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Alternative Futures: India Unshackled ALTERNATIVE FUTURES INDIA UNSHACKLED EDITED BY Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy First published in India in 2017 by: Paranjoy Guha Thaku ta for AuthorsUpFront Publishing Services Private Limited Copyright © 2017 Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy The copyright of the individual essays is vested with the respective author of the essay. Cover design: Neena Gupta Cover illustration: Ashish Kothari Inside illustrations: Bindia Thapa , originally prepared for National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan process coordinated by Kalpavriksh. Proofreading and index development: Vandana Bhagra Typeset by Ram Das Lal, New Delhi (NCR) Printed and bound at Saurabh Printers, Okhla, New Delhi ISBN: 978-81-933924-7-8 eBook available on Amazon Kindle All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the AUTHOR, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the publisher. It is a Creative Commons publication. Information from the book can be reproduced through print and digital formats for non-commercial use. Please attribute (CC BY-NC) whenever the information is used. Alternative Futures: India Unshackled First published in India in 2017 by: Paranjoy Guha Thaku ta for AuthorsUpFront Publishing Services Private Limited Copyright © 2017 Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy The copyright of the individual essays is vested with the respective author/s of the essay. It is a Creative Commons publication. Information from the book can be reproduced through print and digital formats for non-commercial use. Please attribute (CC BY-NC) whenever the information is used. Alternative Futures: India Unshackled is now available on the Internet as a free book to download. Students, researchers, activists and reading enthusiasts are encouraged (for non-commercial purpose only) to download, read, translate in any world language and share the original as well as translated version/s freely with others. When reproducing the information or extracts please cite as follows: (for the full book) Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy (eds), 2017, Alternative Futures: India Unshackled, AuthorsUpFront, New Delhi. (for individual essays) Author/s name, 2017, Article title, in Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy (eds), Alternative Futures: India Unshackled, AuthorsUpFront, New Delhi. Example: Harish Hande, Vivek Shastry and Rachita Mishra, ‘Energy futures in India’, in Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy (eds), Alternative Futures: India Unshackled, AuthorsUpFront, New Delhi. Visit Authorsupfront.com/futures-download.htm to download other articles and full book. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the publisher at [email protected] Contents Forward Shiv Vishwanathan vii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xix Introduction 1. Envisioning India’s future: An introduction Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy 3 Ecological Futures 2. Changing natures: A democratic and dynamic Kartik Shanker, Meera Anna 25 approach to biodiversity conservation Oommen, Nitin Rai 3. Environmental governance in future India: Sharachchandra Lele and 46 Principles, structures, and pathways Geetanjoy Sahu 4. The future of water in India Shripad Dharmadhikary and 63 Himanshu Thakka 5. Energy futures in India Harish Hande, Vivek Shastry, 80 Rachita Mishra Political Futures 6. The power equation and India’s future Pallav Das 103 7. Allowing people to shape our democratic Aruna Roy, Nikhil Dey, 120 future Praavita Kashyap with the MKSS 8. Legal futures for India Arpitha Kodiveri 138 9. For a radical social democracy: Imagining Aditya Nigam 155 possible Indian future/s 10. Multilinear critical theory: For a society of Bharat Patankar 174 liberated humanity 11. The future world order and India’s role in Muchkund Dubey 192 shaping it xxi Economic Futures 12. Pastoral futures in India Ilse KÖhler-Rollenfson and 213 Hanwant Singh Rathore 13. Anna Swaraj: A vision for food sovereignty and Bharat Mansata, Kavitha 228 agro-ecological resurgence Kuruganti, Vijay Jardhari, Vasant Futane 14. Crafts show the way for Indian Uzramma 250 industrialization 15. Industry, workers, and nation: Dreaming the Dunu Roy 266 good dream 16. Regionalization and localization of economies: Aseem Shrivastava and 285 A preliminary sketch for an ecological Elango Rangasamy imperative 17. Biomass-based rural revitalization in future K. J. Joy 304 India 18. Dare to dream M. P. Parameswaram 326 19. Future bazaar in India Rajni Bakshi 341 20. Reimagining India’s urban future Rakesh Kapoor 357 21. Alternative transportation in future India Sujit Patwardhan 379 22. Technological alternatives for Indian futures Dinesh Abrol 390 Socio-cultural Futures 23. Between diversity and aphasia: The future of Ganesh Devy 411 languages in India 24. Future of learning in Indian schools Rajesh Khindri and Tultul 425 Biswas 