TABLE OF CONTENTSINDICE Table of contents

Authors Pulse sequences Collaborators Preface Introduction Acronyms Spin-echo sequences Inversion recovery sequences GENERAL SECTION Gradient-echo sequences Stefano Colagrande, Pasquale Paolantonio Turbo spin-echo sequences Various types of gradient echo Symbols, acronyms, and glossary Echo planar sequences Hybrid sequences Genesis and intrinsic parameters of signal GRE 3D sequences Appendix - A more detailed discussion Introduction about sequences Insertion of the nuclei in the B0: orientation and precession Saturation techniques Transmission of the RF pulse: excitation and phase synchronization Chemical shift Termination of the RF pulse: Types of saturation techniques relaxation and signal formation Selective fat/water saturation Intrinsic parameters with non-Dixon techniques Spin and lattice Selective saturation with Dixon technique T1 or spin-lattice relaxation time Selective saturation of organic tissues T2 or spin-spin relaxation time Selective free-bound water saturation

Extrinsic parameters K-space sampling strategies

Introduction Introduction Pulse repetition time Sampling K-space typologies Echo time Linear non-echo planar sampling Repetition time and echo time Echo planar sampling Flip angle Radial sampling Matrix Parallel imaging Field of view Appendix - A more detailed discussion Number of averages or number of excitations about sequences and two FAQs

Signal-encoding and basic K-space concepts Diffusion imaging

Introduction Introduction Encoding gradients Acquisition and quantifi cation K-space Quality and reproducibility Gradients and conventional Intravoxel incoherent motion and Kurtosis bi- and three-dimensional acquisition DWI in everyday practice Multislice technique Type of equipment and indication of parameters Gradients and new acquisition techniques Acquisition and breathing mode K-space and temporal savings methods Extent and number of b-values Rectangular fi eld of view Relationships in administrating contrast medium Scan percentage and age Half scan Clinical utility of DWI acquisitions TABLE OF CONTENTS

MR quantifi cation Independent of any encoding Magnetic susceptibility Introduction Magnetic fi eld inhomogeneities Relaxometry MR angiography artifacts T1 mapping Maki effect T2 and T2 mapping* Blurring Fat fraction Dielectric effect Perfusion Post-processing MR safety Semiquantitative non-parametric methods (model-free) Introduction Quantitative parametric methods Static magnetic fi eld Spectroscopy Gradient magnetic fi elds Magnetic fi elds linked to RF General and fl ow semeiotics MRI compatibility with medical devices and implants Introduction Malfunction of active devices or implants Paramagnetic agent semeiotics Pregnancy Flow signal semeiotics Contrast media and pregnancy TOF phenomena Contrast media and safety Phase-shift effects phenomena Essential references of the general section Acquisition: angiography sequences

Non-contrast MR angiography SPECIAL SECTION TOF technique PC technique Other non-contrast-enhanced-MR angiography Contrast media techniques Giovanni Morana, Andrea Mazzaro, Contrast-enhanced-MR angiography Alex Faccinetto, Luigi Grazioli Contrast-enhanced-MR angiography sequences Contrast agent administration Introduction Black-blood sequences Mechanism of action Bright-blood sequences Classifi cation Extracellular contrast agents (vascular-interstitial) Equipment CA with intravascular distribution CA with organ-specifi c distribution Introduction CA with gastrointestinal distribution Magnet Radiofrequency coils SAFETY OF MRI CONTRAST AGENTS Gradient system Alfonso Ragozzino, Marta Puglia, Anna Giacoma Tucci

Introduction Artifacts Acute adverse reactions Late and very late adverse reactions Introduction Renal adverse reactions (post-contrast acute Phase renal injury) Aliasing Recommendations for clinical practice Radiofrequencies Pregnancy and breastfeeding Movement Gadolinium retention in the body Frequency The choice of gadolinium-based contrast agent Chemical shift High risk Phase and frequency Intermediate risk Gibbs truncation artifact Low risk Slice Multislice cross-talk References TABLE OF CONTENTSINDICE

Liver MR IN PEDIATRICS - Liver tumors Luigi Grazioli, Martina Bertuletti, Maria Pia Bondioni, Luigi Grazioli, Barbara Frittoli, Giovanni Morana Francesco Acquafredda, Marcello Napolitano

