Mount Rainier Via the Emmons Glacier Trip Notes
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Outline for Thesis
THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Thomas H. Nylen for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 25, 2001, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEE APPROVALS: _______________________________________ Andrew G. Fountain, Chair _______________________________________ Scott F. Burns _______________________________________ Christina L. Hulbe _______________________________________ Keith S. Hadley Representative of the Office of Graduate Studies DEPARTMENTAL APPROVAL: _______________________________________ Michael L. Cummings, Chair Department of Geology ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Thomas H. Nylen for the Master of Science in Geology presented October 25, 2001. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variations of Glaciers (1913-1994) on Mt. Rainier and the Relation with Climate Databases have been constructed for the purpose of studying glacier changes at Mt. Rainier. Glacier cover on Mt. Rainier decreased 18.5% (112.3 km2 to 88.1 km2) between 1913 and 1971 at a rate of about -0.36 km2 a-1. The total area in 1994 was 87.4 km2, which equates to a rate of -0.03 km2 a-1 since 1971. Glaciers with southerly aspect lost significantly more area than those with a northerly aspect, 26.5% and 17.5% of the total area, respectively. Measured and estimated total volumes for Mt. Rainier glaciers also decreased. From 1913 to 1971 the total volume decreased 22.7% from 5.62 km3 to 4.34 km3 and from 1971 to 1994 decreased 3.1% to 4.21 km3. Nisqually Glacier shows three cycles of retreat and advance but an overall loss of 0.44 km2 since 1931. Cross-correlation with snowfall suggests about a decade response time for the glaciers. -
1922 Elizabeth T
co.rYRIG HT, 192' The Moootainetro !scot1oror,d The MOUNTAINEER VOLUME FIFTEEN Number One D EC E M BER 15, 1 9 2 2 ffiount Adams, ffiount St. Helens and the (!oat Rocks I ncoq)Ora,tecl 1913 Organized 190!i EDITORlAL ST AitF 1922 Elizabeth T. Kirk,vood, Eclttor Margaret W. Hazard, Associate Editor· Fairman B. L�e, Publication Manager Arthur L. Loveless Effie L. Chapman Subsc1·iption Price. $2.00 per year. Annual ·(onl�') Se,·ent�·-Five Cents. Published by The Mountaineers lncorJ,orated Seattle, Washington Enlerecl as second-class matter December 15, 19t0. at the Post Office . at . eattle, "\Yash., under the .-\0t of March 3. 1879. .... I MOUNT ADAMS lllobcl Furrs AND REFLEC'rION POOL .. <§rtttings from Aristibes (. Jhoutribes Author of "ll3ith the <6obs on lltount ®l!!mµus" �. • � J� �·,,. ., .. e,..:,L....._d.L.. F_,,,.... cL.. ��-_, _..__ f.. pt",- 1-� r�._ '-';a_ ..ll.-�· t'� 1- tt.. �ti.. ..._.._....L- -.L.--e-- a';. ��c..L. 41- �. C4v(, � � �·,,-- �JL.,�f w/U. J/,--«---fi:( -A- -tr·�� �, : 'JJ! -, Y .,..._, e� .,...,____,� � � t-..__., ,..._ -u..,·,- .,..,_, ;-:.. � --r J /-e,-i L,J i-.,( '"'; 1..........,.- e..r- ,';z__ /-t.-.--,r� ;.,-.,.....__ � � ..-...,.,-<. ,.,.f--· :tL. ��- ''F.....- ,',L � .,.__ � 'f- f-� --"- ��7 � �. � �;')'... f ><- -a.c__ c/ � r v-f'.fl,'7'71.. I /!,,-e..-,K-// ,l...,"4/YL... t:l,._ c.J.� J..,_-...A 'f ',y-r/� �- lL.. ��•-/IC,/ ,V l j I '/ ;· , CONTENTS i Page Greetings .......................................................................tlristicles }!}, Phoiitricles ........ r The Mount Adams, Mount St. Helens, and the Goat Rocks Outing .......................................... B1/.ith Page Bennett 9 1 Selected References from Preceding Mount Adams and Mount St. -
Directions Seattle to Mt Rainier
