DOCSLIB.ORG

Formation of Z-Alkenes Using Metathesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Formation of Z-Alkenes Using Metathesis Formation of Z-alkenes using metathesis Literature Review – 22.3.13 Bryony Elbert Introduction o In 2005 the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded jointed to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock for “the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis” Yves Chauvin Robert H. Grubbs Richard R. Schrock o Metathesis represents a very powerful C–C bond forming reaction that has been widely used both in academia and industry o General mechanism: o A continuing challenge has been the control of the geometry of the forming double bond, and this talk will focus on the preferential formation of Z-geometries 1 Introduction The Problem of Controlling Geometry o Alkene metathesis is a thermodynamic process that is often reversible o Olefin products can potentially undergo secondary reactions with the catalyst to isomerise to the more thermodynamically stable form o Therefore, in the majority of cases, the thermodynamic E-isomer results, or mixtures of E and Z geometries result. o Forming Z-selective alkenes represents a significant challenge : K. C. Nicolaou in 2005: “… we still lack the ability to reliably predict (or achieve) product geometry for certain ring-closing metathesis reactions in complex situations. Indeed, this sometimes unpredictable formation of stereoisomeric mixtures represents one of the few significant blots on the landscape of ring-closing metathesis macrocyclization.” o Only recently has Z-selectivity been achieved in a controllable way o First example reported by Schrock and Hoveyda in early 2009 o Before this, however, there are still numerous examples of Z-olefins forming in metathesis reactions. 2 Nicolaou, K. C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4490-4527 Overview o Introduction o Substrate Control o Macrocyclizations o Acrylonitriles and Enynes o Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry o Catalyst Control o Mo/W Catalysts o Ru Catalysts o Comparison of Various Methods – Nakadomarin A o Conclusion Substrate Control Macrocyclizations o With medium and large rings mixtures of E and Z isomers tend to result o Delicate balance between kinetic and thermodynamic control, affected by: o Solvent, catalyst, temperature… o Substitution pattern of substrate o Steric demand of substrate o Ring size to be formed o Presence of coordinating heteroatoms in substrate o Examples: o Thermodynamic vs. kinetic control (3.5 kcal difference):1 o Remote substituent effects:2 3 1. Fürstner, A.; Radkowski, K.; Wirtz, C.; Goddard, R.; Lehmann, C. W.; Mynott, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7061-7069; 2. Fürstner, A.; Thiel, O. R.; Blanda, G. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3731-3734 Substrate Control Acrylonitriles and Enynes o In cross-metatheses where one alkene bears an sp hybridized substituent the Z-olefin is preferentially formed: o Acrylonitriles:1 o Enynes: 2 o Kinetic product forms, with alkene substituents orientated away from bulky NHC o Acrylonitriles and enynes show low reactivity in metathesis – hence once product forms it is inert to post-metathesis isomerisation to the thermodynamic E-product 4 1. Randl, S.; Gessler, S.; Wakamatsu, H.; Blechert, S. Synlett. 2001, 3, 430-432; 2. Hansen, E. C.; Lee, D. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 2035-2038 Overview o Introduction o Substrate o Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry o RCAM / Lindlar Hydrogenation o Silicon Tethering o RCM of Vinylsiloxanes o Catalyst Control o Mo/W Catalysts o Ru Catalysts o Comparison of Various Methods – Nakadomarin A o Conclusion Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry RCAM/Lindlar Hydrogenation o For larger rings (>12 mem) possible to use a ring-closing alkyne metathesis, followed by Lindlar hydrogenation: o Total synthesis of turrianes: 5 Fürstner, A.; Stelzer, F.; Rumbo, A.; Krause, H. Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 1856-1871 Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry RCAM/Lindlar Hydrogenation o For larger rings (>12 mem) possible to use a ring-closing alkyne metathesis, followed by Lindlar hydrogenation: o Total synthesis of turrianes: o Disadvantages: o Fewer commercially available acetylenes, syntheses tend to be less concise than for alkenes o Can only access disubstituted alkenes o Can be difficult to completely remove Pd catalyst and Pb poison 6 Fürstner, A.; Stelzer, F.; Rumbo, A.; Krause, H. Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 1856-1871 Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry Silicon Tethering o Use of a temporary silicon tether renders metathesis intramolecular, forming small/medium rings where the Z-isomer is the only geometry that can form1 o Reduces enthalpic and entropic cost of metathesis, substituents on Si have a Thorpe- Ingold effect o Applied to acyclic metathesis, ie:2 o Disadvantages: o Low atom ecomony o Complicates a synthesis and adds steps o Principally applied to acyclic systems, not used for macrocycles 7 1. Čusak, A. Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 5800-5824 2. Van de Weghe, P.; Bourg, S.; Eustache, J. Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 7365-7376 Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry RCM of Vinylsiloxanes o Ring-closing metathesis of vinylsiloxanes gives high E-selectivity: o Protodesilylation – Z-disubstituted alkene:1 o Alternatively, subsequent cross-coupling can provide access to both E- and Z-trisubstituted alkenes:2 8 1. Wang, Y.; Jimenez, M.; Hansen, A. S.; Raiber, E-S.; Schreiber, S. L.; Young, D. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 9196-9199 2. Wang, Y.; Jimenez, M.; Sheehan, P.; Zhong, C.; Hung, A. W.; Tam, C. P.; Young, D. W. Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1218-1221 Overview o Introduction o Substrate Control o Indirect Control of Alkene Geometry o Catalyst Control o Introduction o Mo/W Catalysts o Introduction o MAP-Catalysts o Mechanism o Synthesis of Catalysts o Applications o RO/CM and ROMP o RCM o Homocoupling o Cross-metathesis o Case Study in Catalyst Design o Ru Catalysts o Comparing Mo/W and Ru o Comparison of Various Methods – Nakadomarin A o Conclusion Catalyst Control Introduction o Currently, there are two types of Z-selective catalyst that have been reported o Molybdenum and tungsten-based complexes o Ruthenium-based complexes o There are particular challenges associated with designing such catalytic systems: o Need to generate a kinetic, thermodynamically unfavourable product o Catalysts need not to undergo secondary isomerisation reactions to equilibrate the product to the more stable E-geometry (as is seen with most conventional metathesis catalysts) o Catalysts need to be stable to decomposition o Needs to survive the duration of the reaction in order to reach high turnover numbers (TONs) o Decomposition products may promote unwanted side reactions with the products – for example, [Ru]–H species formed by the decomposition of Ru-catalysts can cause olefin migration in both starting materials and products 9 Ibrahem, I., Yu, M., Schrock, R. R., Hoveyda, A. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3844-3845 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Introduction o Z-selective metathesis catalysts first reported by Schrock and Hoveyda in early 2009 o Using a stereogenic-at-Mo monoaryloxide-pyrrolide (MAP) catalyst in a ring- opening/cross metathesis (RO/CM) reaction: o Since 2009 Mo- and W-MAP complexes have also been used for ring-closing metathesis (RCM), ring-opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP), homocoupling of olefins and cross-metathesis 10 Ibrahem, I., Yu, M., Schrock, R. R., Hoveyda, A. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3844-3845 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Imido Ligand - Adamantyl or aryl MAP Catalysts Imidazole Ligand - With or without Me in 2,5-positions Alkylidene Ligand - Bulky group to prevent bimolecular decomposition (see later) Aryloxide Ligand - R = CMe3 or CMe2Ph - Very bulky to get good Z- selectivity (see later) - Binol derivatives: Metal Centre - Choice of Mo or W - Mo: - More active - More prone to 2° isomerisation - Achiral aryloxides: - Very air/moisture sensitive - W: - Less active, but more selective - Aryloxy-ligand can freely - Less prone to rotate isomerisation 11 - Air/moisture tolerant Catalyst Control – Mo/W Mechanism 12 Wang, C.; Yu, M.; Kyle, A. F.; Jakubec, P.; Dixon, D. J.; Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 2726-2740 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Aside: Why such bulky ligands? o Very large ligands help to keep the metal centres apart and prevent bimolecular decomposition: o Generates metathesis-inactive bimolecular species o Fastest for methylidene complexes o Running reactions under reduced pressure to remove ethene can help to minimise concentration of highly reactive and unstable methylidene species and promote catalyst stability and improve selectivity 13 Schrock, R. R., Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4592-4633 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Synthesis of Mo- and W-MAP complexes o 5-step synthesis of catalyst precursors: 14 Schrock, R. R., Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4592-4633 