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Entornos Gráficos De Bajo Consumo.Pdf entornos gráficos de trabajo entornos gráficos de trabajo Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos de bajo consumo David Alverez García Los entornos gráficos minimalistas son aquellos que consumen muy pocos recursos del sistema, tanto CPU como memoria RAM, permitiendo el uso de Linux con máquinas antiguas para escritorio o incluso trabajar. Este tipo de entornos son con mucha asiduidad usados por desarrolladores, gente experta o con cierto curtimiento en el mundo Linux debido a que ofrecen una gran velocidad de procesamiento, poco consumo de memoria RAM y son simples, lo cual implica menos bugs, son fáciles de usar por norma y la mayoría son muy configurables para cualquier tipo de tarea. o es necesario tener una máquina antigua dos las mismas funcionalidades. Para eso haremos una para usarlos, en máquinas modernas estos prueba de concepto arrancando y explicando por separa- entornos gráficos vuelan y como se dijo an- do el servidor de gráficos, el window-manager y el escri- teriormente son muy usados por ciertas co- torio. [email protected] Nmunidades en el mundo Linux. Son perfectos para orde- El servidor X11, es un sistema de visualización de nadores portátiles, donde el uso de un ratón o una satura- gráficos (graphics display system) con arquitectura clien- ción de iconos en la pantalla puede llegar a producir una te-servidor, este tipo de arquitectura permite por ejemp- sensación molesta y complicar la realización de determina- lo poder cargar el escritorio de forma remota en red có- das tareas. Al consumir menos recursos también vela por modamente. El servidor gráfico permite a las aplicacio- la durabilidad de la batería, siendo una gran elección para nes (clientes) dibujar píxeles, líneas, texto, imágenes,... este tipo de máquinas. en la pantalla. El servidor incluye bibliotecas adiciona- En Linux el entorno gráfico en sí, como ya sabemos es les que permiten a las aplicaciones dibujar interfaces la suma de un servidor, llamado X11, más unos clientes que se conectan a él, los cuales se encargan de dar ese ambiente amigable para el uso del sistema operativo. Los Sobre el autor clientes que encontramos para el servidor gráfico (X11) que David Alvarez es Técnico superior en desarrollo de apli- forman un escritorio completo, un entorno gráfico propia- caciones Informáticas y estudiante de CISCO SYSTEMS. mente dicho, son los controladores de ventanas (Window- Trabaja como técnico de emergencias en hispaservices, manager) y los escritorios (Desktop). administrador del hosting spikap y encabeza el desa- Es importante conocer y distinguir los conceptos rrollo del proyecto Web cineando. Es admisnitrador de servidor gráfico, window-manager y Desktop, distinguir sitios como tuxhuellas.com y todo-linux.com. estos dos últimos muchas veces es confuso, al ofrecer los 22 Linux+ 5/2007 www.lpmagazine.org 23 entornos gráficos de trabajo entornos gráficos de trabajo Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos minimalistas muchas veces haya problemas con la desapa- rición de marcos de las ventanas a la hora de usar temas de escritorio. Para terminar tenemos los escritorios, como son KDE, Gnome, Xfce, 3D-Desktop y alguno más, éstos aportan funciones de trabajo adicionales a las aplicaciones y ges- tores de ventana para que su apariencia y comportamiento sean visualmente más atractivas y consistentes. Se podría enten- der como otro añadido más al conjunto ser- vidor gráfico + windows-manager. Vamos a arrancar sobre el actual X11+ fluxbox un escritorio, en este caso Xfce, para ver qué aporta: $ xfce4-session Como vemos el Desktop Xfce ha añadido fun- cionalidades y embellecido ciertos aspectos del window-manager. Este proceso de arran- Figura 1. Icewm, uno de los window-managers más populares que del servidor gráfico (X11) junto al gestor de usuario (campos de texto, botones, etc..). Como vemos, se han añadido marcos a las y al desktop, lo hace automáticamente el co- Para nuestra prueba de concepto si sola- ventanas, menús desplegables y otro tipo de mando startx de forma totalmente transpa- mente queremos ejecutar el servidor X11 propiedades que hacen usable las aplicacio- rente al usuario. sin ningún añadido más, se debe usar el co- nes en pantalla. Sin gestor de ventanas no se Esta prueba de concepto si queremos ha- mando: puede trabajar ya que las ventanas dibujadas cerla con el escritorio KDE, debemos modi- por el servidor X11 no permiten moverlas de ficar una de las variables globales siempre $ xinit xterm sitio, no permiten prácticamente interacción antes de la ejecución de startkde: con el usuario, por lo que se necesita un win- El cual nos mostrará una pantalla negra, po- dow-manager que las gestione. $ export KDEWM=openbox demos encontrarla de otros colores, con una Window-managers conocidos: Fluxbox, xterm (solamente el contorno) como pode- Twm, Icewm, Enlightenment,... No podemos hacerla como comentamos an- mos ver en la Figura 1. Cuando se usan