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Distribution, Abundance, Growth, and Habitat Use of Steelhead in Uvas Creek, CA

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Distribution, Abundance, Growth, and Habitat Use of Steelhead in Uvas Creek, CA San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2010 Distribution, Abundance, Growth, and Habitat Use of Steelhead in Uvas Creek, CA Joel Malone Casagrande San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Casagrande, Joel Malone, "Distribution, Abundance, Growth, and Habitat Use of Steelhead in Uvas Creek, CA" (2010). Master's Theses. 3751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.r3ed-j95f https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3751 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, GROWTH, AND HABITAT USE OF STEELHEAD IN UVAS CREEK, CA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biological Science San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Science by Joel M. Casagrande May 2010 © 2010 Joel M. Casagrande ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, GROWTH AND HABITAT USE OF STEELHEAD IN UVAS CREEK, CA by Joel M. Casagrande APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY May 2010 Dr. Jerry J. Smith, Department of Biological Sciences Dr. Paula Messina, Department of Geology Dr. Sean A. Hayes, National Marine Fisheries Service ABSTRACT DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, GROWTH AND HABITAT USE OF STEELHEAD IN UVAS CREEK, CA by Joel M. Casagrande Distribution, abundance, growth, and habitat use of juvenile steelhead (Onorhynchus mykiss) were studied in a central California stream under two increased summer flow reservoir release strategies. The effect of habitat quality (including longitudinal changes in flow, water temperature, canopy closure, substrate quality, and turbidity) on abundance and growth of steelhead among sites was determined. Increased stream flow extended rearing habitat and steelhead distribution downstream to reaches that previously would have been dry. Yearling or older steelhead were relatively scarce at all Uvas Creek sites. Steelhead were most abundant, but small, in the upstream half of the study reach, despite higher flows and cooler water for most of the summer. Insects were scarce at upstream sites due to dense shade, silty substrate, and high turbidity in late summer and fall. Steelhead grew much larger at warmer downstream sites, and reached smolt size by their first winter. Downstream sites were productive due to less shade, better substrate quality, and low turbidity. Steelhead abundance in the downstream reach was limited by the scarcity of fast-water feeding habitat. These results show that, where food is sufficient, steelhead can rear and reach smolt size in their first year in warm, augmented stream flows. Management strategies that improve stream productivity would improve steelhead production in Uvas Creek below the reservoir. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to Julie Casagrande, Carole Foster, Steve Wilson, Dr. Jerry J. Smith, Jae Abel, Earl Gonsolin, and Dr. Marc Los Huertos for their tireless assistance and dedication in the field during data collection. I thank my graduate committee members Dr. Paula Messina and Dr. Sean A. Hayes for their generous time, careful reviews, and helpful suggestions on this manuscript. I especially thank Dr. Jerry J. Smith for serving as an outstanding mentor and graduate advisor. I truly appreciate all of your advice, guidance, and the generous amounts of time and patience you have provided. I also thank the Watershed Institute at California State University Monterey Bay, particularly Dr. Fred Watson and Dr. Douglas Smith, for the use of some equipment, GIS software and lab space, and for providing me with a fantastic opportunity to begin and develop my career as a scientist. I am also grateful to Jean Myers and her family at Casa Dos Rios for their warm hospitality and for “keeping an eye” on Uvas Creek. To my family and friends who have lent support, encouragement, and waited patiently through the years, I thank you all. I especially thank my wife, Julie, for being an excellent research assistant, for her numerous reviews of this manuscript, and most of all, for her love and companionship. To my son Nolan, I dedicate this to you. Funding for this project was provided by the Santa Clara Valley Water District and an Arthur and Karin Nelson Research Fellowship at San Jose State University. v Table of Contents Page # List of Figures.................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiv Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Study Area .......................................................................................................................... 7 Climate and Rainfall ..................................................................................................... 8 Vegetation Communities .............................................................................................. 9 Fisheries ...................................................................................................................... 10 Methods............................................................................................................................. 11 Stream Flow................................................................................................................ 11 Habitat Assessment..................................................................................................... 11 Water and Air Temperature ........................................................................................ 13 Turbidity ..................................................................................................................... 14 Macroinvertebrate Diversity and Drift Rates.............................................................. 15 Steelhead Microhabitat Utilization ............................................................................. 16 Steelhead Distribution, Densities, and Mesohabitat Use............................................ 17 Steelhead Age–Size Relationship and Growth ........................................................... 19 Results............................................................................................................................... 21 Stream Flow................................................................................................................ 21 Habitat Assessment..................................................................................................... 23 Water and Air Temperature ........................................................................................ 25 Turbidity ..................................................................................................................... 30 vi Uvas Reservoir Water Quality and Impacts on Downstream Turbidity..................... 32 Macroinvertebrate Site Diversity, Abundance, and Drift Rates ................................. 32 Steelhead Microhabitat Utilization ............................................................................. 34 Steelhead Distribution, Densities, Growth, and Mesohabitat Use.............................. 35 Discussion......................................................................................................................... 46 Steelhead Distribution and Densities.......................................................................... 46 Steelhead Growth........................................................................................................ 50 Steelhead Mesohabitat and Microhabitat Use............................................................. 62 Changes in Habitat Conditions, Fish Abundance, and Growth .................................. 63 Management Recommendations................................................................................. 67 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................. 72 Figures............................................................................................................................... 81 Tables.............................................................................................................................. 116 Appendices...................................................................................................................... 129 Appendix A: Photos taken at each of the six sites in Uvas Creek where stream habitat assessment and fish sampling were conducted. ............................................ 129 Appendix B: 2005 and 2006 Monthly average maximum, mean, and minimum air and water temperature values at various sites in Uvas Creek................................... 132 Appendix C: October 2005 steelhead standard lengths (mm) and age distributions for sites in the Uvas Creek watershed.................................................. 135 Appendix D: 2005 yearling and older fish size (mm SL) at first annulus formation for sites in the Uvas Creek watershed......................................................................
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