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Synthesis of Mo- and W-MAP complexes o Active catalyst is then generated in situ by reaction between precursor complex and bulky aryloxide ligand, before being transferred into a solution of metathesis substrate: o Use chiral, racemic catalysts (metal centre inverts with each forward metathesis step o Typically use 1-2 mol% catalyst 15 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Applications – ROCM and ROMP o Ring-opening/cross-metathesis was the first reported use of Mo-MAP catalysts (see slide x) o A recent example demonstrates their use in the enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclic alkenes: 16 Yu, M.; Ibrahem, I.; Hasegawa, M.; Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2788-2799 Catalyst Control – Mo/W Applications – ROCM and ROMP o Mo-MAP complexes have been most extensive used in ring-opening metathesis polymerisation reactions o They generate highly tactic (regular) polymers with high-cis contents o Controlling polymer structure at the molecular level is key to the synthesis of polymers that have a single structure and therefore uniform and reproducible properties o As stereocentre at the metal inverts with each forward-metathesis step, the polymer is formed from a regular chain of alternating enantiomers 17 Flook, M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Richard R. Schrock Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    MULTIPLE METAL-CARBON BONDS FOR CATALYTIC METATHESIS REACTIONS Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2005 by Richard R. Schrock Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. It’s my great priviledge to be here today, in a position I never thought pos- sible. I hope the story that I will tell you will give you some idea what I have contributed to the area for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded this year. The story begins thirty two years ago in 1973, the year the Nobel Prize was shared by G. Wilkinson and E. O. Fischer. Wilkinson’s Nobel Lecture1 con- cerned the nature of a single bond between a transition metal and a carbon atom in an alkyl group, and emphasized the fact that the metal-carbon bond is not inherently weak. E. O. Fischer in his Nobel Lecture2 summarized the extensive chemistry of transition metal “carbene” complexes3,4 that contain a metal-carbon double bond discovered by him and his group in 1964 (Fig 1).5 He also reported new “carbyne” complexes that contain a metal-carbon triple bond.6 It was clear that metal-carbon single bonds were of great importance in the emerging area of homogeneous catalysis. However, no catalytic reac- tions involving species that contain metal-carbon double or triple bonds were known. When I went to the Central Research Department of E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company in 1972, transition metal organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis were of great interest as a consequence of their huge potential in organic chemistry and therefore in industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Total Synthesis Via Metathesis Reactions
    SYNTHESIS0039-78811437-210X © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York 2018, 50, 3749–3786 review 3749 en Syn thesis I. Cheng-Sánchez, F. Sarabia Review Recent Advances in Total Synthesis via Metathesis Reactions Iván Cheng-Sánchez Francisco Sarabia* Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29071- Málaga, Spain [email protected] Received: 16.04.2018 ly explained by the emergence, design, and development of Accepted after revision: 30.05.2018 powerful catalysts that are capable of promoting striking Published online: 18.07.2018 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610206; Art ID: ss-2018-z0262-r transformations in highly efficient and selective fashions. In fact, the ability of many of them to forge C–C bonds be- Abstract The metathesis reactions, in their various versions, have be- tween or within highly functionalized and sensitive com- come a powerful and extremely valuable tool for the formation of car- pounds has allowed for the preparation of complex frame- bon–carbon bonds in organic synthesis. The plethora of available cata- lysts to perform these reactions, combined with the various works, whose access were previously hampered by the lim- transformations that can be accomplished, have positioned the me- itations of conventional synthetic methods. Among the tathesis processes as one of the most important reactions of this centu- myriad of recent catalysts, those developed and designed to ry. In this review, we highlight the most relevant synthetic contributions promote metathesis reactions have had a profound impact published between 2012 and early 2018 in the field of total synthesis, reflecting the state of the art of this chemistry and demonstrating the and created a real revolution in the field of total synthesis, significant synthetic potential of these methodologies.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 RICHARD R. SCHROCK [email protected] Field Inorganic And