Introduction Introduction MR technique Benign lesions MR anatomy and anatomic variants of the liver Hepatic hemangioma Mesenchymal hamartoma HEPATOPATHY AND CIRRHOSIS Focal nodular hyperplasia Introduction Hepatic adenoma Diffuse liver diseases Nodular regenerative hyperplasia Acute hepatitis Malignant lesions Chronic hepatitis Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Steatosis-steatohepatitis Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma Cirrhosis Cholangiocarcinoma Cirrhosis in hemochromatosis Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Biliary rabdomyosarcoma NON-CIRRHOTIC AND ONCOLOGICAL LIVER Angiosarcoma

Introduction References Benign lesions Cysts Portal system Hamartoma Alfonso Ragozzino, Onorina Bruno, Hemangioma Giuseppe Di Costanzo, Anna Giacoma Tucci Hepatocellular adenoma Focal nodular hyperplasia Introduction Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors MR technique Abscesses Clinical features Infl ammatory pseudotumor Anatomical variants of the portal vein Malignant lesions Portal hypertension Cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic) Portal vein obstruction Hepatic lymphoma Portal vein thrombosis Rare primitive lesions Portal vein thrombosis and cirrhosis Metastases Neoplastic obstruction of the portal vein Liver in oncological patients: clinical problems Portosinusoidal vascular disease Identifi cation Isolated thrombosis of the splenic vein Characterization Liver transplant Suprahepatic veins LIVER IMAGING REPORTING Budd-Chiari syndrome AND DATA SYSTEM (LI-RADS) DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA References Federica Vernuccio, Roberto Cannella, Giuseppe Brancatelli Liver transplantation: Introduction pre- and post-operative evaluations MR LI-RADS: contexts and target population Rita Golfi eri, Alfonso Ragozzino, MR features for categorization of observations Irene Pettinari, Matteo Renzulli Major features Ancillary features favoring malignancy, Pre-operative imaging not HCC in particular Pre-operative evaluation Ancillary features favoring HCC in particular of liver transplantation candidates Ancillary features favoring benignity Pre-operative evaluation of a living donor Diagnostic categories and management Post-operative imaging Steps for assigning LR-1 Post-transplant normal fi ndings to LR-5 diagnostic category Post-transplant complications LI-RADS treatment algorithm References TABLE OF CONTENTS

Gallbladder and biliary system Neoplastic pancreatic cystic lesions Alfonso Ragozzino, Giuseppe Di Costanzo, Acinar cell cystic neoplasm Marta Puglia, Anna Giacoma Tucci References Introduction Spleen MR technique Alessandro Stecco, Alessio Paschè Normal MR anatomy Anatomical variants Introduction Non-neoplastic lesions MR technique Congenital anomalies Normal MR anatomy Lithiasis Benign lesions Phlogistic pathology Cysts Malignant lesions Hamartoma Cholangiocarcinoma Hemangioma Periampullary carcinomas Lymphangioma Gallbladder carcinoma Malignant lesions Polyps Hemangiosarcoma Metastasis Lymphoma Post-surgical evaluation Metastasis Post-operative complications Vascular alterations Traumatic injuries Splenic infarction Gallbladder trauma Splenic artery aneurysms Biliary system trauma Infectious pathology Abscesses MR IN PEDIATRICS - Choledochal cysts Tuberculosis and malformations Infl ammatory pathology Maria Pia Bondioni, Alfonso Ragozzino, Sarcoidosis Francesco Laffranchi, Marcello Napolitano Trauma Splenomegaly Choledochal cysts References Spontaneous biliary perforation Biliary atresia Gastrointestinal system Alagille syndrome Inspissated bile plug syndrome ESOPHAGUS Gallbladder and biliary lithiasis Domenico De Santis, Andrea Laghi Gallbladder agenesis Introduction MR technique References Organic pathology Motility pathology Pancreas Giovanni Morana, Alex Faccinetto, STOMACH Silvia Venturini, Riccardo Manfredi Elena Lucertini, Andrea Laghi

Introduction Introduction MR technique MR technique Sequences Benign lesions Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Non-tumoral lesions Lipomas Acute pancreatitis Malignant lesions Recurrent acute pancreatitis Adenocarcinoma Chronic pancreatitis Lymphoma Paraduodenal pancreatitis Autoimmune pancreatitis SMALL BOWEL Non-neoplastic pancreatic cystic lesions Domenico De Santis, Andrea Laghi Malignant lesions Pancreatic carcinoma Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors MR technique TABLE OF CONTENTSINDICE