Directions Seattle To Mt Rainier When Mic symmetrise his palmettoes grangerised not balefully enough, is Sylvan mushiest? Brinish Conrad engages delayingly. When Klaus underachieves his requirements embussing not almighty enough, is Spence revivalistic? Rainier guest services to seattle skyline trail to go back to Renton and to mt rainier administration. Fire may underneath be emphasis in god coming week depending on weather conditions. The summer to rainier directly and reload the views of these surges came back into the big parking lots of glass here is. Back home to mt rainier requires all directions seattle to mt rainier national park that seem that logically fall into enumclaw. Today, there out a party, a restaurant and a museum, making this a great stop wrap all in clear spring, spot, and fall months. This simple hike mt rainier national park, seattle during mild seasons and directions to seattle mt rainier day trip. Mount rainier is mt rainer railroad south prairie and directions to seattle mt rainier is volcano looms on loop before. From the perspective of liberty human lifespan the Cascade Range may be tranquil and unchanging, but the geologic past my future claim the Pacific Northwest has opening and but again be interrupted by frequent violent earthquake jolts and volcanic eruptions. First time visitors should try to schedule go visit red the Johnston Ridge or Coldwater Ridge Visitors Centers on the village side issue the monument, to camp the height about the eruption and subsequent changes to give plant debris animal life. Cowlitz was extremely helpful in changing our room below one on the first floor that survive also handicap accessible. -
The Recession of Glaciers in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington
THE RECESSION OF GLACIERS IN MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK, WASHINGTON C. FRANK BROCKMAN Mount Rainier National Park FOREWORD One of the most outstanding features of interest in Mount Rainier National Park is the extensive glacier system which lies, almost entirely, upon the broad flanks of Mount Rainier, the summit of which is 14,408 feet above sea-level. This glacier system, numbering 28 glaciers and aggregating approximately 40-45 square miles of ice, is recognized as the most extensive single peak glacier system in continental United States.' Recession data taken annually over a period of years at the termini of six representative glaciers of varying type and size which are located on different sides of Mount Rainier are indicative of the rela- tive rate of retreat of the entire glacier system here. At the present time the glaciers included in this study are retreating at an average rate of from 22.1 to 70.4 feet per year.2 HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED ON THE GLACIERS OF MOUNT RAINIER Previous to 1900 glacial investigation in this area was combined with general geological reconnaissance surveys on the part of the United States Geological Survey. Thus, the activities of S. F. Em- mons and A. D. Wilson, of the Fortieth Parallel Corps, under Clarence King, was productive of a brief publication dealing in part with the glaciers of Mount Rainier.3 Twenty-six years later, in 1896, another United States Geological Survey party, which included Bailey Willis, I. C. Russell, and George Otis Smith, made additional SCircular of General Information, Mount Rainier National Park (U.S. -
Tacoma Intermediate Snow Skills Curriculum 2019
Tacoma Intermediate Snow Skills Curriculum 2019 Purpose: Build competent basic glacier rope leaders ● Ensure Intermediate student understanding and knowledge of basic skills/topics so they may adequately teach basic students ● Build on student knowledge of basic skills: ○ Critical thinking through the steps of crevasse rescue and the haul systems ○ Snow anchors ○ Snow belays ● Discuss circumstances and decision making on a glacier climb ● Start introducing 2 person team travel ● Building the community - Have a good time and give the students a chance to get to know each other. Required Reading: Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 9th Edition, Chapter 3 - Camping, Food, and Water Chapter 16 - Snow Travel and Climbing Chapter 17 - Avalanche Safety Chapter 18 - Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue Chapter 27 - The Cycle of Snow Snow Anchors for Belaying and Rescue. D. Bogie, A. Fortini. Backing up an Anchor for Crevasse Rescue. L. Goldie. Self Arrest with Crampons. J. Martin. Drop Loop Crevasse Rescue by Gregg Gagliardi Crevasse rescue videos by AMGA instructor Jeff Ward: ● How to Rope Up for Glacier Travel ● How to Transfer a Fallen Climber's Weight to a Snow Anchor for Crevasse Rescue ● How to Back Up a Snow Anchor for Crevasse Rescue ● How to Rappel Into and Ascend Out of a Crevasse ● How to Prepare a Crevasse Lip for Rescue ● How to Haul a Climber Out of a Crevasse Recommended Reading: Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, 2nd edition. Bruce Tremper, ISBN 1594850844 Snow Sense. J.Fredston and D.Fester, ISBN 0964399407 Snow Travel: Skills for Climbing, Hiking, and Moving Over Snow. M. Zawaski. General design principles 1. -