    1 RICHARD R. SCHROCK [email protected] Field Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymer Chemistry Current Research Interests Synthetic and mechanistic organo-transition metal chemistry, multiple metal-carbon and nitrogen bonds, homogeneous catalysis, dinitrogen reduction, olefin metathesis, and applications of olefin metathesis to organic and polymer chemistry. Personal Born: January 4, 1945; Berne, Indiana Married: Nancy F. Carlson, 1971; two children Education 1971-1972 Postdoctoral study, Cambridge University, England 1971 Ph.D., Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1967 A. B., University of California, Riverside, California Professional Experience 2019-present Professeur Conventionné, ISIS, University of Strasbourg (partial) 2018-present Distinguished Professor and George K. Helmkamp Founder’s Chair of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside (partial) 2018-present Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry Emeritus, MIT 1989-2018 Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry, MIT 1980-1989 Professor of Chemistry, MIT 1978-1980 Associate Professor of Chemistry, MIT 1975-1978 Assistant Professor of Chemistry, MIT 1972-1975 Research Chemist, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., CRD Scholarships, Fellowships, Awards, Honorary Degrees 2018 Academician of Honor, Real Academia Europea de Doctores Honorary Professor of Northwest University (China) 2017 James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award Honorary Professor of Chengdu University (China) 2015 Humboldt Fellow, Stuttgart Peter Wall Institute Scholar, UBC 2014 Elected
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery and Development of High Oxidation State
    Alkyne metathesis by molybdenum and tungsten alkylidyne complexes The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Schrock, Richard R. “Alkyne metathesis by molybdenum and tungsten alkylidyne complexes.” Chemical Communications 49, no. 49 (2013): 5529. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc42609b Publisher Royal Society of Chemistry, The Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84083 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ 1 Alkyne Metathesis by Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkylidyne Complexes Richard R. Schrock Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 6-331 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 2 In 1968 a paper was published by Penella, Banks, and Bailey1 entitled "Disproportionation of Alkynes." In it they reported the conversion of 2-pentyne into a mixture of 2-butyne, 2-pentyne, and 3-hexyne (equation 1) employing a catalyst consisting of tungsten trioxide (6.8%) on silica that had been activated by treatment with dry air at 600 °C. The reaction was carried out in a fixed catalyst bed reactor at 200 to 450 °C. A few years later Mortreux showed that alkynes could be disproportionated by molybdenum oxide on silica.2 Disproportionation of alkynes by homogeneous tungsten catalysts was reported by Mortreux in 1974.3 The catalyst consisted of molybdenum hexacarbonyl and resorcinol. A typical reaction employed p-tolylphenylacetylene in decalin containing Mo(CO)6 and resorcinol in a sealed tube at 160 °C.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Investigation of Alkyne Metathesis Catalyzed by W/Mo Alkylidyne Complexes
    1812 Organometallics 2006, 25, 1812-1819 Theoretical Investigation of Alkyne Metathesis Catalyzed by W/Mo Alkylidyne Complexes Jun Zhu, Guochen Jia,* and Zhenyang Lin* Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chirotechnology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug DiscoVery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong UniVersity of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong ReceiVed February 5, 2006 In this paper, the mechanism of alkyne metathesis catalyzed by W/Mo alkylidyne complexes has been theoretically investigated with the aid of density functional theory calculations. Calculations on various model alkylidyne complexes M(tCMe)(OR)3 (M ) W, Mo; R ) Me, CH2F), W(tCMe)(NMe2)3, and W(tCMe)(Cl)3 allow us to examine the factors that influence the reaction barriers. In the reaction mechanism, metallacyclobutadienes are initially formed from a ring-closing step between alkynes and alkylidyne complexes. A ring-opening