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An Introduction to the X Window System Introduction to X's Anatomy
An Introduction to the X Window System Robert Lupton This is a limited and partisan introduction to ‘The X Window System’, which is widely but improperly known as X-windows, specifically to version 11 (‘X11’). The intention of the X-project has been to provide ‘tools not rules’, which allows their basic system to appear in a very large number of confusing guises. This document assumes that you are using the configuration that I set up at Peyton Hall † There are helpful manual entries under X and Xserver, as well as for individual utilities such as xterm. You may need to add /usr/princeton/X11/man to your MANPATH to read the X manpages. This is the first draft of this document, so I’d be very grateful for any comments or criticisms. Introduction to X’s Anatomy X consists of three parts: The server The part that knows about the hardware and how to draw lines and write characters. The Clients Such things as terminal emulators, dvi previewers, and clocks and The Window Manager A programme which handles negotiations between the different clients as they fight for screen space, colours, and sunlight. Another fundamental X-concept is that of resources, which is how X describes any- thing that a client might want to specify; common examples would be fonts, colours (both foreground and background), and position on the screen. Keys X can, and usually does, use a number of special keys. You are familiar with the way that <shift>a and <ctrl>a are different from a; in X this sensitivity extends to things like mouse buttons that you might not normally think of as case-sensitive. -
Development Version from Github
Qtile Documentation Release 0.13.0 Aldo Cortesi Dec 24, 2018 Contents 1 Getting started 1 1.1 Installing Qtile..............................................1 1.2 Configuration...............................................4 2 Commands and scripting 21 2.1 Commands API............................................. 21 2.2 Scripting................................................. 24 2.3 qshell................................................... 24 2.4 iqshell.................................................. 26 2.5 qtile-top.................................................. 27 2.6 qtile-run................................................. 27 2.7 qtile-cmd................................................. 27 2.8 dqtile-cmd................................................ 30 3 Getting involved 33 3.1 Contributing............................................... 33 3.2 Hacking on Qtile............................................. 35 4 Miscellaneous 39 4.1 Reference................................................. 39 4.2 Frequently Asked Questions....................................... 98 4.3 License.................................................. 99 i ii CHAPTER 1 Getting started 1.1 Installing Qtile 1.1.1 Distro Guides Below are the preferred installation methods for specific distros. If you are running something else, please see In- stalling From Source. Installing on Arch Linux Stable versions of Qtile are currently packaged for Arch Linux. To install this package, run: pacman -S qtile Please see the ArchWiki for more information on Qtile. Installing -
No Slide Title
Embedded Systems Class overview, Embedded systems introduction, Raspberry Pi, Linux OS, X-windows, Window manager, Desktop Environment Prof. Myung-Eui Lee (A-405) [email protected] Embedded Systems 1-1 KUT Embedded Systems Class Overview ⚫ Embedded Systems Class Operations » Past : 3 (credit) -2 (lecture) -2 (practice) » Now : 3 (credit) -1 (lecture) -1 (design) -2 (practice) » Future : 4 (credit) -2 (lecture) -2 (design) -0 (practice) ⚫ PBL : Problem or Project Based Learning » Problem : 4 problems » Project : 2 projects ⚫ 4 hours Class » 1 hour (lecture) + 1 hour (lecture or design) + 2 hours (practice) ▪ 1 hour (lecture) + 1 hour (lecture or design) : me ▪ 2 hours (practice) : Ph.D Park ⚫ Target Board : Raspberry Pi 3 » ARM + Linux Embedded Systems 1-2 KUT Embedded Systems Class Overview ⚫ Class Grade : » Mid Term Exam : 15 % [30 %] » Final Term Exam : 15 % [30 %] » Peer Evaluation : 10 % (Project #1 : 5% + Project #2 : 5%) » Project #1 Evaluation : 10 % » Project #2 Evaluation : 15 % » Experimental Lab. : 20 % [20 %] » Class Participation : 15 % [20 %] » Social Problem (Project #2) Optional : +5 % ⚫ Lecture Notes: http://microcom.koreatech.ac.kr Embedded Systems 1-3 KUT Embedded Systems ⚫ Definition of embedded system » Embedded system = H/W + S/W ▪ H/W = CPU + Memory + I/O ▪ S/W = Device driver + OS (or non OS) + Application program » Any electronic system that uses a CPU chip, but that is not a general-purpose workstation, desktop or laptop computer. » In embedded systems, the software typically resides in memory device, such as a flash memory or ROM chip. In contrast to a general-purpose computer that loads its programs into RAM each time. » Sometimes, single board and rack mounted general-purpose computers are called "embedded computers" if used to control. -
