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An Analysis of Land Use Change and Cultural Landscape Integrity

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An Analysis of Land Use Change and Cultural Landscape Integrity National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Ebey’s Landing National Historical Reserve Draft GMP/ EIS Volume II: Technical Supplement An Analysis of Land Use Change and Cultural Landscape Integrity Prepared for the National Park Service by Nancy Rottle, Assistant Professor University of Washington Department of Landscape Architecture and Jones and Jones Architects and Landscape Architects, Ltd. April 2003 (This page left blank intentionally) National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Ebey’s Landing National Historical Reserve Coupeville, WA Ebey’s Landing National Historical Reserve An Analysis of Land Use Change and Cultural Landscape Integrity Ebey’s Landing National Historical Reserve An Analysis of Land Use Change and Cultural Landscape Integrity Ebey’s Landing Coupeville, WA May 2003 Prepared for the National Park Service by: Jones & Jones Architects & Landscape Architects 105 S. Main St. Suite 300 Seattle, WA 98104 Phone: (206) 624-5702 www.jonesandjones.com Contents Project Introduction 7 Methodology 8 Baseline 8 Pre-1950’s-2000 Cultural Landscape Integrity Assessment 8 1983-2000 Cultural Landscape Changes 8 Farm and Forest Preservation Strategies 9 Findings: Analysis of Land Use Changes 1983-2000 10 Buildings and Structures 10 Land Use 10 Vegetation 11 Circulation 13 Boundaries 13 Cluster Arrangements 14 Summary & Recommendations 15 Appendices A: List of Figures 17 B: List of Posters 47 C: Metadata 48 D: Planning Team 55 Project Introduction Ebey’s Landing National Historical Reserve is an the landscape’s cultural values within the evolving landscape that is at once historical and parameters of primarily privately -owned land. contemporary. It is a rare landscape with unbroken vistas of active open farmland, views to The goals of the project were to answer the water and mountain ranges east and west, an following questions: impressive collection of historic buildings and farm structures, a readable spatial structure of land 1. What patterns of landscape change have taken place division dating from the 1850s, and a mosaic of since the initial cultural landscape inventory in 1983, landscapes that include mature second-growth what contemporary pressures do these patterns suggest, woodlands, prairie remnants, wetlands, beaches, and what forces might compromise the future integrity bluffs and fertile agricultural land. From traveling of the reserve’s landscape? through this landscape, the resident or visitor can read a Puget Sound settlement story, and 2. What characteristics of the historic landscape (from appreciate the continuity of land use over the last 50 years previous and earlier) still remain and two centuries. contribute to the historic integrity of the Reserve, as defined in the Department of Interior’s guidelines for The Reserve is unique in the National Park evaluating historic and cultural landscapes? System in that most of the land is in private ownership and therefore is not fully protected by 3. What are innovative preservation strategies used in unilateral control of the Department of the other parts of the U. S., especially as applied to Interior or the multi-agency Trustee Board agricultural and forested working landscapes, and how entrusted with the preservation of the Park’s might lessons from these precedents be applied to the resources. Because it is a living landscape with Reserve? limited controls, it is vulnerable to loss of the very qualities that define its historical, cultural, and In addition, a major goal of the project has been to aesthetic integrity. creative a digital survey of land use and landscape characteristics existing in the year 2000, to be used Over the last 20 years a number of strategies to as a management tool for the Reserve and to serve preserve the historic and scenic qualities of the as a baseline against which future inventories can Reserve’s landscapes and buildings have been be compared. employed. For example, the National Park Service has purchased scenic easements, the Reserve has This report describes the methods used to been listed on the National Register of Historic investigate questions 1 and 2, includes excerpts of Places, and the Trust Board advises Island County the graphic analyses produced, and presents a brief on matters of historic preservation and the analysis of the contemporary land use pressures on compatibility of new structures. An extensive the Reserve, informed by historical patterns. Full survey of the landscape and buildings was graphic analyses of the changes between 1983- conducted shortly after the Reserve’s inception in 2000, and between 1950-2000 with assessment of 1978, and a number of excellent cultural landscape