step then gives the metathesis products. The factors that determine the metathesis reaction barriers have been examined. The reaction paths leading to the formation of Cp complexes, a possible path deactivating catalytic activity, were also studied. Introduction several other groups,2b,6 consists of structurally not yet well- defined species formed in situ from Mo(CO)6 and a phenolic Catalytic alkene metathesis has become one of the primary additive (e.g., 4-chlorophenol). The simplicity and user-friendly tools in both organic synthesis and polymer chemistry, due to nature of this catalyst system are offset somewhat by its rather their extraordinary generality, chemoselectivity, and functional limited tolerance of polar functional groups and the elevated group tolerance.1 In comparison, the analogous alkyne meta- temperature (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Methods for Functional Conjugated Polymer Synthesis by Stephen W. Von Kugelgen a Dissertation
    Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Methods For Functional Conjugated Polymer Synthesis by Stephen W. von Kugelgen A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Felix R. Fischer, Chair Professor Robert G. Bergman Professor Phillip B. Messersmith Fall 2018 Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Methods For Functional Conjugated Polymer Synthesis Copyright 2018 by Stephen W. von Kugelgen 1 Abstract Ring-Opening Alkyne Metathesis Methods For Functional Conjugated Polymer Synthesis by Stephen W. von Kugelgen Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Professor Felix R. Fischer, Chair Since its discovery in the mid 20th century, most applications of alkyne metathesis have relied on thermodynamics to control product distributions. Ring-opening alkyne metathe- sis polymerization (ROAMP), in contrast, requires the kinetic product of metathesis of a strained, cyclic alkyne monomer to give a living, chain-growth polymerization (Chapter 1, Introduction). This living polymerization of conjugated alkyne-containing monomers has the potential to access a wide range of functional poly(arylene ethynylene) materials with excep- tional control over length, dispersity, topology, and endgroups. To this end, we demonstrate the first ROAMP synthesis of conjugated poly(ortho-phenylene ethynylene) and elucidate a mechanistic description of the reaction to understand the enabling catalyst selectivity and unexpectely find that initiator sterics dictate endgroup fidelity and polymer topology (Chap- ter 2). To disentangle the role of steric and electronic factors in initiator performance, we describe a novel synthetic method that gives a series of isosteric benzylidyne catalysts which exhibit a strong, deterministic electronic effect on both ROAMP initiation rates and polymer endgroup fidelity (Chapter 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Alkyne Metathesis
    FEATURE ARTICLE www.rsc.org/chemcomm | ChemComm Alkyne metathesis Alois Fu¨rstner* and Paul W. Davies Received (in Cambridge, UK) 22nd December 2004, Accepted 27th January 2005 First published as an Advance Article on the web 28th February 2005 DOI: 10.1039/b419143a This review discusses the emergence of alkyne metathesis as a valuable synthetic tool applicable in the synthesis of complex molecules and polymer science. Introduction proposed as early as 1975 that metal carbynes likely account for the catalytic turnover5 in a sequence of formal [2+2] A striking success in the catalytic arena is alkene metathesis cycloaddition and cycloreversion steps as depicted in Scheme 2. which has been rapidly incorporated into the synthetic lexicon, Even though at the time of this proposal the known metal now existing as one of the primary tools considered in both carbyne complexes were unable to induce alkyne metathesis organic synthesis and polymer chemistry. This is due to the reactions,6 this mechanism was later experimentally estab- extraordinary generality, chemoselectivity, functional group lished by Schrock using high valent metal alkylidynes.7 tolerance and predictability associated with the method. These Several metallacyclobutadiene complexes formed by the [2+2] factors, coupled with the ready availability of the catalysts, cycloaddition of alkylidynes and alkynes were isolated and have fuelled the widespread use of alkene metathesis in many characterised8 and proven to be catalytically competent synthetic routes.1 intermediates. In comparison, the related metathesis of alkynes is in its The ‘‘Mortreux systems’’ have gained relatively widespread infancy.2 Only recently has it been shown that this transforma- use due to their ease of application; cheap, commercially tion holds great synthetic promise.