MR enteroclysis and MR enterography MR IN PEDIATRICS - Kidney tumors Benign lesions Angelo Lazzara, Marcello Napolitano, Crohn disease Alessandro Campari, Maria Pia Bondioni Celiac disease Adenoma Introduction Malignant lesions Wilms tumor Gastrointestinal stromal tumors Adenocarcinoma Neuroendocrine tumors URINARY TRACT Lymphoma Maria Assunta Cova, Ilaria Fiorese, Maria Chiara Ricciardi, Irene Campo COLON MR technique Marta Zerunian, Andrea Laghi Benign lesions MR technique Fibroepithelial polyp Colorectal polyps and cancer Pyonephrosis Malignant lesions RECTUM (RECTAL CANCER) Transitional cell carcinoma Andrea Delli Pizzi, Regina G. H. Beets-Tan Introduction MR IN PEDIATRICS - Urinary tract malformations Rectal cancer management - general concepts Angelo Lazzara, Marcello Napolitano, MR technique Alessandro Campari, Maria Pia Bondioni Primary staging T-staging Embriology N-staging Diagnosis Restaging after chemoradiotherapy Classifi cations Abnormalities of normal renal development ANAL CANAL Aberrant migration and fusion anomalies Damiano Caruso, Andrea Laghi Abnormalities of collecting system development MR technique and normal fi ndings Perianal fi stulas BLADDER Squaumos cell carcinoma of the anus Maria Assunta Cova, Ilaria Fiorese, Maria Chiara Ricciardi, Irene Campo References MR technique Kidney and urinary tract Benign lesions Leiomyoma KIDNEY Neurofi broma Maria Assunta Cova, Ilaria Fiorese, Hemangioma Maria Chiara Ricciardi, Irene Campo Solitary fi brous tumor Malignant lesions MR technique Transitional cell carcinoma Normal MR anatomy or urothelial carcinoma Benign lesions Squamous cell carcinoma Cystic lesions Adenocarcinoma Focal cystic renal disease Neuroendocrine tumors Acquired multifocal cystic renal disease Carcinoid Heritable multifocal cystic renal disease Leiomyosarcoma Renal infl ammatory lesions Paraganglioma Angiomyolipoma Lymphoma Oncocytoma Adenoma MR IN PEDIATRICS - Bladder tumors Malignant lesions Maria Assunta Cova, Ilaria Fiorese, Renal cell carcinoma Maria Chiara Ricciardi, Irene Campo Cystic adenocarcinoma Lymphoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Transitional cell carcinoma Metastases References TABLE OF CONTENTS

Morphological and functional MR urography Peritoneum Lidia Alcalá Mata, Juan A. Retamero, Roberta Ambrosini, Alberta Villanacci, M. Alvaro Berbís, Antonio Luna Alcalá Luca Bottoni, Francesca Castagnoli

Introduction Introduction MR technique Anatomy Patient preparation MR technique Morphological MR urography Benign lesions Functional MR urography Mesenteric edema Comprehensive MR urography protocol Peritonitis Special populations Sclerosing mesenteritis Pediatric patients Peritoneal cysts Pregnant patients Enteric duplication cysts and enteric cysts Renal insuffi ciency Mesothelial cysts Peritoneal inclusion cyst Clinical applications or benign cystic mesothelioma Urolithiasis Mesenteric lymphangiomas Other causes of urinary tract obstruction Desmoid tumors Hematuria Peritoneal adenomatoid tumor Congenital anomalies Malignant lesions Infection Peritoneal malignant mesothelioma Pre- and post-operative assessment Primary peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma of renal transplant Secondary tumors Urothelial carcinoma Pseudomyxoma peritonei Pitfalls and artifacts Peritoneal spread of neoplastic diseases Future directions Peritoneal carcinomatosis Quantitative MRI of regional renal function References Artifi cial intelligence in MRI of kidneys and collecting systems Retroperitoneum References Giulia Zamboni, Alessandro Fighera, Lorenzo Costa, Giancarlo Mansueto Adrenal glands Roberta Ambrosini, Filippo Vaccher, Introduction Martina Bertuletti, Alberta Villanacci MR technique Normal MR anatomy Introduction Non-neoplastic lesions MR technique Retroperitoneal hematoma Amyloidosis MR normal anatomy Abscess Benign lesions Retroperitoneal fi brosis Hyperplasia Erdheim-Chester disease Adenoma Extramedullary hematopoiesis Myelolipoma Lipomatosis Cysts Malignant lesions Hemorrhage HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES Ganglioneuroma Lymphoma Malignant lesions Extramedullary plasmacytoma Metastasis PRIMARY RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS Adrenocortical carcinoma Tumors of mesodermal mesenchymal origin Pheocromocytoma Neurogenic tumors Adrenal lymphoma Extragonadal germ cell tumors Others primary retroperitoneal cystic tumors MR IN PEDIATRICS - Neuroblastoma and extra-adrenal neuroblastic tumors MR IN PEDIATRICS - Retroperitoneal tumors Alessandro Campari, Angelo Lazzara, Alessandro Campari, Angelo Lazzara, Marcello Napolitano, Maria Pia Bondioni Marcello Napolitano, Maria Pia Bondioni References References TABLE OF CONTENTSINDICE