Enhancing Xfree86 Security
Enhancing XFree86 Security Matthieu Herrb July 2003 Libre Software Meeting Introduction Libre Software Meeting 1 What is XFree86 ? • a Free implementation of the X Window System, based on X.Org’s sample implementation (X11R6.6). • History: X386 (Three Eight Six) → XFree86 (Free Eight Six) • Runs on: Unix™, SVR4, *BSD, Linux, Windows (Cygwin), Mac OS X, etc. • Foundation for most modern GUIs and Desktops on Linux/Unix-like systems. Libre Software Meeting 2 Security concerns - summary Client side: Setuid clients Scripting toolkits Networking: connection setup / connection sniffing Server side: Server is setuid root Various issues: xdm, xfs, proxies Libre Software Meeting 3 Chapter 1 Client side security Libre Software Meeting 4 Which problems ? Traditional application level security: handling (and limiting) privileges Some remaining issues: • xterm (on systems where pty allocation needs root) • xlock like applications • ICCM and other scriptable X Toolkits and applications → out of the scope of this talk. Libre Software Meeting 5 Chapter 2 Networking issues Libre Software Meeting 6 Security at the transport level Access control done mainly at the transport level: if a client is able to get a connection to the X server, it can take full control of it: • display windows • get events • send synthetic events to other windows • change X resource database • access server-side data (atoms, pixmaps, etc) • tweak video modes Libre Software Meeting 7 X11 Transport Security models Transport types: • TCP • local (Unix domain sockets + SVR4 local) connections • SYSV SHM Authentication types: • Host based - xhost • Magic cookies - xauth • XDM • Kerberos, SUN-DES-1 (not widely used AFAIK) Too many people still use xhost + .. -
Pipenightdreams Osgcal-Doc Mumudvb Mpg123-Alsa Tbb
pipenightdreams osgcal-doc mumudvb mpg123-alsa tbb-examples libgammu4-dbg gcc-4.1-doc snort-rules-default davical cutmp3 libevolution5.0-cil aspell-am python-gobject-doc openoffice.org-l10n-mn libc6-xen xserver-xorg trophy-data t38modem pioneers-console libnb-platform10-java libgtkglext1-ruby libboost-wave1.39-dev drgenius bfbtester libchromexvmcpro1 isdnutils-xtools ubuntuone-client openoffice.org2-math openoffice.org-l10n-lt lsb-cxx-ia32 kdeartwork-emoticons-kde4 wmpuzzle trafshow python-plplot lx-gdb link-monitor-applet libscm-dev liblog-agent-logger-perl libccrtp-doc libclass-throwable-perl kde-i18n-csb jack-jconv hamradio-menus coinor-libvol-doc msx-emulator bitbake nabi language-pack-gnome-zh libpaperg popularity-contest xracer-tools xfont-nexus opendrim-lmp-baseserver libvorbisfile-ruby liblinebreak-doc libgfcui-2.0-0c2a-dbg libblacs-mpi-dev dict-freedict-spa-eng blender-ogrexml aspell-da x11-apps openoffice.org-l10n-lv openoffice.org-l10n-nl pnmtopng libodbcinstq1 libhsqldb-java-doc libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil sg3-utils linux-backports-modules-alsa-2.6.31-19-generic yorick-yeti-gsl python-pymssql plasma-widget-cpuload mcpp gpsim-lcd cl-csv libhtml-clean-perl asterisk-dbg apt-dater-dbg libgnome-mag1-dev language-pack-gnome-yo python-crypto svn-autoreleasedeb sugar-terminal-activity mii-diag maria-doc libplexus-component-api-java-doc libhugs-hgl-bundled libchipcard-libgwenhywfar47-plugins libghc6-random-dev freefem3d ezmlm cakephp-scripts aspell-ar ara-byte not+sparc openoffice.org-l10n-nn linux-backports-modules-karmic-generic-pae -
Xfree86® on Darwin and Mac OS X Torrey T
XFree86® on Darwin and Mac OS X Torrey T. Lyons 15 December 2003 1. Introduction XFree86, a freely redistributable open-source implementation of the X Window System, has been ported to Darwin and Mac OS X. This document is a collection of information for anyone running XFree86 on Apple’s next generation operating system. Most of the current work on XFree86 for Darwin and Mac OS Xiscentered around the XonX project at SourceForge. If you areinterested in up-to-date status, want to report a bug, or are interested in working on XFree86 for Darwin, stop by the XonX project. 2. Hardware Supportand Configuration The X window server for Darwin and Mac OS Xprovided by the XFree86 Project, Inc. is called XDarwin. XDarwin can run in three different modes. On Mac OS X, XDarwin runs in parallel with Aqua in full screen or rootless modes. These modes arecalled Quartz modes, named after the Quartz 2D compositing engine used by Aqua. XDarwin can also be run from the Darwin con- sole in IOKit mode. In full screen Quartz mode, when the X Window System is active, it takes over the entirescreen. Youcan switch back to the Mac OS Xdesktop by holding down Command-Option-A. This key combination can be changed in the user preferences. From the Mac OS Xdesktop, click on the XDarwin icon in the Dock to switch back to the X window system. (You can change this behavior in the user preferences so that you must click the XDarwin icon in the floating switch window instead.) In rootless mode, the X window system and Aqua shareyour display. -
