September, 2004

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

September, 2004 Volume 39, No. 3 Published three times yearly by the Association of Environmental Engineering & Science Professors September 2004 Environmental Engineering vs. environmental engineering In this issue... [President’s Note: Chuck Haas, who has been a driving force behind the 2005 AEESP Conference to be held at AEESP News..............2 Clarkson University, provides this newsletter’s commentary. - Marc Edwards, AEESP President] Member News............4 like? Clearly, Environmental Engineers need to know Employment revious dis- how to characterize the natural environment and its Opportunities...........6 Pcussions in variability (physical, chemical, and biological char- Programs...................7 these pages have acteristics). We need to know about basic conser- focused upon try- vation principles and how to apply them to achieve Book Reviews............8 ing to craft a defini- treatment goals. We need to know the capabilities Conferences/ tion of environmen- of some of the tools (processes) we have in our Call for Papers.......11 tal engineering. armamentarium. We need to understand how so- The striving to de- cial, political, legal, and cultural forces may con- fine our field has oc- strain or facilitate implementing solutions. We need cupied environmen- to know how to communicate with diverse constitu- tal engineering for encies. We need to understand economics, costs, 2005 AEESP Chuck Haas many years – why benefits, and risks associated with environmental Research and is this so? I would impacts (broadly defined, including human health), Education argue that a principal reason is that we are strug- and controversies associated with deciding on en- Conference gling against a possible loss of identity. vironmental policies (equity, precaution, justice, Since the 1970s, as society has increasingly etc.). We need to understand how developments in See page 13. recognized the need to seek solutions to envi- our ability to analyze and model various environ- ronmental problems, the challenges of solving mental features may change over time to impact the such problems have been taken up by many dis- nature of the problems that we may encounter and AEESP ciplines (e.g., chemical engineers design “green also our ability to design more effective solutions. Membership chemistry” processes, mechanical engineers de- We also need to know enough about other branches Application sign improved combustion systems). Engineers of engineering (and social, life and physical sci- who work to solve (or prevent) environmental ences, and health) with whom we frequently inter- The AEESP problems are more numerous than “Environmen- act to be able to understand when we need to “call membership tal Engineers.” in a specialist” and also to understand their lan- application is For “Environmental Engineering” to survive guages. We need to know how to manage a diverse available online at: as a discipline (differentiable from the broader team of individuals from many backgrounds to un- http://www.aeesp group of those who are engaging in engineering derstand a problem and to implement its solution. .org/org/ to solve environmental problems), we must not Can all this be done in the context of an under- membership.html only define what it is that we do, but also develop graduate degree – certainly not! In this regard, the a consensus on the body of knowledge (BOK) Environmental Engineering profession is to some that forms the core of our discipline and that dif- degree ahead of our civil engineering colleagues in ferentiates us from other branches of engineer- recognizing the importance of an M.S. or “equiva- ing. Other disciplines (e.g., civil and chemical en- lent” to engage in significant practice. What is the gineering) are similarly engaged in defining their best preparation for such an M.S.? In my opinion BOK. (and it is a point of controversy amongst us), it is an What might such a body of knowledge look Environmental Engineering B.S. As Environmental AEESP News Engineering educators, we need to rethink to carry out, we want to hear about it. Newsletter these issues (what we are, what is our BOK, To volunteer for the Publication Commit- and how do we best prepare those who will tee, or to propose ideas about topics or pub- submissions practice, teach, and research in the 21st cen- lications, please send an e-mail to the Publi- tury?) – the 2005 Conference at Clarkson cation Committee chair, Philippe Baveye, at Submissions may be sent would be an ideal venue to do so. [email protected]. electronically to: - Chuck Haas, Drexel University Amy E. Childress [email protected] Sponsors upgrade (775) 784-6942 AEESP Publication (775) 784-1390, fax AEESP Awards Committee CH2M Hill, Malcolm Pirnie, MHW, and Par- Letters to the president Call for volunteers and ideas sons have upgraded AEESP awards effective may be sent to: The AEESP Publication Committee is 2005. The upgrade is aimed at increasing the Marc A. Edwards planning to carry out three main projects over prestige and visibility