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Kriegsbewältigung in Japan Zwischen Aufarbeitung Und Revisionismus

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Kriegsbewältigung in Japan Zwischen Aufarbeitung Und Revisionismus Christina Maria Pachler Kriegsbewältigung in Japan Zwischen Aufarbeitung und Revisionismus DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magistra der Philosophie Studium: Lehramtsstudium UF Englisch UF Geschichte, Sozialkunde, Polit.Bildg. Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt Begutachter Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dieter Pohl Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt Institut für Geschichte Klagenfurt, April 2019 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich versichere an Eides statt, dass ich - die eingereichte wissenschaftliche Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe, - die während des Arbeitsvorganges von dritter Seite erfahrene Unterstützung, einschließlich signifikanter Betreuungshinweise, vollständig offengelegt habe, - die Inhalte, die ich aus Werken Dritter oder eigenen Werken wortwörtlich oder sinngemäß übernommen habe, in geeigneter Form gekennzeichnet und den Ursprung der Information durch möglichst exakte Quellenangaben (z.B. in Fußnoten) ersichtlich gemacht habe, - die eingereichte wissenschaftliche Arbeit bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland einer Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt habe und - bei der Weitergabe jedes Exemplars (z.B. in gebundener, gedruckter oder digitaler Form) der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit sicherstelle, dass diese mit der eingereichten digitalen Version übereinstimmt. Mir ist bekannt, dass die digitale Version der eingereichten wissenschaftlichen Arbeit zur Plagiatskontrolle herangezogen wird. Ich bin mir bewusst, dass eine tatsachenwidrige Erklärung rechtliche Folgen haben wird. Christina Maria Pachler e.h. Klagenfurt, April 2019 Abstract (Deutsch) Die folgende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Kriegsaufarbeitung in Japan und stellt den Ablauf ebenjener anhand vier umstrittener Themen der Nachkriegszeit dar. So wird zunächst auf die Rolle des Yasukuni-Schreins eingegangen und erklärt, warum die Besuche des Schreins durch japanische PolitikerInnen im Ausland regelmäßig auf Ablehnung stoßen. Ein weiteres Kapitel widmet sich dem Streit um die Darstellung der Kriegsverbrechen in japanischen Geschichtslehrbüchern und nimmt auf wichtige Etappen wie die Schulbuchprozesse Ienaga Saburōs Bezug. Hinsichtlich der „Trostfrauen“ soll geklärt werden, welche Schritte die japanische Regierung zur Entschädigung der ehemaligen Zwangsprostituierten setzte. Der letzte Abschnitt handelt vom Nanking-Massaker, das in zahlreichen Publikationen unterschiedlich aufgearbeitet wurde. Insgesamt stellte sich die Frage, welche Aspekte förderlich bzw. hinderlich für die Kriegsaufarbeitung in Japan waren und es teilweise noch immer sind. Des Weiteren wurde versucht, die Hintergründe der revisionistischen Tendenzen und die Leitfiguren der nationalistischen Bewegung zu ermitteln. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass die Haltung Japans hinsichtlich der eigenen Kriegsvergangenheit zutiefst gespalten ist, was dementsprechend einer Aussöhnung mit den Nachbarländern im Wege steht. Als Ausgangspunkt für die ambivalente Einstellung müssen die alliierten Kriegsverbrecherprozesse gesehen werden, die von der japanischen Bevölkerung eher als „Siegerjustiz“ empfunden wurden und auch keine Verantwortungsübernahme begünstigten. Konservative Politiker und Historiker, die nach der Besetzung des Landes entlassen worden waren, kehrten bald wieder in ihre Ämter zurück und sorgten dafür, dass das Erziehungsministerium kritische Darstellungen der Kriegsgräuel in den Lehrbüchern zu unterbinden begann. Indes sammelten sich um den Yasukuni-Schrein als Zentrum des japanischen Gefallenenkults verschiedene Organisationen, welche die seit 1955 fast durchgehend an der Macht befindliche LDP mit ihren Wahlstimmen unterstützen. Ebenso involviert ist die Nippon Kaigi, eine mächtige Lobby mit dem Ziel, die staatsshintōistische Vorkriegsideologie wiederherzustellen. Ihre VertreterInnen finden sich in Politik, Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Journalismus und widmen sich unter anderem der Leugnung des Nanking-Massakers und der Leiden der Trostfrauen. Abstract (English) The following diploma thesis concerns itself with Japan’s way of remembering and accounting for its wartime past, specifically by looking at four contested aspects of the post-World War II era. The paper begins by outlining the role of the Yasukuni Shrine and explains why visits by senior politicians to said site create controversy abroad. Another chapter focuses on the struggle over the portrayal of war crimes in Japanese history textbooks and describes its important stages, for instance the textbook trials initiated by the historian Ienaga Saburō. Regarding the so-called “comfort women”, the