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Data of Geochemistry Data of Geochemistry * Chapter G. Chemical Composition of Rivers and Lakes GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-G Data of Geochemistry MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical Editor Chapter G. Chemical Composition of Rivers and Lakes By DANIEL A. LIVINGSTONE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-G UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH EDITION Michael Fleischer, Technical Editor The first edition of the Data of Geochemistry, by F. W. Clarke, was published in 1908 as U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 330. Later editions, also by Clarke, were published in 1911, 1916, 1920, and 1924 as Bulletins 491, 616, 695, and 770. This, the sixth edition, has been written by several scientists in the Geological Survey and in other institutions in the United States and abroad, each preparing a chapter on his special field. The current edition is being published in individual chapters, titles of which are listed below. Chapters already published are indicated by boldface. CHAPTER A. The chemical elements B. Cosmochemistry C. Internal structure and composition of the Earth D. Composition of the earth's crust E. Chemistry of the atomsphere F. Chemical composition of subsurface waters, by Donald E. White, John D. Hem, and G. A. Waring G. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes, by Daniel A. Livingstone H. Chemistry of the oceans I. Geochemistry of the biosphere J. Chemistry of rock-forming minerals K. Volcanic emanations, by Donald E. White and G. A. Waring L. Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides except water M. Phase equilibrium relations of the common rock-forming oxides with water and (or) carbon dioxide N. Chemistry of igneous rocks O. Chemistry of rock weathering and soils P. Chemistry of bauxites and laterites Q. Chemistry of nickel silicate deposits R. Chemistry of manganese oxides S. Chemical composition of sandstones, excluding carbonate and volcanic sands, by F. J. Pettijohn T. Nondetrital siliceous sediments, by Earle R. Cressman U. Chemical composition of shales and related rocks V. Chemistry of carbonate rocks W. Chemistry of iron-rich rocks X. Chemistry of phosphorites Y. Marine evaporites, by Frederick H. Stewart Z. Continental evaporites AA. Chemistry of coal BB. Chemistry of petroleum, natural gas, and miscellaneous carbonaceous substances CC. Chemistry of metamorphic rocks DD. Abundance and distribution of the chemical elements and their isotopes EE. Geochemistry of ore deposits FF. Physical chemistry of sulfide systems GG. The natural radioactive elements HH. Geochronology II. Temperatures of geologic processes JJ. Composition of fluid inclusions in CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _________________________________________ Gl Chemical compositon of lake and river water Con. 1 Minor constituents ____ ___________________ _ G41 1 41 2 Fluorine, bromine, and iodine ____ _______ . 41 3 42 3 43 General analyses _ ____ ____ _ ____ _ __ ____ __ 11 Rubidium..-. _____ ______ ___ ________ . 43 11 44 11 44 12 44 Eastern tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico -_ 14 Barium _______ _______ ______ _ __ ___. 44 Mississippi River drainage ___________ ___ 14 45 15 45 15 Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth _____ ._____. 45 15 The rare gases _ ___ _ _________-__----_ - 46 Columbia River basin and other northwest- Gallium___ _ ___ __ __ _______ _-_____- 46 18 Gold_--___---_-------_-----------___. 46 Alaska waters. ___ ___ _______ _____ ___ 18 Mercury _ ______ _______ ___ -___ ______ 46 19 47 20 Copper___ ________ -__ ______ ____ 47 Eurasia ___ _ _ __ ______ _ _____ __ __ _ 20 47 New Zealand _ _ ._ _________ _ _____ 27 Silver__ ____ _ ______ ___ __ ___ ____ . 48 28 Zinc _ __ _ -_ __ _ ___ _ _ - -__- 48 31 49 36 Zirconium. _____ _______________________ 49 Tin. __ ._- _ . _ _ _ __ -. 49 Global computations..--- __ _______________ 37 49 North America. ____ ___ _ __ ____ __ 38 Vanadium. ______ ____ _ _ _ .__. ___. 4Q Europe__ ___ _ _ ____ ___ ____ _____ 38 Chromium . ______ __ _ ... _______ . 4Q Asia__ ______ ________ __ _ ___ __ _ 39 50 39 Manganese _ _ ___________ __ _____ __ . 50 50 Australia. ___ _ ____ ______ __ _ _ _ 39 51 South America. .-__ _ _ __ __ __ _____ 40 Stable isotopes. _.-_ __ ____________ .-__ . K1 World summary.- _ ______ __ __________ 40 Organic matter. _____ ________ ______ __. 51 Mean chemical composition of World river Bibliography_______ ___ ._ __ _____ _____ .____. 52 water..-.. .. _._ _ ________ _______ 40 Index__ ______ ._____-__----- ------ ___ _____ _. 63 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FICHTBE 1. Mean daily supply of chloride and sulfate plus nitrate in relation to wind direction. After Gorham, 1958 G4 2. Relation of specific conductance to mean daily runoff of the Saline River. After Durum, 1953- __-- 5 3. Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of Imikpuk, near the Arctic Ocean. After Boyd, 1959 __ ____ 9 4. Diurnal pH changes in a small fresh-water lake. After Schutle and Elsworth, 1954_ 9 5. Diurnal oxygen change in Silver Springs, Florida. After Odum, 1956___ - 9 6. Redox potential near the mud-water interface and concentrations of dissolved substances in the water just over the mud surface of Esthwaite Water, England, during 1940. After Mortimer, 1941-42 _ 11 VI CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. Oxygen-18 content of lakes and rivers..____...____________. _- G2 2. Deuterium content of lakes and rivers_________________________________________-__-----____--_--- 3 3. Tritium content of lakes and rivers_____________-____-______-_____--____-----_--------_------ --- 3 4. Moreau River at Bixby, S. Dak., showing changes in chemical composition of a stream in a semiarid region 4 5. Mayo River near Price, N.C__________________________-______________-_-_---_----_--- ______ 5 6-43. Analyses of water: 6. From the St. Lawrence River basin-______-_--_------------_-----------_--------------------- 12 7. From the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River__-_--__---____-----___--_-------------------__- 12 8. From the Atlantic Coast drainage in Canada-___-------_--_____---_--------------------------- 13 9. From the Atlantic Coast drainage in the northern United States-______-____-_--__-_-____--_-__-_ 13 10. From the Atlantic Coast drainage in the southern United States.________________________________ 13 11. From the eastern tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico_____-______-_-_-_--__-_-----_-_ __________ 14 12. From the Ohio River, main stem__________________________ _ -- 14 13. From the Ohio drainage of the Mississippi system_____________________________________ ____ 14 14. From the northwestern part of the Mississippi system_________-___________--__-_-___-_-_-_____- 15 15. From the lower Mississippi River and its tributaries_____----__--_____------__-_----_-----___-_- 15 16. From the Rio Grande and its tributaries.______________________--______---_-_----_________ 16 17. From west Texas and Mexico________________________________________________________ 16 18. From the Colorado River system and the Sacramento River___________________________________ 16 19. From the Basin-Range province and adjacent closed basins___________________________________ 17 20. From the Devil's Lake basin, North Dakota.----------------------------____--__-___-_ 17 21. From concentrated lakes in British Columbia_________________________________________ _ 17 22. From closed lakes of Saskatchewan_________________________________________________________ 18 23. From the Columbia River system_________________________________-_____----_--___-__--_-___- 18 24. Some other northwestern waters___---____--___----_-_---_-__-_--_-_--_----__----_--_----_-_- 19 25. Alaskan waters____________________________________________________________________ 19 26. From the Mackenzie drainage_______________________________________________________ 20 27. From the Hudson Bay drainage__________________________________________________ 21 28. From lakes in continental west Greenland______________________________________________ 21 29. FromPortugal________________________________________________________ 22 30. From Shropshire meres, England_____________________--___-______---_------__---_--_--__-__- 22 31. Miscellaneous, from England-______________________________-_-___---_-__--_--_--_-__-__-_-_- 22 32. From Scotland-_______________________________________________________ 22 33. From western Ireland-..._______.____________________________________ 22 34. From rivers in Britain..____________________________________ _.-_- 23 35. From west Europe__________________________________________________________________ 23 36. From the Rhine and the Elbe and their tributaries______-__-__---___---_-__-__-__----__--_---_- 24 37. From Central Europe__-_________________________________________ 24 38. From Estonia, Sweden, and Norway---------------__-____-______________________________ 24 39. River water from the U.S.S.R.-_____________________________________ 24 40. Further, river water from the U.S.S.R_______________________--__________ 25 41. Miscellaneous lake waters from the U.S.S.R_________________________________________________ 25 42. From Crimean salt lakes_____________________________________________________________ 25 43. From Kazakhstan______________________________________________ 26 44. Average ionic composition of river water in the territory of the U.S.S.R-__________--____--____--____ 26 45-74. Analyses of water: 45. From Akita Prefecture, Japan.__________________..___________________
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