for each award, enhanc- Virginia Polytechnic Institute the next two years. These projects are: ing attendance at the awards ceremony, and & State University streamlining award administration. To help 407 NEB • Finishing the Spanish translation of the achieve these objectives, our sponsors will Blacksburg, VA 24061-0246 Laboratory Processes Manual (edited by increase the financial backing for each award [email protected] Susan Powers et al.), and perhaps organizing by 333-500%. work toward its translation to other languages Future recipients of the CH2M Hill Out- Letters to the editor may (e.g., Russian or Chinese). standing Dissertation Awards, Malcolm Pirnie be sent to: • Editing a similar manual on methods for Frontier of Research Award, MHW Outstand- Amy E. Childress field observation and environmental ing Thesis Awards, or Parsons Outstanding University of Nevada, Reno assessment. This manual, to be used as a Dissertation Award will receive an allocation Department of Civil complement or a resource for college courses, of $750 to offset any travel expenses to the Engineering/258 would also include an introduction to teaching awards ceremony. Moreover, the typical stu- Reno, NV 89557-0152 via problem-based or case-based approaches, dent cash prizes will increase by 300% and [email protected] and a practical guide to their implementation the cash prize for the Frontier award will in- in courses on environmental assessment. crease by 400%. The cash prize for the advi- Address changes may be • Editing a manual on methods used in sor for Outstanding Dissertation and Out- sent to: environmental microbiology, including the standing Thesis Awards will remain un- Joanne Fetzner arsenal of gene probing and DNA changed. Specifics will be detailed in the Janu- AEESP Business Office fingerprinting techniques developed over the ary Newsletter. 2303 Naples Court last few years. As with previous manuals, The first AEESP award was given in 1966 Champaign, IL 61822 committee members will serve as co-editors. by Engineering Science (now Parsons) with a [email protected] cash prize of $1000 for “excellence in sanitary The committee is looking for a few individu- engineering education.” In 1982, the Parsons als who would be interested in joining the award was converted into an outstanding dis- AEESP committee and assisting with one or more of sertation award, with a cash prize of $1000 for Newsletters these projects. Beyond this call for member- the student and $1000 for the advisor. In 1988, ship, the committee is also welcoming ideas CH2M also started to sponsor a dissertation online on what should be included in the two manu- award, and prize amounts for each disserta- Current issue als on environmental assessment and envi- tion award were unchanged for the student ronmental microbiology. We want to hear from and were decreased to $500 for the advisor. www.uidaho.edu/ colleagues who currently teach courses in The first thesis award was given by JMM aeesp these areas and have ideas about chapter top- (now MHW) in 1991 with a total prize of $1500 Archived issues ics, names of individuals to write chapters on (split between the 1st and 2nd place advisors www.aeesp.org/pubs/ specific topics, and anything that would make and students). The Malcolm Pirnie Frontier NewsArch the manuals appealing to use in undergradu- of Research Award was first offered in 2000 .html ate and graduate courses. Also, if there is a with a prize of $1000. project that AEESP members feel that the Pub- As the field of Environmental Engineer- lication Committee should take the initiative ing has grown, the types of conferences at- 2 AEESP Newsletter / September 2004 AEESP News tended by AEESP members have become In memoriam... more numerous, and a lower percentage of Newsletter John Henry Austin, age 75, longtime resident our members attend WEFTEC each year. Con- of Arlington, VA, died peacefully at home with policies sequently, attendance at the WEFTEC cer- his wife at his side August 17, 2004, of colon emony by award recipients has been decreas- cancer. He studied engineering at Syracuse Submissions deadline ing due to the economic burden of travel. University where he earned his bachelor’s Moreover, over the years the monetary value The AEESP Newsletter is degree. He went on to obtain his master’s of some awards was substantially eroded by published three times a year from MIT and his doctorate from UC-Berke- inflation. The upgrades will directly address in January, April, and Septem- ley. Dr. Austin’s 50-year career as an environ- these concerns. ber. The deadline for newslet- mental engineer included academic positions We are deeply indebted to our award ter submissions is one month at the University of Illinois, Clemson Univer- sponsors for their continued financial and prior to the publication date. sity, the University of Maryland, Colorado logistical support, which allows AEESP to rec- Please keep in mind when sub- State University, and a Fulbright Scholarship ognize outstanding achievement by our mem- mitting items with deadline at Delft Technical University.