25. The future of arts in India: Challenges and Sudha Gopalakrishnan 441 opportunities towards revitalization and sustainability 26. Future of alternative media in India Paranjoy Guha Thaku ta 460 xxii 27. Knowledge futures: Democratic values and Rajeshwari S Raina 480 learning capacities for sustainability 28. Health systems in future India Abhay Shukla and 497 Rakhal Gaitonde 29. Imagining utopia: The importance of love, Arvind Narrain 517 dissent, and radical empathy 30. Envisioning dalit futures Anand Teltumbde 536 31. Envisioning India without gender and Manisha Gupte 555 patriarchy? Why not? 32. Future of religious minorities in India Irfan Engineer 574 33. A vision for adivasis Gladson Dungdung 594 Concluding Perspectives 34. A debate on the future is a debate on the Shrishtee Bajpai and Sarita 615 present: Notes from the authors’ dialogue Bhagat 35. Looking back into the future: India, South Ashish Kothari and K. J. Joy 627 Asia, and the world in 2100 Profiles of Authors 646 Index 661 xxiii Foreword Foreword One of the most delightful possibilities of a book like this, a mark of its hospitality, is its invitation to an errant writer to write the Foreword. So an absentee essay1 transforms itself in its second incarnation into a Foreword, describing not the book which is formidable in its competence, but the future as a possibility. I admit my generation dreamt of the future at a diffe ent level from the participants of the book. Here one senses a politics of anxiety, of responsibility, where ecology and justice in particular become all encompassing words for a world of possibilities. For my generation, the future was the domain of dissent, of the possibility of eccentricity. As a student, I was proud that it was Ananda Coomaraswamy and not Daniel Bell who coined the word ‘the post-industrial society’. I loved pointing out that Jules Verne’s Captain Nemo was actually an Indian prince displaced by the mutiny. To make assurance double sure, I would add that ET as an extra-terrestrial was an idea invented by Satyajit Ray and pursued by Steven Spielberg. It was not just the Science Fiction (SF) part of the future that fascinated me. In fact, SF hardly found a hold in India and the fascination Indians had for the detective novel hardly extended to SF. Partly our mythology was so rich, so replete with aliens, monsters, witches that one did not need SF as a genre. But SF or not, the Indian national movement was definitely futuristic. Whether one considers Coomaraswamy, Geddes, Saha, or Gandhi, one realizes the national movement was futuristic in myriads of ways. First, one must emphasize that Gandhi was no luddite. His ashrams were futuristic, ethical, and scientific experiments, laboratories of disciplined minds thinking of the future while the rest of the world slumbered. Patrick Geddes who was first professor of sociology dreamt of futuristic cities and a futuristic science. In fact, he wanted India to embody the idea of a post-Germanic science, a science that went beyond the extractive competence of the mine and the dreams of a steam engine. Tagore’s Santiniketan was partly a shared dream between Geddes and the poet dreaming of a futuristic university. Meghnad Saha and the science and culture group realized the danger of synthetic chemistry for products like lac, indigo, madder, and hoped that a science as a rishi-hood of the future would protect our primary products. The future, they warned, could raise prospects of obsolescence, erasure, triage, that if progress was one side of the Foreword coin, obsolescence was the other. A. K. Coomaraswamy in fact wrote that the Indian national movement had to fight a guerrilla war against the museum as it smelt of death and formaldehyde. In fact, futurism was the constant refrain of the national movement, a dream that fades out in the first decades of Independence. In that sense, Gandhi’s sense of Swadesi and Swaraj were a heuristics for the future, an idea which some of the essays take up as eco-swaraj. The e is a second point, a composite of style and content, that one must emphasize. Our futurism was playful, dissenting and epistemic for India; the future was a compost heap of dissenting and defeated imaginations. The future was an anthology of diffe ences, a thesaurus of diversity which democracy hoped to keep alive. Part of it arose from the ethical contract, the responsibility our activists at Chipko, Lokayan, Kalpavriksh felt that India could not develop linearly like the West, that the tribal, the nomad could not disappear but had to be part of the possibilities of the future. Secondly, that India would always have to be a society that existed in multiple time because only a society with multiple time made democracy a set of pluralistic possibilities. As a result, the future in India had to be a social contract between the oral, the textual, and the digital. The world of the Brundtland Report is too narrow, too provincial a language to build the idea of sustainability.
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