 Powell, Colin, 16, 145–46, 155, 157 perceptual monopolization, 8, 57 “Pride Down” approach, 57 Perry, Bernard, 88 Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to “persons under control” (PUCs), the Role of Health Personnel... xiii–xiv (1982), 35, 64, 66, 116–17, 157 Phan Thi Kim Phue, 20 prisoners, use of term, xiii–xiv Phifer, Jerald, 148 Project MK-SEARCH, 14 Phillabaum, Jerry, 104 Project MK-ULTRA, 13–14 phobias, 37, 55 propaganda, torture and, xii, 5–6, 24 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 232

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Provance, Samual, 137 in voiding of preexisting prison stan- Prozac, 18 dards, 68, 145 psychiatrists, psychiatry, 7, 30, 36, 37, 59, Russian Foreign Ministry, 156 66, 129 Ruthven, Malise, 161 in BSCTs, 53–56, 60, 132, 158 Rwanda, 39 “Psychological Ethics and National Se- Ryder, Donald, 98–99, 103, 151 curity” (report), 129–32 psychologists, 31, 129–32 Saar, Erik, 115 in BSCTs, 53–54, 61 sadistic experiments, 29, 30–31, 33 interrogations and, x, 7, 53–54, 61, 66, Sallat, Sala Edine, 19 130 Samarra, xvii, 59–60, 67 Sanchez, Ricardo, 48–50, 57, 58, 59, 98, Qahtani, Mohammed al-, 61 113, 151 sandbags, 19, 44, 56, 57, 84, 119, 120, 121 “race hygiene,” Nazi, 6, 29, 165 Sanger, Eugene, 118 Radad, Obeed Hethere, 79, 94 sanitation, 98, 111–12, 114–18, 153 Ralph, James, 94 food, 107 Razak, Abed Al, 83 silence about, 137 rectal exams, 135 Saudi Arabia, 155 Red Cross, see International Committee schizophrenia, 29, 104, 165 of the Red Cross Schlesinger, James, 7, 10, 11 Reese, Donald, 45, 49 Science, 129 reform, 157–58 Scottish maiden, 27 Regarding the Pain of Others (Sontag), SEALs, 43–44 18–19 homicide and, 44, 45, 95, 96 Regulations in Time of Armed Conflict sedatives, 14 (1956), 34 seizures, 123, 124 religion, denigration of, 3, 8, 107 Senate, U.S., 132 Renaissance, 19–20, 25, 28 sensory deprivation, 7, 8, 14, 28, 55 rendition, 153, 156, 157, 158, 163 September 11 attacks, 144 Reuben, Layton, 3–4 Serbia, Serbs, 105, 152 Richard, Joe, x SERE (“Survival, Evasion, Resistance Ríos Montt, José Efraín, 152 and Escape” program), 47 Roman Catholics, 155 Serrano, Andres, 21 Rome, ancient, 25 772nd MP Company, 134–35 Roosevelt, Franklin D., xiii Shah, Suleiman, 110 Rossignol, Ann, 88–89 Shahpoor, 71 Rouse, Elizabeth, 79, 93, 96 Shakespeare, William, 4 Rumsfeld, Donald, 18, 48, 148–51, 155 Shaw, George Bernard, 12 harsh interrogation approved by, 15, Shawaqfa, Muhammad, 21 148–50 shelter from heat or cold, 8, 83–84 homicide and, 85 Sheridan, Michael, 11 interrogation directives of, 50–51, 53, Shibata, Harry, 37 57, 59, 61, 126 Shiberghan, xvii, 103 investigation of, 157 Shitboy (Abu Ghraib prisoner), 104 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 233

