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Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation

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Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management G.P.O. BOX 4719, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Kathmandu, June 2016 T: 977-1-4220828/4220857 | F: 977-1-4221067 E: [email protected]/[email protected] (Asar 2073) W: www.dscwm.gov.np Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Kathmandu, June 2016 (Asar 2073) Publisher Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Cover photo credit Landslide in Rasuwa©Mr. Jagannath Joshi Credits © Department of soil Conservation and Watershed Management (DSCWM) Kathmandu, Nepal Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Sub-Group Coordinator: Mr. KesharMan Sthapit (FAO Nepal Office) Members: Mr. GehendraKeshariUpadhyaya (DSCWM) Dr. Jagannath Joshi (DSCWM) Mr. Deepak Bhardwaj (DSCWM) Mr. Shanmukhesh Chandra Amatya (Department of Water Induced Disaster Management) Ms. Laxmi Thagunna (Department of Environment) Ms. Racchya Shah (IUCN Nepal) Mr. Bhawani Shankar Dongol (WWF Nepal) Mr. Sanjay Devkota (Forum for Energy and Environment Development) Mr. Deo Raj Gurung (ICIMOD) Advisor: Mr. Purna Chandra Lal Rajbhandari (UNEP) Citation DSCWM (2016), Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation.Department of soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Kathmandu, Nepal. We are very thankful to USAID funded Hariyo Ban Program, WWF Nepal for providing support to edit, format and print this guideline. ii | Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation | iii iv | Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Preface The working group on “Landslide Treatment and Mitigation” was established following the recommendations of the consultative workshop on “Landslide Inventory, Risk Assessment, and Mitigation” organized by the Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management (DSCWM) from 28-29 September 2015 at Kathmandu. FAO, ICIMOD, IUCN, UNDP, UNEP, and WWF collaborated in the workshop. The first CoordinationMeeting of Partner Organizations held on 14 October 2015 established the working group that Food and Agriculture Organization-Nepal will coordinate. FAO designated Mr. Keshar Man Sthapit (Former DG of DSCWM) as coordinator. The members include Mr. Gehendra Keshari Upadhyaya, Dr. Jagannath Joshi, and Mr. Deepak Bhardwaj, DSCWM; Mr. Shanmukhesh Chandra Amatya, Department of Water Induced Disaster Management; Ms. Laxmi Thagunna, Department of Environment; Ms. Racchya Shah, IUCN Nepal; Mr. Bhawani Shankar Dongol, WWF Nepal; Mr. Sanjay Devkota, Forum for Energy and Environment Development (FEED); and Mr. Deo Raj Gurung, ICIMOD. Mr. Purna Chandra Lal Rajbhandari from UNEP was assigned as advisor. The “Landslide Treatment and Mitigation” working group held its first meeting on December 18, 2015 and second meeting on January 29, 2016. The working group prepared this Guideline through a desk review of pertinent literature, guidelines, and relevant documents on nationally and internationally adopted practices, and through extensive consultation workshops and meetings with experts and practitioners. Eventually, it finalized the guideline after incorporating comments and suggestions made by various experts and District Soil Conservation Officers at a ationaln level validation workshop on June 19, 2016. The terms of reference of the working group are in Annex 1. This Working Group 3 (Landslide treatment and mitigation) produced this report describing the guideline, including assessment of landslides for urgency of treatment, recommendations for treatment, landslide mapping, different techniques used, and basic surveying required for designing techniques. The report also provides a training schedule for building the capacity of field professionals and a format for documentation of the lessons learned. The coordinator appreciates the valuable contributions of the members of the working group. Keshar Man Sthapit Coordinator Landslide Treatment and Mitigation Sub-Group Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation | v Acronyms and Abbreviations DG Director General DSCO District Soil Conservation Office DSCWM Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FEED Forum for Energy and Environment Development GoN Government of Nepal GPS Global Positioning System Ha Hectare MRE Mountain Risk Engineering NARMSAP Natural Resource Management Sector Assistance Programme ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ILO International Labour Organisation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program VDC Village Development Committee WWF World Wildlife