AUCSC

Chapter 3 Installation of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

TJ Petrosky Summary

• What is an impressed current CP system and why use them? • Types of ground beds • Types of power sources • Materials - anodes, cable, splices, others • Selection of grounded sites • Installation methods What is impressed? Uses an external source for driving

Why use impressed rather than galvanic? • Higher current output • Soil resistivity • Cost • Access to pipe Types of Ground beds

Conventional - (Point) Remote and perpendicular most common

Pipeline

Rectifier

(-) (+)

Anodes Types of Ground beds

Distributed Close and parallel, usually in plants, more subject to damage, more expensive than a remote ground bed

Rectifier Anodes

(-) (+)

Pipeline Types of Ground beds Deep Multiple anodes in single drilled well Uses – High soil resistivity areas ROW problems Congested areas Rectifier (+)

(-) PVC Casing

Seal Pipeline Coke

Vent Anodes Conventional Distributed Deep

Most Common Has Become Very Prevalent

"Localized" Application of Extended Current Extended Current Distribution Current Distribution Plants, Large Diameter Pipelines, Plants, Terminals, Common on Pipelines Pipes, Terminals, Tanks Tanks Installed in Close Proximity to Requires ROW Perpendicular the Structure. Often More Care Requires Less ROW / Space to Pipeline Required to Avoid Damage to the structure Useful in High Surface Zone Less Stray Current Soil Resistivities Less Damage Prone, But Most Susceptible to Can be Subject to Damage By Cannot be Repaired. Damage From Plant and Other Excavating and Animals Replaceable Systems Piping Maintenance Available. Can be Augured, Drilled, Can be Augured, Drilled, Requires Mud Rotary or Air Trenched, or Directionally Trenched, or Directionally Drilling Drilled Drilled Should "Loop" the Header Possible Environmental Cables Concerns Typically Least Expensive More Expensive Most Expensive Types of Power Sources

• • Solar panels • Thermal electric generators (TEGs) • Engine generators • Turbine generators • Wind generators Rectifiers

• Converts AC to DC - Takes AC from power distribution system and converts it to DC. • Uses a transformer and rectifying element • Typical unit is constant voltage • Other types include: • Constant current • Potential controlled

Solar Panels

• Use solar cells to maintain a charge on a battery(s) • Unit consists of solar cell, batteries, and a cabinet

Materials • Anodes – Graphite* – High silicon cast iron* – Mixed metal oxide* – Polymer* – Platinum* – Magnetite – Scrap iron * These anodes are readily available in canisters Graphite Anodes

Sizes - 3”x30”, 3”x60”, 4”x80”

Treatment (Impregnation) – Wax, Linseed Oil, Resin

Connections - End or Center connection

Caps - Epoxy, Heat shrink, Both

Anodes are brittle, can be used in severe environments

High Silicon Cast Iron Anodes Common Composition Silicon (Si) – 14.5% Chromium (Cr) – 4.5%

“Stick” anodes - 1-1/2” to 3” diameter, 60” long, some with enlarged heads, end connection

Tubular - 2.2” to 4.8” diameter, 60” to 84” long, some with expanded center, center connection

Other – Rods, buttons, bullets, pancakes

All types are brittle, used in soils and more hostile environments Stick Anodes Tubular Anode Mixed Metal Oxide Anodes

• Available in tubes and rods for standard ground beds

• Wire and ribbon for sea water and tank bottoms

• Ribbon is also used for protecting poorly coated pipelines. Placed parallel to the pipeline. May be in a “sock”

Platinum Anodes

• Platinum provided on Niobium wire

• Used successfully in sea water

• Usually applied to another cheaper metal like Titanium

• Tend to break down if voltage at anode surface is greater than 10 volts Other Anode Material

Magnetite Anodes • Popular in Europe, but rare usage in the United States, expensive

Scrap Iron • Best if using abandoned parallel pipeline • Continuity across anode difficult on long slender anodes • Ground bed resistance and anode life hard to predict • Consumption rate = 20 lbs/amp year Coke Breeze

Coke breeze is the typical backfill material used in impressed current CP systems.

Used to lower anode resistance and increase anode life

Metallurgical coke • Derived from heating coal (coking) during the steel making process • Usually adequate for most surface bed applications but generally requires tamping Coke Breeze

Petroleum Coke • Derived in refining process then calcined • Quality control is much better • Lower resistance • Better surface contact • Pumps easier for deep anode applications • Some provided with surfactant to reduce water tension and promote compaction • Coke available for conventional ground beds that do not require tamping • Newest type does not require pumping • More expensive

Other Materials

Cable • HMWPE, Kynar, Halar

Splices • Epoxy kits, heat shrink, tape, gel

Connectors • Crimp type, split bolt, solder

Selection of Ground Bed Sites

• System midpoint • Soil resistivity – One of the most important factors • Soil moisture – Placing anodes in soils with high clay content can result in electro-osmosis (the loss of water in the soil near the anode) • • Right of way availability • Interference problems • Accessibility (Construction and maintenance) • Vandalism and safety Installation Methods

Surface ground beds (Anodes) – Can be installed horizontal or vertical

• Auger (best) The depth of the auger hole is based on design calculations and the type of anode • Backhoe (Usually horizontal) • Horizontally directionally drill (HDD) • Tamp coke (Metallurgical) or use canisters • Trench • Warning tape and/or conduit • Loop system • Test cable at end of runs • Junction boxes for multiple anode strings

Installation Methods

Deep anode ground beds

• Require drilling rig (Either air or fluid rotary) • Install surface casing for environmental, construction, and shielding purposes • Conduct electrical log of hole • Lower anodes by cable (Usually) • Individual anode leads • Best if coke breeze is pumped • Well must be vented • Provide junction box with shunts • Seal well

Typical Anode Junction Box Installation Methods

Connection to the Pipe

• Exothermic weld method • Uses graphite mold filled with copper oxide and aluminum • Always wear gloves, boots, and safety googles • Use UT to measure wall thickness before attempting weld Typical Thermite Weld Questions?