Recommended publications
  • An Analytical Introduction to Descriptive Geometry
    An analytical introduction to Descriptive Geometry Adrian B. Biran, Technion { Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Ruben Lopez-Pulido, CEHINAV, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Model Basin, and Spanish Association of Naval Architects Avraham Banai Technion { Faculty of Mathematics Prepared for Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann), Oxford, UK Samples - August 2005 Contents Preface x 1 Geometric constructions 1 1.1 Introduction . 2 1.2 Drawing instruments . 2 1.3 A few geometric constructions . 2 1.3.1 Drawing parallels . 2 1.3.2 Dividing a segment into two . 2 1.3.3 Bisecting an angle . 2 1.3.4 Raising a perpendicular on a given segment . 2 1.3.5 Drawing a triangle given its three sides . 2 1.4 The intersection of two lines . 2 1.4.1 Introduction . 2 1.4.2 Examples from practice . 2 1.4.3 Situations to avoid . 2 1.5 Manual drawing and computer-aided drawing . 2 i ii CONTENTS 1.6 Exercises . 2 Notations 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 How we see an object . 3 2.2 Central projection . 4 2.2.1 De¯nition . 4 2.2.2 Properties . 5 2.2.3 Vanishing points . 17 2.2.4 Conclusions . 20 2.3 Parallel projection . 23 2.3.1 De¯nition . 23 2.3.2 A few properties . 24 2.3.3 The concept of scale . 25 2.4 Orthographic projection . 27 2.4.1 De¯nition . 27 2.4.2 The projection of a right angle . 28 2.5 The two-sheet method of Monge . 36 2.6 Summary . 39 2.7 Examples . 43 2.8 Exercises .
    [Show full text]
  • David Eugene Smith Collection
    Ms Coll\Smith,D.E.\Historical Smith, David Eugene, 1860-1944, collector. Historical papers, [ca. 1400-1899] 17.5 linear ft.(ca. 10,100 items in 31 boxes) Biography: Mathematician. Professor of mathematics at the State Normal School, Cortland, N.Y., 1884-1891; at Michigan State Normal College, 1891-1898; at New York State Normal School, Brockport, N.Y., 1898-1901; and at Teachers College, Columbia University, 1901-1944. He was the editor of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, the American Mathematical Monthly, and Scripta Mathematica, a member of the International Commission on the Teaching of Mathematics, 1908-1944; and librarian of Teachers College, 1902-1920. He was the author of Rara Mathemativca (1907), The History of Mathematics (1924), and many other works on the history of mathematics as well as over forty mathematical textbooks and numerous journal articles. He also collected manuscript materials relating to the history of mathematics. Summary: Correspondence, manuscripts, and documents of mathematicians and other scientists, often dealing with politics and fields other than mathematics. Many of these concern the French Revolution. Organization: Cataloged. * Alembert letters are available on microfilm (MN#2000-1207). Lalande letters are available on microfilm (MN#3605-4). Guillaume Libri letters are available in photocopy form. William John Clarke Miller are available on microfilm (MN#95-7023 to 95-2027). Gaspard Monge letters are available on microfilm (MN#80-1582). Selected Isaac Newton letters are available on microfilm (MN#3617-5). Selected Quetelet letters are available on microfilm (MN#3623-7). Finding aids: Contents list, 19p. Donor: Gift of David Eugene Smith, 1931.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Vincent JUGNON Education Work Experience
    Curriculum vitae Vincent JUGNON Nationality : French Born : 06/24/1985 Address : 25 Sciarappa Street Cambdridge MA 02141 USA Tel. : 857-308-0131 e-mail : [email protected] Education 09/2008-09/2011 Ecole Polytechnique, Paris Thesis in Applied Mathematics with Gaspard Monge international fellowship (advisor : Pr. Habib Ammari) Modeling and Simulation in Photoacoustics, defended in December 2010, Best Thesis Price awarded by Ecole Polytechnique Graduate School. 09/2007-09/2008 Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 Research Masters Degree in Applied Mathematics ob- tained with highest honors. 09/2003-09/2008 National Institute of Applied Sciences, Lyon Engineer's degree in Biosciences. 06/2003 Baccalaur´eat s´erie Scientifique mention Tr`es Bien, Equivalent to an A level specialized in Science obtai- ned with highest honors. Work experience since 09/11 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Post-doctoral fellow at the Earth Resource Laboratory 07/05 and 07/06 Humanitarian Work in Mali with the association Lyon solidaire avec le Tiers Monde Publications 1. Detection, reconstruction, and characterization algorithms from noisy data in multistatic wave imaging. Submitted to Mathematics of Computation (with H. Ammari and J. Garnier). 2. Enhancement of near-cloaking. Part III : numerical simulations, statisti- cal stability, and related questions. Contemporary Mathematics, 577 (2012), 1-24 (with H. Ammari, J. Garnier, H. Kang, H. Lee, and M. Lim). 3. Stability and resolution analysis for a topological derivative based imaging functional. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 50 (2012), 48-76 (with H. Ammari, J. Garnier, and H. Kang). 4. Direct reconstruction methods in ultrasound imaging of small anomalies.
