Promising Olive Cultivars for Oil Production in Hawaii
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the absence of winter chilling or hours below 7.2 °C, no flowers were produced in several olive cultivars (Hartmann and Porlingis, 1957). In Hawaii, which is located in the tropics, Preliminary a higher elevation is associated with cooler temperatures. On Hawaii Is- land, a planting of ‘Arbequina’ at an elevation of 1000 ft did not produce and Regional any flowers (D. McKanna, personal communication). There are three stages in olive flower production: 1) floral buds are Reports initiated at the end of summer or early autumn, 2) floral bud dormancy dur- ing the winter cold period, and 3) bud Promising Olive Cultivars for Oil Production burst and flower structure devel- opment until anthesis (full bloom) in Hawaii (Fabbri and Benelli, 2000; Fernandez- Escobar et al., 1992). Rallo and ° 1 2,3 Martin (1991) showed that 7.2 C Susan C. Miyasaka and Randall T. Hamasaki is sufficient to complete chilling requirements of ‘Manzanillo’ in a ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. tropical horticulture, chilling requirement, germplasm growth chamber following 800 h evaluation below 7.2 °C in the field, whereas 12.5 °C allowed completion of chill- Olea europaea SUMMARY. To determine promising olive ( ) cultivars for oil production ing requirements and subsequent in Hawaii, seven trees each of 10 cultivars (Arbequina, Arbosana, Coratina, growth of floral bud. In addition, Frantoio, Koroneiki, Leccino, Mission, Moraiolo, Pendolino, and Taggiasca) were planted in Feb. and July 2011 at the Lalamilo Experiment station on Hawaii Island flower formation has been shown to (lat. 20.0176°N, long. 155.6827°W, elevation 2700 ft). In addition, two trees each be inhibited by high daytime temper- of these 10 cultivars were planted in June 2011, with the exception of Arbequina, atures (‡24 °C), and it was suggested which was planted in July 2012, at the Maui Agricultural Research Center in Kula, that the lack of flowering of ‘Arbe- Maui (lat. 20.7564°N, long. 156.3289°W, elevation 3100 ft). At Lalamilo, after quina’ in Weslaco, TX, was due to too 2 years of growth in the field (2013), three cultivars of olives (Arbequina, Arbosana, many hours of high temperature and Koroneiki) flowered, fruited, and produced oil yields of greater than 20%. (Malik and Bradford, 2006). These same cultivars flowered and fruited in 2014 and 2015. There was no Cultivar selection is critical for significant difference among cultivars in fresh weight fruit yield averaged over successful fruit and oil production, 2 years (2013 and 2014), ranging from 2.14 to 2.45 kg/tree. During December to because cultivars differ in the chilling March, calculation of chilling hours below 12.5 °C was 141 hours during 2012–13 and 161 hours during 2013–14. The other seven cultivars did not flower and fruit requirement to break floral bud dor- during these 2 years of growth at Lalamilo, perhaps due to a greater requirement for mancy (De Melo-Abreu et al., 2004; chilling hours. At Kula, after 3 years of growth (2015), nine cultivars of olives with Hartmann and Porlingis, 1957; the exception of Moraiolo flowered and fruited. Mean fresh weight fruit yield in Orlandi et al., 2004; Sahli et al., 2015 ranged from 0.25 to 22.06 kg/tree for various cultivars grown in Kula, Maui. 2012). In central Italy and southern In 2013, the oil from three cultivars grown at Lalamilo was analyzed for free fatty Spain, Orlandi et al. (2004) found acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), ultraviolet absorption for conjugated double bonds, that Italian cultivar Ascolana re- 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), and pyropheophytins (PPP). Oil quality was within the quired 1848 h below 7.2 °Ctoreach range of extra-virgin olive oil. There is a need to investigate further the effects of budburst, whereas Spanish cultivar temperature and management on flowering and fruiting of olive cultivars grown in Picudo required 997 h. In northwest Hawaii at various elevations. In particular, ‘Arbequina’, ‘Arbosana’, and ‘Koroneiki’ appear to have a lower requirement for chilling hours than other cultivars tested. Argentina, at almost all sites (eleva- tions ranging from 350 to 1200 m above sea level) and in all years, lives are grown throughout northwest Argentina, California, and ‘Arbequina’ flowered normally (Aybar the Mediterranean basin, and Texas (Aybar et al., 2015; De Melo- et al., 2015). In contrast, Leccino and Othe best production areas are Abreu et al., 2004; Mailer and Ayton, Frantoio did not flower normally, in- characterized by mild, rainy winters and 2011; Malik and Bradford, 2006; Sahli dicating a need for selection of other long, warm, and dry summers. Tradi- et al., 2012; Trentacoste et al., 2010). cultivars better suited to the chilling tional olive orchards are low density In Hawaii, olives have been