Qtile Documentation Release 0.6
Qtile Documentation Release 0.6 Aldo Cortesi January 13, 2015 Contents 1 Installing 3 2 Configuration 5 3 Commands and scripting 7 4 Reference 9 5 Miscellaneous 11 5.1 Installing Qtile.............................................. 11 5.2 Installing on Arch Linux......................................... 11 5.3 Installing on Debian........................................... 12 5.4 Installing on Funtoo........................................... 13 5.5 Installing on Gentoo........................................... 16 5.6 Installing from Source.......................................... 17 5.7 Installing on Ubuntu........................................... 18 5.8 Configuration............................................... 18 5.9 Default Configuration.......................................... 19 5.10 Running Inside Gnome.......................................... 20 5.11 Groups.................................................. 21 5.12 Hooks................................................... 22 5.13 Keys................................................... 22 5.14 Layouts.................................................. 23 5.15 Mouse.................................................. 23 5.16 Screens.................................................. 24 5.17 Starting Qtile............................................... 24 5.18 Commands API............................................. 24 5.19 Object Graph............................................... 25 5.20 Keys................................................... 26 5.21 qsh................................................... -
CIS 191 Linux Lab Exercise
CIS 191 Linux Lab Exercise Lab 5: Configuring an X Window Session Fall 2008 Lab 5: Configuring an X Window Session The purpose of this lab is to custom configure an X Window session for a regular user. You will be editing configuration files to control which window manager and which X clients will come up in the session. You will then be turning in a screen shot of your configured display along with the contents of one of the configuration files. VMware systems are available for you to use in the CTC and the CIS Lab (room 2504). Supplies • Star VM or CentOS 5 ISO Forum If you get stuck on one of the steps below don’t beat your head against the wall. Use the forum to ask for assistance or post any valuable tips and hints once you have finished. Forum is at: http://simms-teach.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=10 Procedure 1) Either use the Star VM or make your own VM by installing Centos 5. Star is already configured to boot into run level 3. If you are using the Star VM, do a Revert to Snapshot (under the VMware Snapshot menu) Log in as cis191. X Windows should not be running; if it is, you need to switch to runlevel 3. Use the following command as superuser: /sbin/init 3 In your home directory, remove any hidden files called .xinitrc or .Xclients 2) To run an X Window Desktop session you would use the startx command. In this lab, we are going to run a simpler version of the X Window system consisting of just the X server, a window manager and a few clients. -
X Window System
X Window System MangoHot 2015/09/24 Outline ❑X Window System • Introduction • Architecture • X11 Implementation • The Window Manager ❑Steps of exercise • Install and Configuring X11 • Install Window Manager 2 X Window System (1) • Introduction – X can be called "X"、"X11"、"X Window", using to provides a graphical user interface (GUI). – X was designed from the beginning to be network-centric, and adopts a "client-server" model. • History – 1984: The X Window system was developed as part of Project Athena at MIT. – 1987: X Version 11 is released. X is now controlled and maintained by the Open Group. – 2005/12: X11R7.0 – 2009/10: X11R7.5 – 2010/11: X11R7.6 – 2012/6/6: X11R7.7 3 X Window System (2) ❑Architecture: • A client-server architecture ➢The X client request display service ➢The X server provide display service ➢Communicate with X Protocol 4 X Window System (3) • Client-Server Design – Client • An application written using X libraries (e.g. Xlib) • Request service (like create window) • Receive events from X server (like mouse input) – Server • Runs locally and accepts multiple X clients • Manage the keyboard, mouse and display device • Create, draw and destroy graphic objects on screen 5 X Window System (4) ❑X Protocol • The X Protocol is also divided into device dependent and device independent layers. • Advantages of X protocol ➢The X server is highly portable (various OS, Language) ➢The X Clients also have high portability ➢Local and network based computing look and feel the same 6 X11 Implementation ❑Open-source implementations of X Window System • XFree86 project ➢Since 1992, dormant in Dec, 2011 ➢Latest Version: 4.8.0 Dec 15, 2008 • Xorg foundation ➢Since 2004, forked from XFree86 4.4 RC2 ➢X11 official flavor ➢Latest Version: 7.7 June 6, 2012 7 The Window Manager (1) • Window Manager – A special kind of "X Client" provides certain look-and-feel window in front of you. -