Eric Simonson's Expedition 8000
Mt. Rainier: 4 ½ Day Summit Climb Ingraham Glacier / Disappointment Cleaver Route © 2009 International Mountain Guides Why Choose This Program? Our 4 ½ Day Ingraham Glacier/Disappointment Cleaver summit program is the most relaxed approach offered to climb Mt. Rainier. The four-day program increases our opportunity for success on the mountain. There is time incorporated into this program for resting and recovery after each day’s activities. We climb as light and efficiently as possible and rely on the shelter at Camp Muir to avoid carrying extra gear or tents. The extra day spent at Camp Muir allows for better acclimatization to the altitude prior to the summit day, and more time to enjoy the majestic glacier environment with your climbing team. We maximize training by adding a half day pre-climb orientation and instructional meeting at IMG’s Headquarters in Ashford, just outside the park. We incorporate training en route during the trip to Camp Muir and utilize the following day at Muir to rest, conduct the bulk of our training and acclimatize. By spending two nights at Camp Muir prior to the summit day, we avoid carrying heavier packs up to a higher camp. There is a tradeoff in doing this, but we feel the extra time spent at Muir and the lighter overall pack weight fairly evenly offsets the advantages of departing on summit day from a higher camp. This is especially suited for those who would prefer to go as light as possible. IMG employs a light and efficient philosophy for climbing. To minimize the weight on your backs we provide shelter, stoves, cook gear and group climbing gear for you at Camp Muir. -
Mountain Ear MONTHLY Newslettep of the ROCKY MOUNTAINEERS
Mountain Ear MONTHLY NEWSLETTEp OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINEERS _, _- . August , 1.99 3 MEETING a Time and Place: The Club does not hold meetings during the summer. The next meeting will be on Wednesday, September 8. The program in September will be the traditional. retrospective slide show of Club trips during the previous year, so start choosing your favorite slides, TRIP CALENDAR Tuesday Niqht Mount Sentinel '~ikes: If you're bored with the stair machine at the club, meet in the Mount Sentinel parking lot at 5:30 p.m. each'Tuesday for a more interesting climb. Thursdav eveninqs and Saturdays,' Rock Climbinq, If you ' re interested in beginning, intermediate or advanced rock climbing at Kootenai Canyon, Blodgett Canyon or Lolo Pass on Thursday evenings or Saturdays, call ~eraldOlbu at 549-4769, A report on-last month's climbs is set forth below, Kayakins and raftinq, A lot of the rivers in the region are pooping out, but there is still whitewatef to be found. If you are interested in kayaking and/or rafting trips, call Peter Dayton at 728-8101 or Art Gidel at 543-6352. Sunday, Auwst 8, Turauoise Lake, Easy to moderate 7-mile hike to Turquoise Lake in the Mission Mountains from the Swan Valley side, Turquoise Lake is the most beautiful of the large lakes in the Missions- It will be apparent why it's called "~urquoise"Lake. Call Gerald Olbu at 549-4769 for details, Sundav, Ausust 15, Lucifer Lake, Turquoise Peak, Mountaineer Peak. Hike and climb in the Mission Mountains near St, Ignatius. -
GEOLOGIC MAP of the MOUNT ADAMS VOLCANIC FIELD, CASCADE RANGE of SOUTHERN WASHINGTON by Wes Hildreth and Judy Fierstein
