International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 3, March 2018, pp. 824–830, Article ID: IJCIET_09_03_082 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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EVALUATION OF SOIL POTENTIALITY FOR SUSTAINBLE DEVELOPMENT IN IRRIGATION PRACTICES USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY

M. Satish Kumar Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam Haranadha Reddy Institute of Technology, , ,

Pathan Nagul Meera, Sayyad Moulali, Shaik Shareef, P. Pavan Kumar, Syed Anwar Basha and R Siva Ganesh Goud B.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam Haranadha Reddy Institute of Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT Soil is the most essential natural resource for the survival of living beings on the earth but the scarcity of fertile soil is increased year by year to meet the food requirements of the increasing population. With rapid growing population and improving living conditions of the people the pressure on nature resources like soil is increasing at one side and at the other side industrial wastes, sewage, agricultural runoff, various synthetic chemicals that are using to increase the crop yield polluting soil drastically which in turn leads increased burden on availability of food resources. In this prospective a scientific methodology on a productive base is most essential for the proper monitoring and management of soil. The expertise people at ground level are able to be provide accurate information by adopting scientific technologies like remote sensing and GIS by availing SOI topsheets, high resolution satellite data, implementing GIS and collection of GPS points to assess the soil condition for suggesting techniques to improve the soil quality for increasing irrigation standards. Keywords: Soil, Population, Irrigation, Monitoring, GIS, GPS. Cite this Article: M. Satish Kumar, Pathan Nagul Meera, Sayyad Moulali, Shaik Shareef, P. Pavan Kumar, Syed Anwar Basha and R Siva Ganesh Goud, Evaluation of Soil Potentiality for Sustainble Development in Irrigation Practices Using Geospatial Technology, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(3), 2018, pp. 824–830. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=3

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 824 [email protected] M. Satish Kumar, Pathan Nagul Meera, Sayyad Moulali, Shaik Shareef, P. Pavan Kumar, Syed Anwar Basha and R Siva Ganesh Goud

1. INTRODUCTION Soil is a component of lithosphere, and it is a finite natural resource, which is effecting and damaging due to the activities like industrialization, urbanization and varied civic usages, as a result of these issues the burden on irrigation for supply of food, fuel and fodder will be worsen in coming future. The unscientific Irrigation practices may degrade the soil if the irrigation practices are not managed properly as per the condition of the soil and the crop. The greatest challenge of future generation is not only producing food but also preservation of fertile soil on sustainable basis. The capability of producing food is limited and it is influenced by the methods of various irrigation practices in this concern a suitable approach is required before the starting of any irrigation practice. Remote Sensing is an advanced technology which has great potential in mapping and monitoring of irrigation practices with accurate spatial information which can cover large area. By keeping this in view we have initiated this study for developing sustainability in irrigation practices.

2. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The study area consists ten villages comes under capital region of Andhra Pradesh at the bank of with coordinates of 16018’N and 80027’E, after the announcement of capital region rapid developmental activities were initiated at study area which consists the villages from mandal of namely , , , , , , Thulluru, Uddandarayunipalem, Pedaparimi and . to evaluate the potentiality of soil for future irrigation practices we have taken this as pilot study.

Figure 1 Location map of the study area

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY  The present study is aimed and developing interventions in the irrigation sector part of capital region of Andhra Pradesh. The specific objectives of this thesis are:  To examine and analyze the spatial information related to present practices of irrigation in part of capital region of Andhra Pradesh extracted from satellite remote sensing systems.  Preparation of base maps for all the villages in the study area  Determination of SQI (Soil Quality Index) at study area

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4. METHODOLOGY

Data acquisition and input

Attribute Data Satellite Data

Field information

Field SOI Topsheet information Sample Location

Soil Collection

Scanning and Digitization

Attribute Database Creation

Data Analysis & Interpretation

GIS Output

Results & recommendations

Figure 2 Flow chart showing step by step procedure of the study

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 826 [email protected] M. Satish Kumar, Pathan Nagul Meera, Sayyad Moulali, Shaik Shareef, P. Pavan Kumar, Syed Anwar Basha and R Siva Ganesh Goud

 Thematic layers will be prepared by using two seasons’ satellite data, SOI (Survey of India) topsheet, village maps and tentative soil erosion maps.  Two seasons’ satellite data of PAN (Panchromatic) and LISS-III (Linear Image Self Scanner) are geometrically corrected and enhanced, by using principal component method and Cubic Convolution resampling technique both PAN and LISS III data will be merged. Finally after map composition satellite imagery is printed in FCC in 1:50,000 scale.  Basic themes like base map, groundwater table map, rainwater harvesting map are prepared  Satellite image by visual interpretation techniques are used as reference to update thematic maps.  All the prepared maps were subjected for preliminary quality check to incorporate necessary corrections.  With reference to field observations all thematic layers were finalized  Ground water prospects map is prepared by taking considering of Lithology map, geomorphology map,  Final quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared.  By using digitization technique all the prepared maps were converted into a soft copy  Report was prepared with A4 size layout preparation, Editing / composition and Annexure preparation.  Preparation of hotlink for all thematic maps with Arc view project file  Final deliverables were prepared as a soft copy format for submission.

5. ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY INDEX (SQI) The analysis was done for basic parameters of soil which shows significant impact on irrigation practices, by adopting standard analytical procedures. Soil quality index is an informative and accurate method to find out the potentiality of soil capability. In this approach the five parameters like Organic matter (OM). Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Electrical conductivity (EC) and PH have combined to find out the potentiality of soil and it is as follows SQI= (DOM + DP + DK + DEC+ DPH) / 5 DOM = 1 If OM > 2 and 0 other wise DP = 1 If P > 20 and 0 other wise DK = 1 If K > 80 and 0 other wise DEC= 1 If EC < 2 and 0 other wise DPH = 1 If PH > 6.5 and 0 other wise The soil quality index at all the sites are computed based on the the resultant values the scale is given as Very good (> 0.7), Good (>0.6 – 0.7), Average (0.5- 0.6), Poor (< 0.5).

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Figure 3 Soil quality analysis map at study area

Table 1 Soil Quality analysis at study area S.No Village Name BULK MOISTURE Ca2+ Mg2+ ORGANIC pH EC SO 4 Nitrate Phosphorous Potassium DENSITY CONTENT MATTER (P) (K) 1 Venkatapalem 1 1.69 20.4 4.5 2.1 0.51 6.33 0.32 0.25 0.24 22.8 211 2 Venkatapalem 2 1.81 20 3.9 2.07 0.87 6.56 0.38 0.68 0.66 26 218 3 Venkatapalem 3 1.53 20.82 5.6 2.71 0.79 6.18 0.36 0.49 0.53 27.11 203 4 Mandadam 1 1.73 18.6 5.1 1.9 0.6 6.39 0.31 0.37 0.37 26.39 221 5 Mandadam 2 1.89 16.66 4.6 2.1 2.8 6.51 0.43 0.39 0.36 28.17 257 6 Mandadam 3 1.91 18.36 4.8 1.8 2.7 7.31 0.81 0.28 0.31 28.19 214 7 Thullur 1 1.71 17.6 4.6 2.3 0.7 5.98 0.81 0.73 0.61 23.3 204 8 Thullur 2 1.84 16.9 5.3 2.4 0.63 6.31 0.83 0.75 0.53 24.2 208 9 Thullur 1 1.66 15.78 2.16 1.95 0.74 6.12 0.66 0.59 0.47 26.5 241 10 Rayapudi 1 1.67 15.55 3.7 2.65 0.25 7.1 0.71 0.25 0.24 23.6 239 11 Rayapudi 2 1.83 16.9 2.8 2.7 0.47 6.81 0.52 0.35 0.38 23.5 241 12 Rayapudi 3 1.92 18.02 3.9 2.9 0.61 6.57 0.68 0.4 0.38 24.4 256 13 Lingayapalem 1 1.39 17.6 3.2 2.4 0.61 5.89 0.81 0.42 0.38 26.5 218 14 Lingayapalem 2 1.44 18.36 3.4 3.01 0.65 6.21 0.88 0.25 0.27 26.4 271 15 Lingayapalem 3 1.62 19.29 4.7 2.3 0.62 6.25 0.69 0.36 0.31 16.9 256 16 Uddandarayuni Palem 1 1.51 16 4.9 2.6 0.68 6.28 0.45 0.38 0.32 26.6 239 17 Uddandarayuni Palem2 1.63 16.66 3.3 2.9 0.61 5.73 0.69 0.34 0.32 26.5 235 18 Uddandarayuni Palem3 1.82 18.18 5.2 2.7 0.73 5.85 0.73 0.21 0.19 27.1 226 19 Velagapudi 1 1.91 17.5 4.6 2.7 0.74 6.53 0.49 0.34 0.33 27.9 241 20 Velagapudi 2 1.63 17.39 4.8 2.8 0.76 6.93 0.38 0.25 0.21 27.1 228 21 Velagapudi 3 1.65 17.64 5.3 2.3 2.65 6.81 0.28 0.41 0.31 27.5 235 22 Pedaparimi 1 1.71 16.2 5.7 2.3 0.89 6.81 0.67 0.36 0.32 28.1 232 23 Pedaparimi 2 1.87 14.5 4.5 2.6 0.63 6.88 0.71 0.27 0.18 28.8 245 24 Pedaparimi 3 1.93 16 3.4 3.4 0.62 6.95 0.83 0.27 0.16 18.2 226 25 Borupalem 1 1.87 21.2 3.9 3.2 0.82 6.37 0.88 0.43 0.31 18.9 231 26 Borupalem 2 1.75 16.66 4.8 3.8 0.64 6.55 0.79 0.61 0.33 17.8 222 27 Borupalem 3 1.91 17.4 5.3 2.3 0.71 7.03 0.91 0.32 0.32 17.6 218 28 Dondapadu 1 1.96 19.04 3.1 2.9 0.95 6.17 0.67 0.32 0.28 29.1 209 29 Dondapadu 2 1.77 18 3.6 2.5 0.54 6.19 0.81 0.28 0.27 28.4 219 30 Dondapadu 3 1.82 17.3 4.7 2.1 0.41 6.21 0.73 0.23 0.11 28.6 237