Female genital system VAGINA AND VULVA Maria Assunta Cova, Cristina Marrocchio, VAGINA Alessandro Marco Bozzato Normal MR anatomy MR technique Benign lesions Patient preparation Congenital anomalies Magnets, coils, and patient positioning Cysts Malignant lesions ADNEXA Squamous cell carcinoma Normal MR anatomy Metastases Functional cysts VULVA Follicular cysts Carcinoma Corpus luteum cysts References Endometriosis Epithelial tumors Benign serous and mucinous tumors Male genital system Malignant serous and mucinous tumors Pietro Torricelli, Francesco Prampolini, Endometrioid carcinoma Lorenzo Reverberi Clear cell carcinoma Brenner tumor PROSTATE Sex-cord stromal tumors Granulosa cell tumor Introduction Fibromas, fi brothecomas, thecomas Anatomy Sclerosing stromal tumors Blood supply Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors MR technique Germ cell tumors Patient preparation Mature teratoma Type of coil Immature teratoma MR protocol Dysgerminoma Prostate cancer Endodermal sinus tumor Diagnostic work-up Polycystic ovary syndrome Magnetic resonance imaging Ovarian torsion Ectopic pregnancy Spectroscopy Infl ammatory conditions Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging Tubo-ovarian abscess PI-RADS scoring system Actinomycosis Structured reporting Tuberculosis Tumor staging Therapy UTERUS AND CERVIX State-of-the-art and future prospects Normal MR anatomy Benign lesions Benign lesions Benign prostatic hyperplasia Congenital anomalies Prostatitis Nabothian cysts Adenomyosis SEMINAL VESICLES AND VAS DEFERENS Polyps Leiomyoma Anatomy Malignant lesions MR technique Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix Congenital anomalies Endometrial carcinoma Agenesis Sarcoma Hypoplasia Congenital cysts URETHRA Infections Normal MR anatomy Abscess Benign lesions Amyloidosis Periurethral cysts Primary tumors Diverticula Secondary tumors Benign solid lesions Miscellaneous Malignant lesions Vas deferens anomalies TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIDYMUS AND EPIDIDYMIS Aneurysm Dissection Introduction Traumas MR technique Renal arteries Normal MR anatomy Introduction Congenital anomalies Indications Cryptorchidism MR technique Hydrocele Normal MR anatomy Varicocele Nefrovascular hypertension Testicular torsion Other renal arteries pathologies Intratesticular masses Splanchnic and iliac vessels Non-tumor intratesticular benign lesions Indications Intratesticular benign tumors MR technique Adrenal rest tumor Aneurysm Malignant intratesticular tumors Stenosis Intratesticular pseudotumor Thrombosis Extratesticular masses Dissection Infl ammatory processes Orchitis References Epididymitis Tuberculous orchiepididymitis Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in oncology Fournier’s gangene Giuseppe Petralia, Paola Pricolo, Sarah Alessi, Fabio Zugni Trauma Introduction Testicular microlithiasis Technical notes Hardware PENIS AND URETHRA Anatomical coverage Introduction Sequences MR technique Image post-processing Normal MR anatomy Clinical applications Benign lesions Multiple myeloma Congenital anomalies Lymphoma Urethral plate and canal malformations Prostate cancer La Peyronie’s disease Melanoma Cowper syringocele Breast Urethral spongiofi brosis Lung cancer Vascular disorders Colorectal cancer Priapism Ovarian cancer Vascular impotence Cancer screening Malignant lesions of the penis References Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis Non-epithelial tumors MR imaging to assess oncological treatment response Trauma Andra Curcean, Joshua Shur, Mihaela Rata, Dow-Mu Koh Penile prosthesis Introduction References Effects of antitumor treatment on cancers: implications for imaging Abdominal MR angiography Conventional MR imaging Angelo Vanzulli, Pietro Gemma to measure treatment response Size measurement criteria Introduction Modifi ed RECIST criteria Dark blood Changes in tumor morphology Bright blood as response to treatment Thoracoabdominal aorta Functional MR imaging techniques Introduction Diffusion-weighted MRI Indications Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI MR technique Intrinsic susceptibility MRI Normal MR anatomy MR elastography Basic sequences Aortic pathology References