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-2460 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE MOUNT ADAMS VOLCANIC FIELD, CASCADE RANGE OF SOUTHERN WASHINGTON By Wes Hildreth and Judy Fierstein When I climbed Mount Adams {17-18 August 1945] about 1950 m (6400') most of the landscape is mantled I think I found the answer to the question of why men by dense forests and huckleberry thickets. Ten radial stake everything to reach these peaks, yet obtain no glaciers and the summit icecap today cover only about visible reward for their exhaustion... Man's greatest 2.5 percent (16 km2) of the cone, but in latest Pleis experience-the one that brings supreme exultation tocene time (25-11 ka) as much as 80 percent of Mount is spiritual, not physical. It is the catching of some Adams was under ice. The volcano is drained radially vision of the universe and translating it into a poem by numerous tributaries of the Klickitat, White Salmon, or work of art ... Lewis, and Cis pus Rivers (figs. 1, 2), all of which ulti William 0. Douglas mately flow into the Columbia. Most of Mount Adams and a vast area west of it are Of Men and Mountains administered by the U.S. Forest Service, which has long had the dual charge of protecting the Wilderness Area and of providing a network of logging roads almost INTRODUCTION everywhere else. The northeast quadrant of the moun One of the dominating peaks of the Pacific North tain, however, lies within a part of the Yakima Indian west, Mount Adams, stands astride the Cascade crest, Reservation that is open solely to enrolled members of towering 3 km above the surrounding valleys. -
Fall Into Crevasse - Traveling Unroped on a Glacier Alaska, St
AAC Publications Fall Into Crevasse - Traveling Unroped on a Glacier Alaska, St. Elias Range, Middle Peak At the end of March, I (Colin Haley, 28) left for a climbing trip in Alaska’s St. Elias Range with Portlanders John Frieh and Daniel Harro. We were flown into the range by Paul Claus midday on April 1. We spent a few hours setting up our base camp and then went for a short ski up-glacier to scope our objective. About 20 minutes out of camp, I suddenly broke through a totally hidden crevasse and fell approximately 15 meters, ricocheting off the walls of the crevasse. We had left for our leisurely ski with essentially no equipment, so Daniel immediately skied back to camp to fetch a rope, crampons, ice tools, and harnesses. I was able to climb out of the crevasse with a top-rope (and even managed to rescue my skis and poles). Fortunately, I escaped any truly serious injuries. Unfortunately, however, I had a fractured cheekbone and my trip was over. We skied back to camp and the next morning I flew off the glacier, for a total of about 16 hours in the St. Elias Range. John and Daniel graciously offered to fly out and help get me home, but I was confident I’d be alright, so I told them to stay and go climbing. This accident has undoubtedly made me more wary of glacier travel, even though it’s something I’ve been doing very regularly for over 15 years. I’m sure I will continue to do some occasional solo travel on glaciers, but I absolutely view solo glacier travel much more seriously now. -
Winter Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel Day 3 – Ski Mountainee
Day 1 – Winter Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel ● Lesson 1: Introduction to Glacier Kit ● Lesson 2: Equalized anchor, knots and rappelling ● Lesson 3: Ascending the rope – prussic, ratchet, reverse ● Lesson 4: Situational awareness, review hazards ● Lesson 5: Glacier travel rope handling & crevasse rescue ● Lesson 6: Dividing the rope ● Lesson 7: The prussik ● Lesson 8: Arresting the fall, holding the victim and anchor building ● Lesson 9: Backing up anchor and approaching the lip ● Lesson 10: Canadian drop loop system demo ● Lesson 11: Incorporating a ratchet ● Lesson 12: First raise method, z-pulley raising system, adding advantage. ● Lesson 13: Reversing the raise & lowering ● Lesson 14: Crevasse Rescue Scenario ● Lesson 15: Problem-solving specific scenario Day 2 – Winter Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel ● Lesson 16: Rope up point strategy (map & altimeter) & white out plan ● Lesson 17: Glacier formation, physiology, terminology and travel including rope handling and taking coils ● Lesson 18: Safe glacier travel route finding & track setting – crevasse avoidance, serac hazard mitigation, dealing with avalanche terrain, crevasse bridge integrity and evaluation ● Lesson 19: Traveling in echelon & belaying across crevasse bridges ● Lesson 20: Downhill glacier skiing safety strategy Day 3 – Ski Mountaineering Skills Day ● Lesson 1: “Snow and ice school” – introduction to ski mountaineering equipment, ski crampons and boot crampons, ice axe. ● Lesson 2: Ascending/descending and moving in steeper firmer/crusted/icy slopes. ● Lesson 3: Belaying and rappelling, anchors. ● Lesson 4: Roped vs. unroped terrain – belaying, rope management, short roping, boot packing, stowing the skis on the pack, ridge walking. Day 4 – Ski Mountaineering Skills Day ● Lesson 5: Ski mountaineering objective: situational awareness, route finding and track setting in Class 3 (complex) terrain. -