    [Show full text]
  • The Olefin Metathesis Reaction
    Myers The Olefin Metathesis Reaction Chem 115 Reviews: Cross Metathesis (CM): Hoveyda, A. H.; Khan, R. K. M.; Torker, S.; Malcolmson, S. J. 2013 (We gratefully acknowledge Professor Hoveyda and co-workers for making this review available to us ahead of print). CM R2 + R4 R3 + R4 Nicolaou, K. C.; Bulger, P. G.; Sarlah, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2005, 44, 4490–4527. R1 R3 R1 R2 Grubbs, R. H. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 7117–7140. • Chatterjee, A. K.; Choi, T.-L.; Sanders, D. P.; Grubbs, R. H. Self-dimerization reactions of the more valuable alkene may be minimized by the use of J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11360–11370. an excess of the more readily available alkene. Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4592–4633. Catalysts Connon, S. J.; Blechert, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2003, 42, 1900–1923. Fürstner, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 3012–3043. i-Pr i-Pr MesN NMes Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP): P(c-Hex) P(c-Hex) N 3 3 CH Cl Ph Cl F3C 3 Ph Cl O Mo Ru Ph Ru Ph Ph Cl H Cl H Ru F3C CH3 P(c-Hex) P(c-Hex) Cl H ROMP n CH3 O 3 3 H P(c-Hex)3 F3C CH3 F3C 1-Mo 2-Ru 3-Ru 4-Ru (Grubbs' 1st (Grubbs' 2nd Generation Catalyst) Generation Catalyst) • ROMP is thermodynamically favored for strained ring systems, such as 3-, 4-, 8- and larger- membered compounds. • When bridging groups are present (bicyclic olefins) the !G of polymerization is typically • The well-defined catalysts shown above have been used widely for the olefin metathesis more negative as a result of increased strain energy in the monomer.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthogonal Ring-Closing Alkyne and Olefin Metathesis for the Synthesis
    ARTICLE Received 15 Dec 2015 | Accepted 11 Mar 2016 | Published 14 Apr 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11300 OPEN Orthogonal ring-closing alkyne and olefin metathesis for the synthesis of small GTPase-targeting bicyclic peptides Philipp M. Cromm1,2, Sebastian Schaubach2,3, Jochen Spiegel1,2, Alois Fu¨rstner2,3, Tom N. Grossmann2,4,5 & Herbert Waldmann1,2 Bicyclic peptides are promising scaffolds for the development of inhibitors of biological targets that proved intractable by typical small molecules. So far, access to bioactive bicyclic peptide architectures is limited due to a lack of appropriate orthogonal ring-closing reactions. Here, we report chemically orthogonal ring-closing olefin (RCM) and alkyne metathesis (RCAM), which enable an efficient chemo- and regioselective synthesis of complex bicyclic peptide scaffolds with variable macrocycle geometries. We also demonstrate that the formed alkyne macrocycle can be functionalized subsequently. The orthogonal RCM/RCAM system was successfully used to evolve a monocyclic peptide inhibitor of the small GTPase Rab8 into a bicyclic ligand. This modified peptide shows the highest affinity for an activated Rab GTPase that has been reported so far. The RCM/RCAM-based formation of bicyclic peptides provides novel opportunities for the design of bioactive scaffolds suitable for the modulation of challenging protein targets. 1 Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. 2 Technische Universita¨t Dortmund, Fakulta¨tfu¨r Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. 3 Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mu¨lheim/Ruhr, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Facile Synthesis of a Tungsten Alkylidyne Catalyst for Alkyne Metathesis Zachary J
    Organometallics 2007, 26, 475-477 475 Facile Synthesis of a Tungsten Alkylidyne Catalyst for Alkyne Metathesis Zachary J. Tonzetich, Yan Choi Lam, Peter Mu¨ller, and Richard R. Schrock* Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ReceiVed NoVember 20, 2006 Summary: Reaction of WCl3(OAr)3 (Ar ) 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) with The reaction between WCl6 and 3 equiv of ArOH (Ar ) 2,6- 4 equiV of t-BuCH2MgCl in diethyl ether produces yellow diisopropylphenyl) produces W(OAr)3Cl3 in high yield and on - 12 crystalline W(C-t-Bu)(CH2-t-Bu)(OAr)2 in 40 50% isolated a large scale. Addition of 4 equiv of t-BuCH2MgCl to V yield. W(C-t-Bu)(CH2-t-Bu)(OAr)2 is a ersatile entry for W(OAr)3Cl3 in diethyl ether yields the neopentylidyne complex preparing W(C-t-Bu)(CH2-t-Bu)(NPh2)2 and subsequently other shown in eq 1. It can be isolated from the crude reaction mixture W(C-t-Bu)(CH2-t-Bu)(OR)2 species in situ, which are actiVe alkyne metathesis catalysts. Although metathesis of internal alkynes catalyzed by high- oxidation-state alkylidyne species1-3 has not received the exposure enjoyed by alkene metathesis in the past decade,4 alkyne metathesis is becoming useful for synthesizing certain organic molecules. Of note are compounds that contain a cis CdC bond in a ring5 formed through selective cis hydrogenation of the triple bond with a Lindlar catalyst. This method as a highly crystalline yellow complex in 40-50% yield. It circumvents the still-unsolved problem in alkene metathesis of seems likely that the metal remains in its highest oxidation state selectively forming cis double bonds.