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Football Player Body Composition SSE #145 Sports Science Exchange (2015) Vol. 28, No. 145, 1-8 ® FOOTBALL PLAYER BODY COMPOSITION: IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING FOR PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH Roberta Anding, MS, RD/LD, CDE, CSSD | Director of Sports Nutrition | Texas Children’s Hospital | United States of America Jonathan M. Oliver, PhD | Department of Kinesiology | Texas Christian University | United States of America KEY POINTS • The body mass of football players has increased significantly over the past 40 years with linemen increasing body mass by 30 kg. • The assessment and interpretation of body composition is central to the development of a football player. • Increases in fat-free mass have a direct correlation to strength, speed and explosiveness. • Multiple body composition measurement techniques exist and each has inherent strengths and weaknesses. • Serial measurements of body composition can evaluate the athlete’s status as well as provide insight on program development for the team. • Athletes with excess body fat are at risk of chronic diseases associated with obesity. • Quality nutrition and strength and conditioning programs can optimize body composition while limiting the health consequences associated with excess weight gain. INTRODUCTION were about the same height and weight as high school linebackers A football athlete’s body composition is of particular importance for today. More telling is the fact that even the high school linemen of performance. It has been suggested that an increase in body mass today are substantially taller and heavier than the professional or height is associated with increased playing time as well as greater players of 1942. rates of pay (Norton & Olds, 2001). Since performance is so strongly In general, football players have continued to gain size while height dependent on body morphology and composition, the ability to has remained relatively consistent. The evolution of a professional measure these changes in an athlete over time is essential to both offensive lineman is presented in Table 1. Since 1972, the average coaches and players. In addition to performance, there is growing body mass of an offensive lineman has increased by more than 30 kg interest in body composition of football athletes because of its impact (66 lb). While this is likely the most drastic change observed among on health. Studies using body mass index (BMI) as a measure of all positions, similar, albeit smaller, changes have been observed obesity suggest that up to 56% of football players, including high across all positions. These changes are not limited to professional school players, are obese (Harp & Hecht, 2005; Laurson & Eisenmann, players, as comparable changes have been observed in college 2007; Malina et al., 2007). Although the inaccuracy of associating a and high school players alike (Melvin et al., 2014; Noel et al., 2003; high BMI with increased risk of mortality has been reported (Lambert Olson & Hunter, 1985). Earlier studies suggested the increase in et al., 2012), the link between football players and cardiovascular risk size observed in football players simply followed the similar trends has been shown in numerous studies (Borchers et al., 2009; Buell et of growth observed in adult males. However, Norton and Olds (2001) al., 2008). Therefore, there is a need for monitoring body composition provided a unique commentary on the evolution of athletes over the in football athletes from both a performance and health perspective. 20th century. The authors reported that an increase in body mass of 51 kg (112.2 lb) in the National Football League (NFL) was associated with an additional playing year. Further, increments of ~0.1 cm (0.04 EVOLUTION OF PLAYER SIZE in) in height or 3 kg (6.6 lb) of mass were equated with ~$45,000 Interest in the body composition of football athletes spans more than in additional player payments. Those were adjusted to 1993 values. eight decades. In 1942, Welham and Behnke examined the body Given the increase in salaries that have been observed in the last composition of 25 professional football players. At that time, the decade, it is likely that the number may be even higher today. When nature of the sport was very different than it is today, as the players analyzing the height and body mass of the 300 all-time greatest were divided into only two groups, backs and linemen. Backs had an players (Neft et al., 1998), the authors concluded that larger players average height and mass of 181.0 cm (71.3 in) and 85.7 kg (188.9 lb); have a clear advantage over smaller players and this has driven the while linemen were 185.7 cm tall (73.1 in) and weighed 97.1 