cultural landscape integrity, are presented on large preservation guidance documents have been posters in hard copy and digital format. developed. However, the apparent changes to the Agricultural land preservation case studies and land in that same time period indicate that greater strategies are detailed in two separate reports. protective measures will be required if the qualities that led to its establishment as a landscape of national significance are to be sustained. This report summarizes a tripartite study that was undertaken by Jones & Jones as part of the General Management Plan process, in order to build tools and answer questions that will assist in the planning for the Reserve’s next 20 years. The project contains several components and objectives, with the overarching goal of retaining Ebey’s Landing National Historical Reserve: An Analysis of Land Use Change and Cultural Landscape Integrity National Park Service 7 Methodology See Appendix C “Metadata” for a more detailed though the increase in number of structures across description of the methodology, assumptions, and the reserve indicate a substantial growth in parameters used in the spatial inventory. residential land use. New homes on as many as 8 acres per residence followed subdivision spatial Baseline patterning. To establish the year 2000 baseline, theme layers of selected categories of landscape features were Pre-1950s to 2000 Cultural Landscape drawn over aerial photographs using Arcview Integrity Assessment Geographic Information System (GIS) software. To assess the integrity of the Reserve’s historical Land-use interpretations and questions regarding landscape within the parameters of the National features or areas were field- checked if they were Register for Historic Places, eight landscape accessible by public roads. The theme layers were “characteristics” were evaluated for their continued drawn over 1990 orthorectified photographs to existence since 1950 or before. The ensure proper georeferencing, but 1999 aerial characteristics were selected and are defined photographs were used as the information base. according to the most recent guidelines for evaluating cultural landscapes. Those included 1983 to 2000 Cultural Landscape were: Changes The 1983 theme layers were informed by two • Vegetation primary sources. The Building and Landscape • Circulation Inventory undertaken in 1983 by the Cultural • Spatial Organization Resources Division of the former Pacific • Land Use Northwest regional National Park Service office • Views and Vistas (now Columbia Cascades support office) provided • Building Sites (Buildings and Structures) information on land use, historic buildings, • Cluster Arrangements circulation and hedgerows, and was interpretive in • Natural Systems and Features nature. 1983 infrared photographs supplied more thorough and accurate spatial documentation of Because sources detailing pre-1950s conditions the entire Reserve, and these were used extensively were limited and the resolution of aerial in determining the features in existence at that photographs poor, most of the comparisons time. The cultural landscape categories in the between the historic landscape and year-2000 are 1983 inventory and the classification system in use more general than the 1983-2000 comparison. A at that time were used as a basis of comparison 1941 aerial photograph, published in 1944 by the with the year-2000 baseline: Army Corps of Engineers, and a 1936 USGS topographic map were the primary spatial sources. • Circulation Network (vehicular only) The 1983/1995 NPS building inventory and the • Land Use 1997 National Register of Historic Places • Vegetation Related to Land Use nomination provided valuable documentation on • Structures (Historic and Non-historic) historic buildings and structures. Textual sources • Boundaries (Hedgerows, Windbreaks, and an extensive study of historic photographs Reservation) yielded general clues as to the historic landscape • Cluster Arrangements patterns and some specific building and landscape information. In addition, we obtained turn-of- Changes between 1983 and 2000 were the-century plat maps and Government Land determined for each category of landscape feature Ordinance survey notes for that vicinity of by generating polygons representing the changes Whidbey Island. Gretchen Luxenberg and Susan on separate theme layers. Dolan and of the National Park Service were knowledgeable resources who assisted with the The inability to ground-truth every element due process. to property access restrictions provided limitations in data mapping, especially with regard to As in the 1983-2000 assessment, GIS theme residential properties. As a result, only housing in layers were drawn over the historic maps or subdivisions was considered “residential” land use, photographs, and compared with year-2000 Ebey’s Landing
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