Fund Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation | vii Table of Contents Foreword iii Preface v Acronyms and Abbreviations vii 1. Background and Objectives of Landslide Treatment 1 1.1. Main Objectives of Landslide Treatment 1 1.2. Scope of Landslide Treatment 1 2. Urgency and Recommendation for Treatment 3 2.1. Assessment of Urgency and Recommendation 4 3. Landslide Mapping and Surveying to Identify Key Problems 7 3.1. Detailed Mapping of Landslides 7 3.2. Landslide Survey 8 3.3. Problem Identification 9 4. Treatment and Mitigation Measures for Landslides 11 4.1. Landslide Treatment Techniques 11 4.2. Treatments for Specific Zones of the Landslide 11 4.2.1. Upstream and Side Periphery Zones of the Landslide 11 4.2.2. Downstream Zone of Landslide 12 4.2.3. Catchment Area 13 4.2.4. Main Landslide 13 4.3. Practical Considerations and Approaches 14 4.3.1. Landslide Treatment Approach and Working Season 14 5. Capacity Building and Lesson Learned Documentation 15 6. References 17 Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation | ix List of Tables Table 1. Definition of Common Terms 3 Table 2. Treatability Status 4 Table 3. Evaluation Matrix for Assessment of Urgency for Treatment Existing Landslide 5 Table 4. Assessment of Recommendation for Treatment 6 List of Annexes Annex 1. Terms of Reference: Sub-group 3. Landslide Treatment and Mitigation 19 Annex 2. Mapping Steps (Modified after NARMSAP/DSCWM, 2004 and 2005) 21 Annex 3. Basic Surveying 24 Annex 4. Landslide Treatment Techniques 26 Annex 5. List of Commonly Used Species 67 Annex 6. Proposed Training Module for Capacity Building in Landslide Treatment 69 Annex 7. Landslide Inventory 71 Annex 8. Format for Documentation of the Lessons Learned 74 x | Guideline on Landslide Treatment and Mitigation viii Background and Objectives of Landslide Treatment Chapter 1 Landslide is a general term describing a mass of material refers to the vegetative and structural measures applied that has slipped downhill under the influence of gravity. in the landslide area and its influential catchment that In mountainous terrain, such as Nepal, landslides happen aim to reduce soil erosion and mass movement from relatively frequently, especially when the soil is saturated landslide and reduce the devastating effects on the areas with water1 as during the heavy monsoon rains. downstream and surrounding the landslide. Landslides cause damage to lives and settlements, 1.1. Main Objectives of Landslide development infrastructures, agricultural fields, and Teatment are to: forests. They occur because of complex forces in • prevent further movement of slopes by controlling conjunction with the slope morphology, hydrology, and runoff and erosion geotechnical parameters of the material. They occur • prevent damage upslope and down slope when the shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the • improve water quality and management material. Other terms to refer to landslide events include • stabilize the landslide area for productive purposes. ‘mass movements’, ‘slope failures’, ‘slope instability’, and ‘terrain instability’. 1.2. Scope of Landslide Treatment Landslide treatment stabilizes the landslide and reduces The causes of landslides and the problems they create the adverse impacts upstream and downstream of the in the hazard areas determine the types of landslide landslide. These activities include managing land and treatment and mitigation. Generally, landslide treatment water resources upstream of the landslide and periphery focuses on the immediately affected areas to fix the sliding area, stabilizing the slope within the landslide, protecting and reduce immediate adverse impacts on the surrounding and improving land use downstream of the landslide, and area. Mitigation focuses on minimizing the longer-term protecting the area. It includes bioengineering techniques occurrence of landslides in a whole watershed. to reduce erosion, and water management activities to dispose water safely and reduce moisture in the landslide For example: Immediate or short term measures area. includes drainage management, slope stabilization with engineering structures, such as retaining or toe walls, or Landslide treatment measures can be categorized into riprap, to address the immediate effects of a landslide. three general measures: Medium and long-term measures cover a whole watershed • proper land husbandry through land use improvement to improve cultivation practices, and better manage crops, practices, water, pasture, and watershed vegetation cover through • managing water through proper drainage afforestation. management and maintaining appropriate soil moisture, and Therefore, landslide
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