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Strained Hydrocarbons with Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts Matthew Carnes, Daniela Buccella, Theo Siegrist, Michael L
    Subscriber access provided by Columbia Univ Libraries Communication Reactions of Strained Hydrocarbons with Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts Matthew Carnes, Daniela Buccella, Theo Siegrist, Michael L. Steigerwald, and Colin Nuckolls J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130 (43), 14078-14079• DOI: 10.1021/ja806351m • Publication Date (Web): 01 October 2008 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 14, 2009 More About This Article Additional resources and features associated with this article are available within the HTML version: • Supporting Information • Access to high resolution figures • Links to articles and content related to this article • Copyright permission to reproduce figures and/or text from this article Journal of the American Chemical Society is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published on Web 10/01/2008 Reactions of Strained Hydrocarbons with Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts Matthew Carnes, Daniela Buccella, Theo Siegrist, Michael L. Steigerwald,* and Colin Nuckolls* Department of Chemistry and The Center for Electron Transport in Molecular Nanostructures Columbia UniVersity, New York, New York 10027 Received August 11, 2008; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] We recently reported the synthesis and ROMP reactivity of (5Z,11E)-Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene;1 here we investigate the reactivity of the strained ene-yne cycle (1) with alkene and alkyne metathesis catalysts. The significant result is that alkyne metathesis allows for a rapid polymer growth to yield a polymer with alternating alkene and alkyne linkages along the polymer backbone. In contrast, the olefin metathesis catalyst provides discrete trimers such as an unusual hexasubstituted Dewar benzene derivative.
    [Show full text]
  • Research in the Department of Organometallic Chemistry
    Organometallic Chemistry - Overview Research in the Department of Organometallic Chemistry The "Department of Organometallic Chemistry" in its present form exists since 1998 when Prof. Fürstner was appointed as Director at the Institute. Since then, the Department has undergone a phase of rapid growth, leading to its present size of ca. 40 coworkers. This number includes the group of Dr. Frank Glorius, who has joined the Institute in August 2001 (Liebig fellowship, Fonds der Chemischen Industrie). Dr. Glorius has rapidly assembled a sizeable team, allowing him to pursue his own scientific interests which fit excellently into the overall mission of the Department. Prior to finishing his "Habilitation", Dr. Glorius was offered a C3 professorship at the University of Marburg (effective December 2004). It is planned to replace him by a new group leader in 2005. Prof. Fürstner’s scientific interests focus on the use of organometallic reagents as tools for advanced organic synthesis. Thereby, special emphasis is given to catalysis in general as one of the most important and most rapidly growing areas amongst the chemical sciences. In this context, our long standing interest in alkene and alkyne metathesis deserves particular mentioning. Another long term project deals with "novel concepts" for catalysis, with the intention (i) to replace established stoichiometric reactions by catalytic processes of equal or even higher efficiency (ii) to increase the scope of existing methods by improved (ligand) design (iii) to explore conceptually novel catalytic scenarios of potential relevance for organic synthesis. As will be outlined in detail below, our investigations into cross coupling reactions (iron- rather than palladium-catalyzed; novel heterocyclic carbenes and carbene complexes etc.), platinum-catalyzed skeletal rearrangements, ( E)-selective semi- reductions of alkynes, as well as the asymmetric hydrogenation of heterocycles (Glorius) fall into the realm of this research topic.
    [Show full text]