Oprah Winfrey

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Oprah Winfrey UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Oprah Winfrey - A arte de comunicar Doutoramento no Ramo de Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura Especialidade de Estudos Americanos Marta Margarida Santos Dionísio de Azevedo Tese orientada pela Prof.ª Doutora Teresa Cid, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor no Ramo de Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura Especialidade de Estudos Americanos 2015 Agradecimentos Nunca é fácil agradecer a tantos que, de uma forma ou de outra, contribuíram para a elaboração deste estudo, que me apoiaram nesta travessia de trovoadas e acalmias. O meu primeiro e eterno agradecimento é dirigido à minha orientadora, Prof. Doutora Teresa Cid, sem a qual jamais teria conseguido chegar ao fim de mais esta viagem do mundo académico. Após vários anos de conhecimento e amizade, de trabalho incansável e disponibilidade a qualquer hora, foram, sem dúvida, as suas palavras de incentivo, ânimo, encorajamento e compreensão que nunca me deixaram desistir desta luta árdua, principalmente nos últimos meses. Se o percurso académico e a investigação nem sempre são tarefas fáceis, há contudo quem ajude a torná-lo menos árduo; deixo aqui também o meu agradecimento aos professores que me marcaram pelo seu know-how e também pela sua partilha de conhecimentos e de incentivo, nomeadamente à Prof. Doutora Teresa Ferreira de Almeida Alves, ao Prof. Doutor Mário Jorge Torres, à Prof. Doutora Teresa Malafaia e à Prof. Doutora Luísa Flora. Com eles aprendi muito e deles recebi valiosas contribuições que conduziram ao presente estudo. Quero também registar a preciosa ajuda nas conversas, entrevistas e troca de emails com o Dr. António Sacavém, com o Prof. Doutor Eduardo Cintra Torres e com a Prof. Doutora Maria João Silvestre, com os quais muito aprendi sobre os caminhos da comunicação não-verbal, comunicação em televisão e sociologia da comunicação. Quanto a amigos e colegas, foram vários os que comigo se cruzaram, colaboraram, partilharam ideias e refletiram. Não posso assim deixar de expressar a minha gratidão à Carla Mota, à Hália Costa Santos, à Inês Câmara, ao Jorge Vargas, à Paula Correia, à Sandra Casaca, à Raquel Botelho, à Rubina Jassat e à Zélia Patrocínio. i Ao longo da vida, vamos ganhando referências e há duas que são indispensáveis para mim desde 1999, ano em que comecei a trabalhar na Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Abrantes do Instituto Politécnico de Tomar: Maria Romana, a minha segunda “mãe”, como a costumo tratar, que esteve sempre ao meu lado e que tanto me ensinou quer pessoal quer profissionalmente com a toda a sua sabedoria incomparável; Sofia Silva Mota, a minha companheira e amiga de muitas lutas travadas em conjunto, agora no cargo de Diretora da Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Abrantes, que tudo fez para que este meu sonho se concretizasse. Se as nossas vidas tiveram altos e baixos, nunca ninguém abandonou o barco, por muito difícil que parecesse o percurso em determinadas alturas. Sem elas tudo teria sido muito diferente! Tenho também de agradecer a compreensão dos meus alunos, que neste semestre sofreram um bocadinho com a minha ausência e sujeitaram-se à minha disponibilidade para lhes dar aulas, que foi efetivamente muito reduzida, assim como a atenção que habitualmente lhes dedico, pois como lhes costumo dizer, eles são os meus segundos filhos. Apesar de ser com tristeza dedico este meu esforço à minha amiga de vários anos que gostaria que estivesse nesta caminhada comigo, mas que por razões várias, não pode estar: Sandra Barata estarás sempre connosco e nos nossos corações por tudo o que vivemos na “nossa” ESTA. Quase a terminar, não podia deixar de dedicar este meu estudo às minhas amigas de luta, Cláudia Pires da Silva e Susana Domingos. Foram horas, dias, semanas, meses a fio a trabalhar em conjunto a fim de concretizarmos este nosso objetivo. Foram muitos momentos de ansiedade, cansativos, de choro e de riso, durante dias e noites, mas com uma certeza: nunca desistir! Precisámos muitas vezes dos ombros, dos abraços e das palavras de carinho e conforto umas das outras pois foi uma travessia muito difícil! É por vocês! ii Por fim, a minha última e principal dedicatória: aos meus pais, Mariazinha e Dionísio, e à minha irmã Sandra, que tudo fizeram para que este dia chegasse, apoiando-me incondicionalmente, nos momentos bons e maus mas sempre com a célebre frase: Tu vais conseguir! Apesar de dias menos bons, estiveram sempre lá para colmatar a minha ausência nomeadamente junto dos meus filhos. Sabem o quanto são importantes para mim! É também por vocês e pelo orgulho que tenho em vós! Last but not least … ao meu marido, João, que sempre acreditou em mim, nunca me deixou “cair” e esteve sempre ao meu lado. Por muitas trovoadas e tempestades, o nosso barco nunca vai