themes de escritorios co- teriormente en la prueba de concepto ya que Un gestor de ventanas no es un Desktop mo puede ser Gnome o KDE, realmente se KDE arrancará por defecto su propio win- (Entorno gráfico) pero algunos sí ofrecen modifica la apariencia del window-manager dow-manager, sustituyendo al que tengamos funciones parecidas y muchas veces igua- que corre por debajo del desktop, de ahí que corriendo a la hora de ejecutarlo. les. Corren como cliente sobre un servidor gráfico (X11). Son los encargados de generar los marcos de las ventanas, barras de título, botones de cierre y minimizado, también aportan funcionalidades como menús des- plegables (pop-up), muelles (docks, como el de quartz), botones lanzaderas (para abrir documentos, aplicaciones o menús). Todo esto gracias a las librerías y funcionalidades que el servidor gráfico aporta. Los gestores de ventanas son como cual- quier otra aplicación cliente, se comunican con el servidor X a través de los mismos canales que las aplicaciones clientes que corremos habitualmente (xterm, Firefox, Amarok, etc...). Para entenderlo mejor, una vez tengamos arrancado el servidor X11 y la xterm, sobre ella corremos el siguiente co- mando para arrancar el windows-manager Fluxbox: $ fluxbox Figura 2. Window-maker, estable y robusto, todo un clásico 22 Linux+ 5/2007 www.lpmagazine.org 23 entornos gráficos de trabajo entornos gráficos de trabajo Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos minimalistas ción. Tiene una facilidad de uso media y su licencia es GPL. Web: http://www.nongnu.org/epiwm/ Compilación: $ gunzip -c epiwm-*.*.*.tar.gz | tar xvf - $ cd epiwm-0.5.6 $ ./configure $ make # make install-strip WindowMaker Este entorno es más conocido por la gente del mundo Linux y viene muchas veces instalado en distintas distribuciones. Su uso de CPU, co- mo de RAM es mínimo, algún kb más que el anterior, rozando el megabyte como Epiwm. Es configurable y fácil de usar por cualquier usuario. Este gestor de ventanas puede ser usa- Figura 3. Twm, el padre de muchos otros gestores de ventana do por escritorios KDE o GNOME sin prob- El gestor de ventanas: Kwin es el corres- res de ventana se pueden usar sin un Desktop lemas y tiene buena variedad de temas a ele- pondiente al escritorio Kde, en Gnome encon- proporcionándole funcionalidades, los que se gir. tramos el gestor de ventanas Sawfish (Saw- pueden usar de una manera fácil y sin nece- Web: http://www.windowmaker.info/ mill). Ninguno de los dos es muy usable sin el sidad de añadirle nuevas características se les escritorio por encima de ellos, están pensados denomina Entornos gráficos minimalistas. Compilación: para correr con su respectivo escritorio por Vamos a nombrar algunos de ellos (hay encima. más de 40) por orden de consumo de RAM $ ./configure --enable-modelock Como dijimos antes los mal llamados en- ascendente: $ make tornos gráficos minimalistas son gestores de # make install ventanas usables, que no requieren de un desk- Epiewm # ldconfig top para ser funcionales y amigables al usuario. Entorno poco conocido creado por la Escue- Esto se debe a que verdaderamente son ellos la de Ingeniería Informática EPITA, es muy Blackbox los que se encargan de proporcionar al usuario simple y rápido, su uso de RAM no llega Anteriormente era muy popular, pide ba- las posibilidades básicas para un óptimo uso de ni a cubrir 1 Mb. No es muy configurable ni jos requerimientos de hardware, (de 1.5Mb las aplicaciones en pantalla. No todos los gesto- vistoso. No ofrece demasiada documenta- a 2Mb de RAM). No comparte código con ningún otro Window Manager,está progra- mado en C++ y su licencia es GPL. Da sopor- te para gradientes y múltiples escritorios. Es de muy fácil uso y tiene un gran sistema de configuración con sistema para añadir Addons, themes, teclas de acceso rápido a aplicaciones, mucha documentación, etc. Se le puede dar un aspecto muy agradable con poco esfuerzo. Web: http://www.blackbox.es/ Compilación: $ ./configure $ make # make install Icewm Uno de los mejores y más populares win- dow-manager que existen para plataformas UNIX. Es muy configurable (capacidad pa- Figura 4. Fluxbox, Mejorando a Blackbox en muchos aspectos ra themes) y vistoso, no tanto como puede 24 Linux+ 5/2007 www.lpmagazine.org 25 entornos gráficos de trabajo entornos gráficos de trabajo Entornos gráficos minimalistas Entornos gráficos minimalistas Compilación: $ ./configure $ make # make install Fluxbox Este es uno de los entornos minimalistas más solicitado por la comunidad de usuarios. Po- demos encontrarlo por defecto en distros como Fluxbuntu, orientadas a máquinas con pocos recursos. Es un derivado de Blackbox y permite ser configurado un poco más a fon- do que el padre, permite el uso de themes y estilos de Blackbox. Puede usar transparen- cias y soporta esquinas redondeadas, tiene muy buena documentación y podemos usar Idesk para incluir iconos. De los mejores wm para UNIX. Web: http://fluxbox.sourceforge.net/ Figura 5.
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