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Shumate, R. Scott, 131 mental illness and, 103, 115 silence, ix, 31, 57, 119–39, 152, 160, 165 see also post-traumatic stress disorder Defense Department response and, stretching, 8 134–37 suffocation, 38, 73–74, 84, 148 medical societies and, 127–34, 137, suicide, 103, 115, 120 138, 139 attempts at, 105, 138 Red Cross and, 122, 126–27, 138 hunger strikes and, 108 Silverman, Ronald, 118 surgery, 29, 101 Sinclair, Scott, 124 Surgery, 129 Sivits, Jeremy, 120 Sweden, 157 60 Minutes (TV show), 21, 45 Swidi, Abdul Aziz al-, 60 Smith, Michael E., 88 Switzerland, 157 delayed death-certificate signatures of, 76, 78, 79, 93–94 Taft, William Howard, IV, 141, 145, 146 Snezhnevsky, Andrei, 29 Taguba, Antonio, 72, 151, 158 Snider, Shannon, 55, 58 Taha, Kefah (Kifah), 72, 94 Society of Correctional Physicians, 133 Taji, xvii, 9–10 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 152, 166 Taled, Ehad Kazam, 78 Sontag, Susan, 18–19 Taliban, 131, 143–47 South Africa, 22, 38–39, 155, 160 television, 19, 20, 105, 162, 164 South African Supreme Court, 39 60 Minutes, 21, 45 South America, 22 therapy, 13 torture photographs in, 20 Thomas, Nina, 131 South Park (TV show), 105 “ticking time bomb” scenarios, 7, 11–12, South Vietnam, 159 13, 16, 146, 164 Soviet bloc, 155 “Tiger Team,” 57 Soviet Union, 6, 14, 15, 29, 38, 152, Tikrit, xvii, 47, 61, 62, 79 154–55, 160, 165, 166, 167 neglect in, 100 Spah, Dham, 78, 109 silence about, 122, 123–24 Spain, 157 Time, xi, 61 Special Forces, U.S., xi Timmerman, Jacobo, 167 homicide and, 81, 88, 91, 95 “Timmy” (mentally ill prisoner), 105 Stalin, Joseph, 6, 152, 154–55 toilet, access to, 8 Standard Minimum Rules for the Tornberg, David, 63, 64–65 Treatment of Prisoners (1955), neglect issues and, 114, 118 33–34, 117 torture, xiv, 3–40 Stars and Stripes, 114 atrocity-producing situations and, starvation, 28, 29, 108 160–61 State Department, U.S., 103, 145–46, 152 cruel treatment vs., 147–48 Stefanowicz, Steve, 55 deaths from, x, 62, 68–96, 134–35 stranglings, 90, 93 definitions of, 4–5, 147–48 strappado, 4, 25 eighteenth-century abolition of, 24, stress, 14, 15, 53, 58, 138, 160–61 25, 28, 33, 161 coping with, 54 illegal, 13, 24, 28–31 heart attacks and, 82–83, 101 legal, 12–13, 24–27, 29 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 234

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torture (cont.) rape, 8, 29 lite, 23, 160 self-abasement, forced, 8, 61, 121 McCain amendment and, 129, 132 self-mutilation, 97, 105 making excuses for, xii, 160, 161–62 sleep deprivation, 8, 38, 53, 55, 56, 58, medicine and, 24–40 61, 83, 115 motive for, 160–63 sexual degradation, 8, 38, 74, 81, 83 opposition to, 31–40, 159–68 sodomy, 122 origin of word, 4 stress positions, 4, 122 practices, 8–9 suspension, 3, 8, 25, 44, 68, 69, 71, 74, prisoner deaths by, 71–73, 90–96 105, 121, 127, 135 social consent and, xii, 161, 162–63 table of, 8–9 as social institution, 5–6, 163–64 Torture Victims Treatment Act (1987), 147 torture, case against, 13–18, 165–68 torture warrants, 13 social harm from, 18, 166 transparency, kinds of, 157–58 strategic counterproductivity of, tuberculosis (TB), 98, 101–3, 114, 116, 17–18 138, 153 torture, case for, 6–13 in children, 81, 103, 116 moral issues of, 12–13 drugs for, 101, 102–3, 116 torture techniques: Turkey, 22, 44, 160, 167 asphyxiation, 8, 44, 71, 85, 89, 93, 95 hunger strikes in, 108 beatings, 3, 7–10, 8, 15, 38, 39, 43, 44, Turkish Medical Association, 38 45, 48, 53, 62, 68, 71, 74, 81, 