afundar pois estamos cá um para outro. E aos maiores amores da minha vida, os meus filhos, João Pedro e Matilde. Desculpem-me a ausência destes últimos meses, desculpem-me a falta de paciência e de não poder ter estado sempre convosco. Mas estiveram como sempre estarão no meu coração. Acima de tudo e todos: Tudo isto é para e por vocês! A todos vós, o meu muito obrigada! iii iv Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo inquirir sobre a importância de Oprah Winfrey nas suas variadas áreas de intervenção a nível da cultura dos E.U.A.. Por um lado, apresenta uma particularização de Oprah Winfrey como mulher e como afro- americana, incidindo aqui no campo do feminismo e da raça/etnicidade; por outro lado, discute-se Oprah como marca, criada por ela própria, e sublinhada pela relevância que o seu talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, transmitido durante vinte e cinco anos, teve no panorama da cultura e da história americanas e também fora do seu país. Esta reflexão coloca várias questões e implica várias perspetivas de análise, relacionadas com o facto de o objeto de estudo ser um ícone cultural vivo, apresentando um olhar que, à distância da minha cultura portuguesa, se interroga sobre o fenómeno cultural e comunicativo que foi e é Oprah Winfrey, em boa parte, um símbolo dos E.U.A., essencialmente do final do século XX e estendendo-se até à atualidade. Palavras-chave: Oprah Winfrey, talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, feminismo, raça/etnicidade v vi Abstract This study aims to understand the importance of Oprah Winfrey in her several areas of intervention within American culture. On one hand, there is a special consideration of Oprah Winfrey as a woman and as an African-American, focusing here mainly on issues of feminism and race/ethnicity; on the other hand, it discusses Oprah as a brand, created by herself and by the relevance that her talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, broadcast during twenty-five years, had on the culture and even history of the U.S.A and in other world geographies. This study raises several issues and involves several perspectives of analysis, related to the fact that its object is a living cultural icon, presenting a point of view based on my Portuguese culture, and inquires on the cultural and communicative phenomenon that Oprah Winfrey was and is, as an American symbol of the late twentieth century entending into our own times. Key-words: Oprah Winfrey, talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, feminism, race/ethnicity vii Índice Agradecimentos ____________________________________________________________ i Resumo __________________________________________________________________ v Abstract _________________________________________________________________ vii Notas introdutórias _________________________________________________________ 1 1 CAPÍTULO 1 – ENQUADRAMENTO TEÓRICO E METODOLÓGICO ___________ 5 1.1 Delimitação do tema, objeto de estudo e objetivos _____________________________ 7 1.2 Enquadramento teórico _________________________________________________ 19 1.2.1 Breve abordagem às teorias da comunicação _________________________ 21 1.2.2 Representação e representatividade ________________________________ 49 1.2.3 O talk show como género televisivo ________________________________ 63 2 CAPÍTULO 2 – OPRAH COMO (AFRO)AMERICANA ________________________ 79 2.1 Uma vida … Uma história … ____________________________________________ 83 2.2 Raça e etnicidade em Oprah – Ícone cultural do mainstream americano __________ 125 3 CAPÍTULO 3 – OPRAH E A SITUAÇÃO DA MULHER ______________________ 165 3.1 Mulheres americanas – Uma luta, uma imagem, um sentimento ________________ 169 3.2 Feminismo e identidade _______________________________________________ 195 4 CAPÍTULO 4 – THE OPRAH WINFREY SHOW ____________________________ 203 4.1 A arte de comunicar __________________________________________________ 207 4.1.1 Oprah – Mais do que as palavras _________________________________ 215 4.2 The Oprah Winfrey Show ______________________________________________ 245 4.3 Análise de episódios do The Oprah Winfrey Show ___________________________ 273 4.3.1 The Oprah Winfrey Show – Robin Williams e Nathan Lane ____________ 275 4.3.2 The Oprah Winfrey Show – Tom Cruise ___________________________ 287 4.3.3 The Oprah Winfrey Show – Losing Weight in the Public Eye ___________ 299 4.3.4 The Oprah Winfrey Show – Do you believe in miracles? _______________ 311 4.3.5 The Oprah Winfrey Show – The Vegan Challenge ____________________ 321 4.3.6 The Oprah Winfrey Show – Clayton Moss __________________________ 333 Considerações finais ______________________________________________________ 357 Bibliografia _____________________________________________________________ 375 Webgrafia ______________________________________________________________
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