Solaris X Window System Reference Manual
Solaris X Window System Reference Manual Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. 1995 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 USA. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Portions of this product may be derived from the UNIX system, licensed from UNIX System Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc., and from the Berkeley 4.3 BSD system, licensed from the University of California. Third- party software, including font technology in this product, is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun's Suppliers. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 and FAR 52.227-19. The product described in this manual may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. TRADEMARKS Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunSoft, the SunSoft logo, Solaris, SunOS, OpenWindows, DeskSet, ONC, ONC+, and NFS are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. OPEN LOOK is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. -
X Window System, Version 11, Release 5, Release
X Window System, Version 11, Release 5 Release Notes MIT X Consortium staff MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Copyright © 1991 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this document for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, pro- vided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that the name of MIT not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to this document without specific, written prior permission. MIT makes no representations about the suitability of this document for any purpose. It is provided ‘‘as is’’ without express or implied warranty. X Window System is a trademark of MIT. This document describes how to build, install, and get started with Release 5 of the X Window System from MIT and gives a brief overview of the contents of the release. 1. For the Impatient Explorer For those of you who will try to build the distribution without reading the entire release notes first, here is a quick summary of what to do. If you want to build with gcc, edit mit/config/site.def by uncommenting the HasGcc line. If you want to install into somewhere other than /usr/bin/X11, /usr/include/X11, etc., edit mit/config/site.def by uncommenting the ProjectRoot lines and changing "/usr/X11R5" to what- ev erdirectory you want to install into. (Do not use DESTDIR.) Check the appropriate mit/config/vendor.cf file to make sure that OSMajorVersion and OSMi- norVersion are set correctly (change them if necessary). Find the BootstrapCFlags line, if any, in the vendor.cf file. -
Name Synopsis Description Platforms Network
XFree86(1) XFree86(1) NAME XFree86 - X11R6 X server SYNOPSIS XFree86 [:display][option ...] DESCRIPTION XFree86 is a full featured X server that was originally designed for UNIX and UNIX-likeoperating sys- tems running on Intel x86 hardware. It nowruns on a wider range of hardware and OS platforms. This work was originally derivedfrom X386 1.2 by Thomas Roell which was contributed to X11R5 by Sni- tily Graphics Consulting Service. The XFree86 server architecture was redesigned for the 4.0 release, and it includes among manyother things a loadable module system derivedfrom code donated by Metro Link, Inc. The current XFree86 release is compatible with X11R6.6. PLATFORMS XFree86 operates under a wide range of operating systems and hardware platforms. The Intel x86 (IA32) architecture is the most widely supported hardware platform. Other hardware platforms include Compaq Alpha, Intel IA64, SPARC and PowerPC. The most widely supported operating systems are the free/Open- Source UNIX-likesystems such as Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD. Commercial UNIX operat- ing systems such as Solaris (x86) and UnixWare are also supported. Other supported operating systems include LynxOS, and GNU Hurd. Darwin and Mac OS X are supported with the XDarwin(1) X server. Win32/Cygwin is supported with the XWin X server. NETWORK CONNECTIONS XFree86 supports connections made using the following reliable byte-streams: Local On most platforms, the "Local" connection type is a UNIX-domain socket. On some System V plat- forms, the "local" connection types also include STREAMS pipes, named pipes, and some other mechanisms. TCP IP XFree86 listens on port 6000+n,where n is the display number.This connection type can be disabled with the nolisten option (see the Xserver(1) man page for details).