    [Show full text]
  • STAT 6560 Graphical Methods
    STAT 6560 Graphical Methods Spring Semester 2009 Project One Jessica Anderson Utah State University Department of Mathematics and Statistics 3900 Old Main Hill Logan, UT 84322{3900 CHARLES JOSEPH MINARD (1781-1870) And The Best Statistical Graphic Ever Drawn Citations: How others rate Minard's Flow Map of Napolean's Russian Campaign of 1812 . • \the best statistical graphic ever drawn" - (Tufte (1983), p. 40) • Etienne-Jules Marey said \it defies the pen of the historian in its brutal eloquence" -(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard) • Howard Wainer nominated it as the \World's Champion Graph" - (Wainer (1997) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard) Brief background • Born on March 27, 1781. • His father taught him to read and write at age 4. • At age 6 he was taught a course on anatomy by a doctor. • Minard was highly interested in engineering, and at age 16 entered a school of engineering to begin his studies. • The first part of his career mostly consisted of teaching and working as a civil engineer. Gradually he became more research oriented and worked on private research thereafter. • By the end of his life, Minard believed he had been the co-inventor of the flow map technique. He wrote he was pleased \at having given birth in my old age to a useful idea..." - (Robinson (1967), p. 104) What was done before Minard? Examples: • Late 1700's: Mathematical and chemical graphs begin to appear. 1 • William Playfair's 1801:(Chart of the National Debt of England). { This line graph shows the increases and decreases of England's national debt from 1699 to 1800.
    [Show full text]
  • Theodor M. Porter Trust Un Numbers, 1995, Princeton
    TRUST IN NUMBERS This page intentionally left blank TRUST IN NUMBERS THE PURSUIT OF OBJECTIVITY IN SCIENCE AND PUBLIC LIFE Theodore M. Porter PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON,NEW JERSEY Copyright 1995 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Porter, Theodore, 1953– Trust in numbers : the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life / Theodore M. Porter. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-691-03776-0 1. Science—Social aspects. 2. Objectivity. I. Title. Q175.5.P67 1995 306.4′5—dc20 94-21440 This book has been composed in Galliard Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources 13579108642 Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments xiii Introduction Cultures of Objectivity 3 PART I: POWER IN NUMBERS 9 Chapter One A World of Artifice 11 Chapter Two How Social Numbers Are Made Valid 33 Chapter Three Economic Measurement and the Values of Science 49 Chapter Four The Political Philosophy of Quantification 73 PART II: TECHNOLOGIES OF TRUST 87 Chapter Five Experts against Objectivity: Accountants and Actuaries 89 Chapter Six French State Engineers and the Ambiguities of Technocracy 114 Chapter Seven U.S. Army Engineers and the Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis 148 PART III: POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES 191 Chapter Eight Objectivity and the Politics of Disciplines 193 Chapter Nine Is Science Made by Communities? 217 Notes 233 Bibliography 269 Index 303 This page intentionally left blank Preface SCIENCE is commonly regarded these days with a mixture of admiration and fear.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptive Geometry in England — a Historical Sketch
    Oral presentations 805 Descriptive Geometry in England — aHistoricalSketch Snezana LAWRENCE Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys, Canterbury, Kent CT4 7AS, UK snezana [email protected] Abstract History of Descriptive Geometry in France and its utilisation in the French educational system since the 18th century has already been well documented in the work of Taton (1951), and more recently Sakarovitch (1989, 1995). The history of the technique in England, however, makes a captivating story, particularly as it relates not only to the technique itself, or how the treatises relating to it were translated into English, but because it was also closely related to the establishment of the architectural and engineering professions in Britain. The technique of Descriptive Geometry was invented by Gaspard Monge1 in or around 1764, when Monge, as part of his everyday work duties at the at l’Ecole´ Royale du G´enie de M´ezi`eres,2 was given the task of determining the plan of defilement in a design of fortification. His invention was deemed so ingenious, and so useful in military engineering, that it was proclaimed a military secret. The scenarios of what ‘might have been if’3 would be interesting to consider here, for the technique was not published until the end of the century, and until Monge himself became involved in setting up the institutions of the new Republic during the Revolution.4 The new educational institutions of the Republic defined the ways in which mathematics, engineering and architecture and their communications were to be conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Mass Transport As a Distance Measure Between Images