82, 83, Turner, Stansfield, 132 91–93, 121–25, 127, 135, 137 burning, burns, 8, 74, 122, 125, 127, 137 Uganda, 152 cold exposure, 8, 61, 83–84, 90, 148 Uithol, Scott, 54 death threats, 14, 148 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 47 degradation, 55 Article 92 of, 136–37 dogs, 9, 55, 56, 57, 111 Union, POW camps of, 117–18 drugs, 7, 8–9, 14, 28, 29, 31, 61–62, 65, United Kingdom, 1, 38 139, 149 see also Great Britain; Northern electrical shocks, electrocution, 8, 14, Ireland 29, 39, 47, 74 United Nations (UN), xii, 31–35, 65, 74, food deprivation, 8, 28, 29, 67 136 forced watching of torture, 8, 83 Convention Against Torture...of, 5, fractures, 74, 122, 123, 125 130, 147, 157 heat exposure, 8, 82, 83, 93–94, 122 General Assembly of, 155 kicking, 8, 9–10, 38, 43, 81, 86, 105, 123 Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant ligatures, 8, 74 to the Role of Health Personnel... mock executions, 7, 8, 10, 20 of, 35, 64, 66, 116–17, 157 mutiliation, 9, 10, 97, 105 Standard Minimum Rules for the noise, loud, 8, 57, 83 Treatment of Prisoners of, 33–34, nudity, 8, 19, 44, 55, 121 66, 117 pain, 6, 8–9, 14–15 Universal Declaration of Human psychiatric stress, 6–7, 8–9 Rights of, xiii, 31–33, 35, 155 Mile_140006578X_3p_bm_r3.r.qxp 6/15/06 9:41 AM Page 235

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United Nations Committee Against West, Allen, 9–11 Torture (CAT), 157 Wiesel, Elie, 167–68 United Nations Working Group, xi, 115, Williams, Captain, 1–2 156 Winkenwerder, William, Jr., 63, 64–65, United States: 85, 134 Civil War in, 117–18 neglect issues and, 110, 118 loss of credibility of, 155–56 Wirz, Henry, 118 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wojdakowski, Walter, 50, 58–59 (1948), xiii, 31–33, 35, 155 women: Uruguay, 30 degradation of, 20 National Medical Council of, 37 pregnant, 25 Uzbekistan, xii as prisoners, 81, 121, 124 torture in, 1, 16, 72 witchcraft and, 6 Uzun, Zeki, 38, 39 Wood, Carolyn, 51, 150 Working Group on Detainee Interroga- Valley of the Wolves—Iraq (movie), tions, 18 21–22 World Health Organization, x, 102 Venezuela, 67 World Medical Association (WMA), verbal abuse, 8 37–38, 66, 74, 133 Veterans Administration, U.S., 18 Declaration of Geneva of, 33, 34 Veterans Administration Medical Cen- Declaration of Malta of, 109 ter, xv Declaration of Tokyo of, 34–35, 108–9 Videla, Jorge Rafael, 152, 165 “Guidelines for Medical Doctors...” videotapes, 104, 124 of, 5 Vietnam War, 20, 132, 160 Regulations in Time of Armed Con- Voltaire, 26 flict of, 34 World Psychiatric Association, Declara- Wahid, Abdul, 92 tion of Madrid of, 36 Waiting for the Barbarians (Coetzee), 6 World War II, 31, 105, 154 Wali, Abdul, 91 see also Nazi Germany Wallenberg, Raoul, 166–67 Wynia, Matthew, 129 Wallin, Neil, 97–98, 104, 121 war crimes, 152–53 X rays, 103, 110 War Crimes Act, voiding of, 143, 144–45 War Department, Union, 118 Yee, James, 107 Washington Post, xi Yugoslavia, 105 water, 98, 110, 114, 148 deprivation of, 8 Zaid, Tariq Mohamed, 78, 83, immersion in, 8, 44, 122 93–94 weighing of prisoners, 105, 107 Zoman, Sadiq, 122 Wessells, Michael, 132 Zubaydah, Abu, 61–62