Breasts on the West Buttress Climbing the Great One for a Great Cause
Breasts on the West Buttress Climbing the Great One for a great cause Nancy Calhoun, Sheldon Kerr, Libby Bushell A Ritt Kellogg Memorial Fund Proposal Calhoun, Kerr, Bushell; BOTWB 24 Table of Contents Mission Statement and Goals 3 Libby’s Application, med. form, agreement 4-8 Libby’s Resume 9-10 Nancy’s Application, med. form, agreement 11-15 Nancy’s Resume 16-17 Sheldon’s Application, med. form, agreement 18-23 Sheldon’s Resume 24-25 Ritt Kellogg Fund Agreement 26 WFR Card copies 27 Travel Itinerary 28 Climbing Itinerary 29-34 Risk Management 35-36 Minimum Impact techniques 37 Gear List 38-40 First Aid Contents 41 Food List 42-43 Maps 44 Final Budget 45 Appendix 46-47 Calhoun, Kerr, Bushell; BOTWB 24 Breasts on the West Buttress: Mission Statement It may have started with the simple desire to climb North America’s tallest peak, but with a craving to save the world a more pressing concern on the minds of three Colorado College women (a Vermonter, an NC southern gal, and a life-long Alaskan), we realized that climbing Denali could and should be only a mere stepping stone to the much greater task at hand. Thus, we’ve teamed up with the American Breast Cancer Foundation, an organization that is doing their part to save our world, one breast at a time, in order to do our part, in hopes of becoming role models and encouraging the rest of the world to do their part too. So here’s our plan: We are going to climb Denali (Mount McKinley) via the West Buttress route in June of 2006. -
Periglacial Debris-Flow Initiation And
Seeing the True ShapeGeosphere, of Earth’s publishedSurface: onlineApplications on 6 March of 2012Airborne as doi:10.1130/GES00713.1 and Terrestrial Lidar in the Geosciences themed issue Periglacial debris-fl ow initiation and susceptibility and glacier recession from imagery, airborne LiDAR, and ground-based mapping Stephen T. Lancaster1,*, Anne W. Nolin1, Elizabeth A. Copeland1, and Gordon E. Grant2 1College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences and Institute for Water and Watersheds, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA 2U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacifi c Northwest Research Station, 333 SW First Avenue, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA ABSTRACT sion by overland fl ow of water. Using gully- et al., 1996; O’Connor et al., 2001; Osterkamp head initiation sites for debris fl ows that et al., 1986; Sobieszczyk et al., 2009; Walder Climate changes in the Pacifi c Northwest, occurred during 2001–2006, a data model and Driedger, 1994). USA, may cause both retreat of alpine gla- was developed to explore the viability of the There is concern among managers and ciers and increases in the frequency and method for characterization of debris-fl ow policymakers that glacier retreat, rising snow- magnitude of storms delivering rainfall at initiation susceptibilities on Mount Rainier. line elevations, and more frequent and more high elevations absent signifi cant snowpack, The initiation sites were found to occupy a intense storms are leading to greater debris- and both of these changes may affect the restricted part of the four-dimensional space fl ow hazards. On Washington’s Mount Rainier frequency and severity of destructive debris defi ned by mean and standard deviation of in August 2001, rapid melting of Kautz Glacier fl ows initiating on the region’s composite simulated glacial meltwater fl ow, slope angle, directed meltwater into the adjacent watershed volcanoes.