    Optimal mass transport as a distance measure between images Axel Ringh1 1Department of Mathematics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. 21st of June 2018 INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis, France Acknowledgements This is based on joint work with Johan Karlsson1. [1] J. Karlsson, and A. Ringh. Generalized Sinkhorn iterations for regularizing inverse problems using optimal mass transport. SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 10(4), 1935-1962, 2017. I acknowledge financial support from Swedish Research Council (VR) Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) Code: https://github.com/aringh/Generalized-Sinkhorn-and-tomography The code is based on ODL: https://github.com/odlgroup/odl 1Department of Mathematics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 2 / 24 Outline Background Inverse problems Optimal mass transport Sinkhorn iterations - solving discretized optimal transport problems Sinkhorn iterations as dual coordinate ascent Inverse problems with optimal mass transport priors Example in computerized tomography 3 / 24 Problems of interest are ill-posed inverse problems: a solution might not exist, the solution might not be unique, the solution does not depend continuously on data. Simply put: A−1 does not exist as a continuous bijection! Comes down to: find approximate inverse Ay so that g = A(f ) + 'noise' =) Ay(g) ≈ f : Background Inverse problems Consider the problem of recovering f 2 X from data g 2 Y , given by g = A(f ) + 'noise' Notation: X is called the reconstruction space. Y is called the data space. A : X ! Y is the forward operator. A∗ : Y ! X denotes the adjoint operator 4 / 24 Background Inverse problems Consider the problem of recovering f 2 X from data g 2 Y , given by g = A(f ) + 'noise' Notation: X is called the reconstruction space.
    [Show full text]
  • The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth Author(S): Joel Mokyr Source: the Journal of Economic History, Vol
    Economic History Association The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth Author(s): Joel Mokyr Source: The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Jun., 2005), pp. 285-351 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875064 Accessed: 30-10-2018 16:13 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Cambridge University Press, Economic History Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Economic History This content downloaded from 168.122.222.242 on Tue, 30 Oct 2018 16:13:27 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY VOLUME 65 JUNE 2005 NUMBER 2 The Intellectual Origins of Modern Economic Growth JOEL MOKYR The intellectual origins of the Industrial Revolution are traced back to the Baconian program of the seventeenth century, which aimed at expanding the set of useful knowledge and applying natural philosophy to solve technological problems and bring about economic growth. The eighteenth-century Enlightenment in the West carried out this program through a series of institutional developments that both in- creased the amount of knowledge and its accessibility to those who could make best use of it.
    [Show full text]
  • RM Calendar 2010
    Rudi Mathematici x4-8208x3+25262264x2-34553414592x+17721775541520=0 Rudi Mathematici January 1 F (1894) Satyendranath BOSE 4th IMO (1962) - 1 (1878) Agner Krarup ERLANG (1912) Boris GNEDENKO Find the smallest natural number with 6 as (1803) Guglielmo LIBRI Carucci dalla Sommaja the last digit, such that if the final 6 is moved 2 S (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel CLAUSIUS to the front of the number it is multiplied by (1938) Anatoly SAMOILENKO 4. (1905) Lev Genrichovich SHNIRELMAN Gauss Facts (Heath & Dolphin) 3 S (1917) Yuri Alexeievich MITROPOLSHY 1 4 M (1643) Isaac NEWTON RM071 Gauss can trisect an angle with a straightedge 5 T (1871) Federigo ENRIQUES RM084 and compass. (1871) Gino FANO Gauss can get to the other side of a Möbius (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille JORDAN strip. 6 W (1807) Jozeph Mitza PETZVAL (1841) Rudolf STURM From a Serious Place 7 T (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Emile BOREL Q: What is lavender and commutes? (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher PALEY A: An abelian semigrape. 8 F (1924) Paul Moritz COHN (1888) Richard COURANT The description of right lines and circles, upon (1942) Stephen William HAWKING which geometry is founded, belongs to 9 S (1864) Vladimir Adreievich STELKOV mechanics. Geometry does not teach us to 10 S (1905) Ruth MOUFANG draw these lines, but requires them to be (1875) Issai SCHUR drawn. 2 11 M (1545) Guidobaldo DEL MONTE RM120 Isaac NEWTON (1734) Achille Pierre Dionis DU SEJOUR (1707) Vincenzo RICCATI 12 T (1906) Kurt August HIRSCH Mathematics is a game played according to 13 W (1876) Luther Pfahler EISENHART certain simple rules with meaningless marks (1876) Erhard SCHMIDT on paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization∗
    Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization∗ Michael Friendly October 16, 2008 1 Introduction The only new thing in the world is the history you don’t know. Harry S Truman, quoted by David McCulloch in Truman The graphic portrayal of quantitative information has deep roots. These roots reach into histories of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization, which are intertwined with each other. They also connect with the rise of statistical thinking up through the 19th century, and developments in technology into the 20th century. From above ground, we can see the current fruit; we must look below to see its pedigree and germination. There certainly have been many new things in the world of visualization; but unless you know its history, everything might seem novel. A brief overview The earliest seeds arose in geometric diagrams and in the making of maps to aid in navigation and explo- ration. By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities were well-developed— the beginnings of the husbandry of visualization. The 17th century saw great new growth in theory and the dawn of practice— the rise of analytic geometry, theories of errors of measurement, the birth of probability theory, and the beginnings of demographic statistics and “political arithmetic”. Over the 18th and 19th centuries, numbers pertaining to people—social, moral, medical, and economic statistics began to be gathered in large and periodic series; moreover, the usefulness of these bod- ies of data for planning, for governmental response, and as a subject worth of study in its own right, began to be recognized.
    [Show full text]
  • Descriptive Geometry: from Its Past to Dipartimento Di Storia, Disegno E Restauro Dell’Architettura Its Future Piazza Borghese, 9 Abstract
    Riccardo Migliari Research ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma Descriptive Geometry: From its Past to Dipartimento di Storia, Disegno e Restauro dell’Architettura its Future Piazza Borghese, 9 Abstract. Descriptive geometry is the science that Gaspard 00186 Rome, ITALY Monge systematized in 1794 and that was widely developed [email protected] in Europe, up until the first decades of the twentieth century. Keywords: Descriptive geometry, The main purpose of this science is the certain and accurate representation of three-dimensional shapes on the two- dimensional support of the drawing, while its chief application is the study of geometric shapes and their characteristics, in graphic and visual form. We can therefore understand how descriptive geometry has been, on the one hand, the object of theoretical studies, and, on the other, an essential tool for designers, engineers and architects. Nevertheless, at the end of the last century, the availability of electronic machines capable of representing three- dimensional shapes has produced an epochal change, because designers have adopted the new digital techniques almost exclusively. The purpose of this paper is to show how it is possible to give new lifeto the ancient science of representation and, at the same time, to endow CAD with the dignity of the history that precedes it. Introduction Descriptive geometry is the science that Gaspard Monge systematized in 1794 and that was widely developed in Europe up until the first decades of the twentieth century. The main purpose of this science is the representation, certain and accurate, of shapes of three dimensions on the two-dimensional support of the drawing; while its chief application is the study of the geometric shapes and their characteristics, in a graphic and visual form.
    [Show full text]
  • FRENCH INDUSTRIALIZATION in the AGE of REVOLUTION 175 0 –18 3 0 the Path Not Taken Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology Jed Z
    Jeff Horn The Path Not Taken FRENCH INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE AGE OF REVOLUTION 175 0 –18 3 0 The Path Not Taken Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology Jed Z. Buchwald, general editor Mordechai Feingold, editor, Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi’s Black-Box to the Audion Jeff Horn, The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1830 Myles Jackson, Spectrum of Belief: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the Craft of Precision Optics Mi Gyung Kim, Affinity, That Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe Janis Langins, Conserving the Enlightenment: French Military Engineering from Vauban to the Revolution Wolfgang Lefèvre, editor, Picturing Machines 1400–1700 William R. Newman and Anthony Grafton, editors, Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe Gianna Pomata and Nancy Siraisi, editors, Historia: Empiricism and Erudition in Early Modern Europe Alan J. Rocke, Nationalizing Science: Adolphe Wurtz and the Battle for French Chemistry The Path Not Taken French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1830 Jeff Horn The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2006 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information on quantity discounts, email special_sales@mit press.mit.edu. Set in Sabon by SPI Publisher Services. Printed and bound in the United States of America.
    [Show full text]