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ELEMENTS for LIFE 0.Intro Sections:Paginated Book 16/2/07 09:29 Page 1 ELEMENTS FOR LIFE 0.Intro sections:Paginated book 16/2/07 09:29 Page 1 ELEMENTS FOR LIFE 0.Intro sections:Paginated book 16/2/07 09:29 Page 2 DISCLAIMER Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not engage the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The designations employed and presentation of material in this publication, including maps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix, Case postale No. 2300 CH-1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.wmo.int This publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, except for resale. Acknowledgement of the source is requested. Requests for the reproduction or translation of this publication should be directed to the publisher. ISBN 92-63-11021-2 Copyright © WMO 2007 All rights reserved. Geneva, Switzerland. Tudor Rose Published by Tudor Rose on behalf of the WMO. www.tudor-rose.co.uk Additional copies of this publication are available for purchase from the WMO or Tudor Rose. 0.Intro sections:Paginated book 16/2/07 09:29 Page 3 Acknowledgements Edited by Soobasschandra Chacowry, formerly of the World Meteorological Organization. Compiled by Sean Nicklin, Ben Cornwell and Jacqui Griffiths of Tudor Rose. Production team: Rebecca Davies, James Dodd, Stuart Fairbrother, Lindsay James and Paul Robinson of Tudor Rose. With thanks to all the authors listed in the contents section for their support in making Elements for Life possible. ActionAid International NASA www.actionaid.org www.nasa.gov Bahrain Meteorological Service National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA www.bahrainweather.com www.ncar.ucar.edu Biodiversity Conservation (India) Ltd National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln www.bioconserveindia.com/bcil.htm http://drought.unl.edu Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology National Emergency Management Agency, Korea www.cimh.edu.bb www.nema.go.kr Department of Science and Technology, India National Energy Authority, Iceland http://dst.gov.in www.os.is/page/english Environment Canada National Environment Agency, Singapore http://weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/canada http://app.nea.gov.sg European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites NOAA www.eumetsat.int www.noaa.gov Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Observatório Nacional de Saúde www.meteorf.ru www.onsa.pt Icelandic Meteorological Office Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs www.vedur.is/english http://ochaonline.un.org Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, Saudi Arabia www.earth.sinica.edu.tw/index_e.html www.pme.gov.sa Instituto de Meteorologia, Portugal Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water www.meteo.pt www.psipw.org/index.html Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, Brazil Singapore Public Utilities Board www.inmet.gov.br www.pub.gov.sg Instituto Nacional de Saúde Spanish National Meteorological Institute www.insarj.pt www.inm.es Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Taiwan Forestry Research Institute http://ioc.unesco.org www.cof.orst.edu/coops/ntc/taiwan/tfri.htm International Union of Railways Teisberg Associates www.uic.asso.fr UK Met Office Japan Meteorological Agency www.metoffice.gov.uk www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction JCOMM www.unisdr.org www.wmo.ch/web/aom/marprog/marprog.html Vaisala KNIMI www.vaisala.com www.knmi.nl/indexeng.html Woods Hole Group Korean Meteorological Institution www.whgrp.com http://web.kma.go.kr/eng World Bank Météo France www.worldbank.org www.meteo.fr World Meteorological Organization Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Croatia www.wmo.int http://meteo.hr/index_en.php []3 0.Intro sections:Paginated book 16/2/07 09:29 Page 4 Foreword Over the last two to three decades, meteorology and hydrology have undergone a major evolution. This has been facilitated by outstanding advances in science and technology, resulting in unprecedented volume, quality, types and coverage of observational data, especially those made by satellites. Such advances have also led to the develop- ment of supercomputers and numerical weather prediction systems; expanded capabilities for telecommunications including the Internet, and the sustained coordinating and catalytic role of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). At the same time, the rising sophistication and strength of the world economy and international trade, the increasing toll of natural disasters and the escalating concern for the environment, have led to an ever-increasing demand for timely and accurate information on the present and future states of weather, climate and water resources. Indeed, the transformation of this expanded knowledge base into concrete practical applications in the areas of poverty reduction and increased human well-being has made considerable headway. Areas where socio-economic benefits have been assessed include disaster prevention and mitigation, food production, water resource manage- ment, climate change science and adaptation, pollution control, energy production, insurance and support to health, among others. However, the exchange of this information and its successful application to sustainable socio-economic development, environmental protection and decision-making must be further intensified if all nations are to benefit equally from this progress. This is where the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS), as well as the research and academic communities, have an additional and very crucial role to play. Elements for Life is being published with the intention to provide a fresh perspective on the subject by a wide range of users of hydrometeorological information. The variety of issues included demonstrates that investments in mete- orological and hydrological activities are very cost effective in supporting national and international efforts to enhance human welfare and promote sustainable development. At the same time, this publication is an expression of the coordinating efforts of the WMO and the crucial role of the NMHS in developing and delivering essential services to the public, decision makers, the private sector and the wider user community. Elements for Life documents many of these important services in qualitative and quantitative terms and will no doubt serve as a record of the growing benefits that humanity gains from meteorology and hydrol- ogy and the potential that these sciences hold for human welfare in the years to come. On behalf of the WMO, I would like to express my appreciation to Tudor Rose for the initiative to publish this volume, and for selecting and organizing the relevant articles. I am equally grateful to all the authors and institutions that have amiably contributed to this historic publication. Michel Jarraud Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization []4 0.Intro sections:Paginated book 16/2/07 09:29 Page 5 Preface Since its establishment, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has excelled in monitoring the environ- ment, and in predicting its future state with increasing accuracy on all timescales from nowcasting to climate projections. For this achievement, the organization has coordinated and promoted on a worldwide scale the devel- opment of advances in science and technology and their application to meteorology, and fostered an unprecedented level of self-help and international cooperation. This global capacity has brought to the fore of the world’s agenda issues such as increasing greenhouse gases and the resulting global warming; potential climate change and its impact; improved early warning and a multi-hazard system against natural and environmental disasters; dwindling water resources; the depletion of stratospheric ozone and increas- ing levels of pollution. Such knowledge, provided by WMO’s unique system and maintained and operated by its 188 members, has enabled humanity to address these issues with a sense of urgency and concern for future generations. In addition, there is a considerable number of other areas where hydrometeorological knowledge is being success- fully applied to socio-economic development and environmental security. Some of the domains include agriculture, disaster mitigation, human health, water resources management, environment, desertification control, tourism, energy, insurance, trade, transport, construction – indeed, most human activities. The range of services is expanding rapidly. Each nation invests in hydrometeorological science, but in most cases the advantages derived are limited to a few major areas. In order to benefit from the full potential that hydrometeorological knowledge can bring to human affairs, a multidisciplinary and inter-institutional approach as well as further investment and cooperative arrange- ments are required. The National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) need to work with economists, social scientists, decision makers and other users to broaden the range of services provided and demonstrate the value of hydrometeorological information in the successful implementation of national development plans as well
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