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From the Militia to the All-Volunteer Force University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School June 2021 American Military Service and Identity: From the Militia to the All- Volunteer Force Andrew C. Sparks University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Scholar Commons Citation Sparks, Andrew C., "American Military Service and Identity: From the Militia to the All-Volunteer Force" (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8872 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. American Military Service and Identity: From the Militia to the All-Volunteer Force by Andrew C. Sparks A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Politics and International Relations School of Interdisciplinary Global Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Nicolas Thompson, Ph.D. Steven Tauber, Ph.D. M. Scott Solomon, Ph.D. Julia Irwin, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 7, 2021 Keywords: Army, Conscription, Draft, Patriotism, War, State Copyright © 2021, Andrew C. Sparks Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v Chapter One: Service and Identity: An Introduction .......................................................................1 A Justification for This Study ..............................................................................................5 The Implications and Outline of This Study ........................................................................8 Chapter Two: A Theory of Military Service and Identity .............................................................11 The Public and Its Military ................................................................................................13 Civilian Control and Connection ...........................................................................14 The Citizen-Soldier ................................................................................................18 State Development and Military Growth ...........................................................................22 Territorial Expansion and Limited Federal Government .......................................22 The Growth of Federal Power and Programs ........................................................25 American Identity ..............................................................................................................30 The Imagined Community and Elite Control.........................................................31 Anti-Statism and Banal Nationalism .....................................................................34 Literature Gaps, Proposed Solutions, and Methodology ...................................................38 Hypotheses and Testing .....................................................................................................43 Chapter Three: The Militia Regime and the Youth of American Identity .....................................46 The Militia versus the Standing Army ...............................................................................48 The Militia Regime ............................................................................................................54 Militias in the Late 1700s ......................................................................................57 From Militia to Volunteers ....................................................................................62 The War of 1812 and Bladensburg ............................................................63 The Mexican-American War and the New Class of Volunteers ................67 A Summation of the Militia Regime ......................................................................71 Militias and Identity ...........................................................................................................73 Individual State-Centric Identity............................................................................74 Militias Forming States ..........................................................................................76 A Short Note on Regional Identity ........................................................................79 An Analysis of the Hypotheses for the Militia Regime .....................................................79 Concluding Remarks on the Militia Regime .....................................................................82 i Chapter Four: Coercion, the Military Draft, and Growing National Identity ................................84 The Coercive Regime ........................................................................................................89 The Civil War and State Coercion in Simultaneity ...............................................90 The Spanish-American War, Expansionism, and the Dick Act of 1903 ...............95 World War I and Social Coercion ........................................................................100 Coercion and Identity .......................................................................................................104 A Formation of Regional Identity ........................................................................105 The Solidification of National Identity ................................................................111 An Analysis of the Hypotheses for the Coercive Regime ...............................................115 Concluding Remarks on the Coercive Regime ................................................................117 Chapter Five: The Peacetime Draft, International Identity, and the Apex of Service .................120 The Peacetime Draft Regime ...........................................................................................123 World War II, The Just Cause..............................................................................125 Korea, State Investment in Veterans, and Cultural Acceptance ..........................130 Vietnam, The Unjust Cause .................................................................................135 The Apogee of Military Service and Identity ..................................................................140 Pax Americana and the International Identity .....................................................142 The Veteran ..........................................................................................................146 An Analysis of the Hypotheses for the Peacetime Draft Regime ....................................149 Concluding Remarks on the Peacetime Draft Regime ....................................................152 Chapter Six: The All-Volunteer Force and Retrospective Identity .............................................154 The All-Volunteer Force ..................................................................................................158 Vietnam Syndrome and the Persian Gulf War .....................................................160 Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Global War on Terrorism ..........................................165 Proliferating War and the Changing Nature of the AVF .....................................170 Retrospective Identity ......................................................................................................177 America’s Disenchanted Place ............................................................................179 War as a Patriotic Enterprise ................................................................................183 The Veteran Redux ..............................................................................................186 An Analysis of the Hypotheses for the All-Volunteer Force Regime .............................190 Concluding Remarks on the All-Volunteer Force ...........................................................193 Chapter Seven: Military Service and Identity: A Summation .....................................................195 An Analysis of the Hypotheses ........................................................................................196 A State-Grown Military ...................................................................................................201 Modern American Identity ...............................................................................................205 A Short Case for a Renewed Military Draft ....................................................................208 Areas for Future Research and Concluding Remarks ......................................................211 References ....................................................................................................................................214 ii List of Tables Table 3-1. Major Conflicts During the Militia Regime .................................................................47 Table 4-1. Major Conflicts During the Coercive Regime ..............................................................88
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