next section aims to trace the steps the Japanese government has taken to compensate the former forced prostitutes. Finally, the Nanjing Massacre is addressed by analyzing its (oftentimes very different) depictions in various publications. Overall, the guiding question asked which circumstances encouraged and prevented Japan from coming to terms with its past – even now. Additionally, attempts were made to identify the causes and agents of revisionist tendencies. In conclusion, it became evident that Japan’s attitude towards its wartime past is deeply split, which hinders reconciliation with its neighboring countries. The origins of this ambivalent approach can be found in the Allied war crimes trials, which were predominantly perceived as “victor’s justice” und thus did not inspire the population to accept responsibility. Conservative politicians and historians who were dismissed after the Allied occupation soon returned to their posts and made sure that the descriptions of war crimes in history textbooks were significantly toned down. Meanwhile, several organizations rallied around the Yasukuni Shrine as a national center for the commemoration of the war dead. They would later offer their support and votes to the LDP, which has governed Japan near-continuously since 1955. Another key player is the Nippon Kaigi, a powerful lobby aiming to reintroduce the prewar ideology of State Shintō. To achieve their end goal, Nippon Kaigi members engage in politics, science, business, and journalism with the intent to deny Japanese war crimes such as the Nanjing Massacre or the exploitation of the comfort women. Inhalt Eidesstaatliche Erklärung Abstract 1. Einleitung 7 2. Grundlegende Etappen der Kriegsaufarbeitung 11 3. Der Yasukuni-Schrein 16 3.1. Geschichte und Rolle 16 3.2. Besondere Problematik 20 3.3. Politische Besuche und Reaktionen 25 3.4. Alternative Gedenkstätten 38 4. Die Schulbuch-Kontroverse 41 4.1. Geschichtslehrbücher in der Besatzungszeit 41 4.2. Konservative Gegenreaktion und „Eiszeit“ 43 4.3. Ienaga Saburōs Schulbuchprozesse 46 4.4. Schulbuchaffären 49 4.5. Wiedererstarken des Revisionismus 57 4.6. Versuche länderübergreifender Kooperation 62 5. Die Trostfrauen 69 5.1. Hintergründe und Anwerbung 69 5.2. Kriegsverbrecherprozesse und erste Übereinkommen 71 5.3. Beginn der Aufarbeitung 74 5.4. Haltung der japanischen Regierung 77 5.5. Konservative Gegenreaktion 83 5.6. Versuche internationaler Aufarbeitung 84 5.7. Linie der Abe-Administration 88 6. Die Nanking-Debatte 95 6.1. Verlauf des Massakers 95 6.2. Grundlegende Kontroversen 97 6.3. Kriegsverbrechertribunale in Tokio und Nanking 100 6.4. AutorInnenstreit 106 6.5. Sonstige revisionistische Bestrebungen 111 7. Zusammenfassung 116 Literaturverzeichnis 121 1. Einleitung In Asien war die erste Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts geprägt von der japanischen Ausdehnungspolitik. Nach dem Ersten Japanisch-Chinesischen Krieg 1894-1895 konnte das „Land der aufgehenden Sonne“ die östliche Mandschurei besetzen. Der Sieg über die europäische Großmacht Russland 1905 bestärkte Japan noch weiter in seinem imperialistischen Expansionsstreben. Nur wenige Jahre später wurde Korea unter dem Namen Chōsen zur offiziellen Kolonie Japans erklärt. Mit dem von japanischen Soldaten provozierten Mandschurischen Zwischenfall 1931 und der Errichtung des Marionettenstaats Mandschukuo im Folgejahr weitete Japan seine Einflusssphäre auf dem Kontinent stetig aus. 1937 begann dann der Zweite Japanisch-Chinesische Krieg, wobei durch die japanischen Truppen insbesondere ab dem Sommer 1942 eine Vernichtungspolitik unter dem Motto „Töte alles, verbrenne alles, plündere alles“ geführt wurde. Diese Kriegspolitik kostete Millionen ChinesInnen das Leben und beraubte zahllose weitere Personen ihrer Heimat. Auch in den Nachbarländern, allen voran in Korea, Indonesien und den Philippinen, fielen hunderttausende ZivilistInnen den japanischen Kriegsverbrechen zum Opfer. Erst mit der Kapitulation Japans am 15. August 1945 endete der größte Krieg, der sich jemals im asiatisch-pazifischen Raum zugetragen hatte. Japan wurde schlagartig mit der Siegermacht USA konfrontiert, deren Demokratisierungspolitik die ersten Nachkriegsjahre bestimmte. Führende Regierungspolitiker und Militärs mussten sich indes vor den Kriegsverbrechertribunalen in Tokio und Yokohama verantworten. Auch wenn das Ende des Pazifikkriegs bereits mehr als 70 Jahre zurückliegt, ist die Aufarbeitung der japanischen Kriegs- und Kolonialpolitik noch lange nicht abgeschlossen. Dabei wird Japan oft die Verdrängung der Kriegsvergangenheit, insbesondere von Verbrechen wie dem Nanking-Massaker oder der sexuellen Ausbeutung der „Trostfrauen“, unterstellt. Besuche hochrangiger PolitikerInnen am berüchtigten Yasukuni-Schrein sowie revisionistische Geschichtsdarstellungen in japanischen Schulbüchern verstärken diesen Eindruck noch. Aus diesen Gründen kritisieren Nachbarländer wie die Volksrepublik China und Südkorea in regelmäßigen
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