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 828 [email protected] M. Satish Kumar, Pathan Nagul Meera, Sayyad Moulali, Shaik Shareef, P. Pavan Kumar, Syed Anwar Basha and R Siva Ganesh Goud

Table 2 Soil Quality Index at study area (SQI) S.No Name Of The Village SQI Condition 1 Venkatapalem 1 0.6 Average 2 Venkatapalem 2 0.8 Very Good 3 Venkatapalem 3 0.6 Average 4 Mandadam 1 0.6 Average 5 Mandadam 2 1 Very Good 6 Mandadam 3 1 Very Good 7 Thullur 1 0.6 Average 8 Thullur 2 0.6 Average 9 Thullur 1 0.6 Average 10 Rayapudi 1 0.8 Very Good 11 Rayapudi 2 0.8 Very Good 12 Rayapudi 3 0.8 Very Good 13 Lingayapalem 1 0.6 Average 14 Lingayapalem 2 0.4 Poor 15 Lingayapalem 3 0.4 Poor 16 Uddandarayuni Palem 1 0.6 Average 17 Uddandarayuni Palem2 0.6 Average 18 Uddandarayuni Palem3 0.4 Poor 19 Velagapudi 1 0.6 Average 20 Velagapudi 2 0.6 Average 21 Velagapudi 3 0.8 Very Good 22 Pedaparimi 1 0.8 Very Good 23 Pedaparimi 2 0.8 Very Good 24 Pedaparimi 3 0.8 Very Good 25 Borupalem 1 0.4 Poor 26 Borupalem 2 0.6 Average 27 Borupalem 3 0.4 Poor 28 Dondapadu 1 0.4 Poor 29 Dondapadu 2 0.6 Average 30 Dondapadu 3 0.6 Average

5. CONCLUSIONS SQI was adopted to determine the potentiality of soil and it was categorized as very good, good, average and poor, from the above analysis it was identified that, ten samples (33.33%) were as very good, with SQI ranging from (>7), fourteen samples (46.67%) were as average with SQI ranging from (0.5 to 0.6 ), and six samples (20%) were considered as poor with SQI ranging between (< 4). Soil potentiality is always depends on the chemical composition of PH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, bulk density, organic matter calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, phosphorous and nitrate. Assessment of SQI is highly recommendable to identify the potentiality of soil for sustainable irrigation practices.

REFERENCES [1] Basava Raju D, Naidu M V S, Ramavatharam N, Venkaiah K, Rama Rao G and Reddy K S 2005 Characterization, classification and evaluation of soils in Chandragiri mandal of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Agropedology 15: 55–62. [2] Lillesand M Thomas and Ralph w keiferi, remote sensing and image interpretation, John wiley and sons, Newyork, 2000. [3] M. Anji Reddy, Text book of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information systems, Second edition, B.S Publications, Hyderabad, 2001.

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[4] Manual of Land use / Land cover mapping using Satellite imagery”, Part I and II, National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Govt. of India, 1989 [5] Mishra H.C,”Introduction To Satellite Remote Sensing”, GIS India, 1998. [6] Y. Anjaneyulu, Introduction to Environmental Science, Edition, B.S Publications, Hyderabad, 2004. [7] Chapman H O 1965 Cation exchange capacity. In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part- II (ed. C A Black). American Society of Agronomy, Inc, USA 891-901. [8] Department of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh 1972 soils of Andhra Pradesh Publication No.2. [9] Esther Shekinah, D., Saha, S. K. and Rejaur Rahman, 2004, Land capability evaluation for land use planning using GIS. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 52: 232-237. [10] Manual of Land use / Land cover mapping using Satellite imagery”, Part I and II, National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Govt. of India, 1989 [11] Feras M. Ziadat,(2007), Land Suitability Classification Using Different Sources of Information: Soil Maps and Predicted Soil Attributes in Jordan, Geoderma Vol.: 140, No.: 1-2, [Page 73-80]. [12] Evaluation of groundwater pattern in block cotton soils using geospatial technology – A Model study, M.Satish Kumar, M.V Raju. and G.Venu Ratna kumari published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume No: 8. Issue No: 05, May 2017, pp 851 – 855 ISSN: 0976-6316. [13] Interpretation and correlative study of water simulation in surface water bodies, M.Satish Kumar, M. V Raju. S.ramesh babu and M.Siva Jagadeesh kumar published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume No: 8. Issue No: 05, May 2017, pp 1206 – 1211, ISSN: 0976-6316. [14] Comprehensive index of groundwater prospects by using standard protocols – A model study, M.Satish Kumar, M.V Raju., and Hepsiba palivela published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume No: 8. Issue No: 05, May 2017 pp 521 – 526. ISSN: 0976-6316. [15] A Synaptical representation of potentiality of groundwater by using geospatial technology, G.Venu Ratna kumara, M.Satish Kumar, M.V Raju., and Hepsiba palivela published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, Volume No: 9. Issue No: 1, January 2018, pp 748 – 754, ISSN: 0976-6316.

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