kg (214.0 increase in size over the last several decades. lb) on average. To put those numbers in context, Ghigiarelli (2011) reported on the body composition of top high school recruits from It is important to note that while changes in body composition have 2001 to 2009. The backs in the study by Welham and Behnke (1942) been observed over the last several decades, football players are not a homogenous group of athletes and differences may exist across 1 Sports Science Exchange (2015) Vol. 28, No. 145, 1-8 teams depending on the style of play. In support of this contention, assessed the body composition of 411 NFL players just before draft Kraemer et al. (2005) noted significantly higher body fatness at a or before the start of summer camp using dual X-ray absorptiometry given position of one team when compared to another team. The (DXA). The use of DXA technology will be described later, but briefly authors suggested differences in strength and conditioning practices DXA is a three-compartment model for body composition (fat mass, as well as nutritional intervention may play a role in the observed lean mass, bone mass), which allows segmental analyses to assess disparity between teams. where lean and fat mass is accumulated. It must be noted that since It is true that significant advancements in the field of strength and all of the players were recruited for a particular team, their body conditioning and nutritional sciences have occurred concurrent with composition may be biased toward that team’s type of play (Kraemer changes in body composition over recent decades, as evidenced et al., 2005). Still, given the large sample size and the extended by the increase in body mass not only being associated with an period in which body composition was assessed (6 yr), the results increase in fat mass, which has health implications, but also with from that study provide the most comprehensive look at today’s NFL gains in lean mass. The changes in lean mass are considered player body composition. relatively positive given the improvements observed in performance, even over a short period of time. Secora et al. (2004) examined Offensive and Defensive Linemen differences in performance characteristics from 1987 to 2000. Offensive and defensive linemen have previously been reported to Significant differences were observed in 50/88 comparisons, with be fairly similar in body mass with slightly higher body fat (Kraemer most positions improving significantly compared to the previous et al., 2005). The study by Dengel et al. (2013) is in agreement with year examined. Similar improvements were noted in an earlier study previous reports (Kraemer et al., 2005) suggesting that offensive and comparing college players over a 10-yr span (Olson & Hunter, 1985). defensive linemen are somewhat similar (Table 2). Offensive linemen were significantly taller and heavier than the defensive linemen in the most recent study. The greater body mass was accounted for by 19721 19762 19843 19984 20055 20136 a greater fat mass in offensive linemen compared with defensive (OL/TE) (OL/TE) (OL/DL) (OL/TE) (OL) (OL) linemen, as both had similar lean mass. The distribution of lean Height 193.5/ 193.0/ 191.2/ 194.1/ 193.3/ 192.8/ mass was also similar between the two positions with greater lean (cm/in) 76.2 76.0 75.3 76.4 76.1 75.9 mass in the upper body than the lower body resulting in a 1.64 ± 0.17 BM 113.2/ 112.6/ 117.6/ 135.7/ 140.0/ 140.9/ and a 1.60 ± 0.19 upper to lower lean mass ratio in offensive and (kg/lb) 249.6 248.2 259.3 299.2 308.6 310.6 defensive linemen, respectively. % Body 15.5 15.6 17.0 24.7 25.1 28.8 Fat Offensive Lineman Defensive Lineman Table 1: Mean Body Composition Values for an Offensive Lineman Over Recent Decades Height (cm/in) 192.8 ± 4.1/75.9 ± 1.6 190.9 ± 2.9/75.2 ± 1.1 1 (Wilmore & Haskell, 1972), 2 (Wilmore et al., 1976), 3 (Gleim, 1984), 4 (Snow et al., 1998), 5 (Kraemer et al., 2005), 6 (Dengel et al., 2013). BM, body mass. OL, offensive Body Mass (kg/lb) 140.9 ± 6.1/310.6 ± 13.4 132.9 ± 14.7/293.0 ± 32.4 linemen. TE, tight end. DL, defensive linemen. % Body Fat 28.8 ± 3.7 25.2 ± 7.6 Regardless of what is driving the change in player size, it is clear Lean Mass (kg/lb) 96.5 ± 4.5/212.7 ± 9.9 95.2 ± 5.5/209.9 ± 12.1 that football players of today are substantially larger in terms of Fat Mass (kg/lb) 39.3 ± 6.0/86.6 ± 13.2 33.3 ± 12.3/73.4 ± 27.1 body mass than those of previous years and this is not limited to professional players alone. In fact, the changes at the college level have been even more drastic (Melvin et al., 2014; Noel et al., 2003; Table 2: Body Composition Characteristics of Offensive and Defensive Lineman According to a Recent Study (Dengel et al., 2013).
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