cultivated hours found in northwest Argentina (100trees/ha)andrainfed(Gomez- during most of the 20th century and (Aybar et al., 2015). del-Campo, 2013; Naor et al., 2013). are naturalized in dry to mesic areas on Factors affecting olive oil yield Plantings of olives have spread Hawaii Island (Wagner et al., 1990). include fruit number, average fresh outside the Mediterranean region, Temperature is the most impor- fruit weight, and fruit oil concentra- into countries such as Angola, Aus- tant environmental factor that influ- tion. Fruit oil concentration increases tralia (northern Victoria province), ences olive flowering and fruit set. In typically from early fall until harvest. • August 2016 26(4) 497 PRELIMINARY AND REGIONAL REPORTS In Spain, oil content of ‘Arbequina’ summer and early fall until harvest There is a potential market for and eight new cultivars showed greatly when oil is being synthesized in the high value, boutique olive oil pro- increased oil content between Sep- fruit (Gomez-del-Campo, 2013). duced in Hawaii. However, there is tember and December (Leon et al., Summer is the period when irrigation little information on olive cultivars best 2013). In Argentina, fruit oil concen- water can be conserved with the least suited for oil production in Hawaii or tration of ‘Arbequina’ increased rap- reduction in fruit and oil production best management practices to maxi- idly between 50 and 150 d after full (Gomez-del-Campo, 2013). In Golan mize oil production. In addition, there bloom (Trentacoste et al., 2010). Heights, Israel, irrigation at a crop co- is a need for more information on the An index of fruit color [maturity efficient (K c) of 0.75 to 1.0 resulted in minimum chilling requirements to index (MI)] is used widely to decide maximumoilyieldinanorchardof break winter dormancy of floral buds on the best time to harvest olives 6-year-old ‘Koroneiki’ trees (Naor of various olive cultivars grown in (Trentacoste et al., 2010). Depend- et al., 2013). Maximum fruit yield in Hawaii. The objective of these field trials ing on the cultivar and desired flavor a fully irrigated ‘Arbequina’ orchard conducted in Lalamilo, Hawaii Island, characteristics of the oil, a fruit MI (10–11 years after planting) in Argen- and Kula, Maui, was to determine olive between 2.5 and 4.5 is used (Vossen, tina at a spacing of 417 trees/ha was cultivars best suited for oil production. 2005): 0 = deep green color, 1 = reported to be 60 kg/tree (25 tÁha–1) yellow or yellow-green skin color, with an oil yield of 3.8 tÁha–1 (Trentacoste Materials and methods 2=yellow-greenwithlessthan1/2of et al., 2010). Vossen (2005) reported PLANTING AT LALAMILO. Ten fruit with reddish spots and violet skin that mature, irrigated orchards in olive cultivars were selected for oil color, 3 = red to purple skin color on north and central coasts of California production, based partly on recom- more than 1/2 of fruit, 4 = light at a spacing of 180 trees/acre pro- mendations by P. Vossen from the purple to black skin color with duced an average fruit yield of University of California, Davis (UCD), white-green flesh color, 5 = black skin 2.5 tons/acre (31 kg/tree or 5.6 tÁha–1) and partly on availability through plant color and violet flesh color less than andanoilyieldof45gal/ton nurseries in California and Hawaii 1/2 way to the pit, 6 = black skin (1.0 tÁha–1). In northern Victoria prov- (Table 1). The cultivars recommen- color and violet flesh color almost to ince, Australia, fruit yield in fully irri- ded for oil production by Mr. Vossen the pit, and 7 = black skin color and gated ‘Paragon’ orchards grown for were Arbequina, Arbosana, Frantoio, dark flesh color all the way to the pit. 9to11yearsafterplantingataspac- Koroneiki, Leccino, Mission, Pendolino, In ‘Arbequina’ grown in Argentina, ingof250trees/harangedfrom and Moraiolo. a fruit MI of 2.5 optimized both oil 28to42kg/tree(7to10.5tÁha–1) Olive cultivar Arbequina was yield and oil quality (Trentacoste andoilyieldrangedfrom4.8to obtained from Kealakekua Bay Farm et al., 2010). 5.8 kg/tree (1.2 to 1.45 tÁha–1) Management (Kailua-Kona, HI) in Oil production increases with (Mailer and Ayton, 2011). pots that were 2.5 inches diameter, irrigation, mostly due to increased Consumption of all salad and 10 inches depth, and 40 inches3 vol- crop load (Naor et al., 2013). There cooking oils in the United States has ume (D40L Deepot cells; Stuewe & are two periods of growth when trees increased steadily from 15.4 lb per Sons, Tangent, OR). Cultivars Arbo- are most sensitive to drought stress: capita in 1970 to 33.7 lb per capita in sana, Frantoio, Koroneiki, Leccino, 1) in the spring between budburst 2000 (Barrio and Carman, 2005). and Mission were obtained from and fruit drop (5–6 weeks after Demand in the United States for olive Duarte Nursery (Hughson, CA) in budburst) and 2) from the end of oil is growing due to its health bene- similar sized pots.